Commercial Law Commons^™

Implied And Conditional Consent In The Sale Of Horse Shares Or Seasons, Sara Grinnell Smith

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Is Revision Due For Article 2?, David Frisch

Law Faculty Publications

Although we ask whether Article 2 should be re-examined, it is not our only question. A second question posed is: What are the sources to which one should look in order to discover whether there is a strong enough need to justify a revision? In addition to mentioning sources, we offer a few examples illustrative of the fruits which these sources can produce. By doing so, we hope to spur additional interest because, if discussion of a new Article 2 is to begin, the sooner it begins the better. Revisions take time. Six years can pass from the time a …

Rights And Obligations Of Buyers With Respect To Goods In Their Possession After Rightful Rejection Or Juvenile Revocation Of Acceptance, R. J. Robertson Jr.

Indiana Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Uniform Commercial Code As Applied To Implied Warranties Of "Merchantability" And "Fitness" In The Sale Of Horses, John Alan Cohan

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Modernizing Kentucky's Uniform Commercial Code, Harold R. Weinberg, Louise Everett Graham, Thomas J. Stipanowich

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

In 1958 Kentucky became the third state to enact the Uniform Commercial Code promulgated by the American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. The General Assembly stated that this legislation was intended to modernize, clarify and simplify the law of commercial transactions. Enactment of the Code also evidenced the legislature's intent to make Kentucky commercial law uniform with that of the other states. Subsequent General Assemblies further implemented these policies by enacting substantially all of the uniform amendments to the Code proposed by the ALI and NCCUSL through 1964.

Unfortunately, these enactments represent our …

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Commercial Law, Michael J. Herbert

University of Richmond Law Review

During its 1984 and 1985 sessions, the General Assembly enacted a number of minor technical amendments to Virginia's Uniform Commercial Code. These included both the much-needed and long-awaited change of the word "state" to "Commonwealth" throughout the Code and a series of inexplicable revisions in the Code's punctuation. The most significant of these technical changes was undoubtedly the increase in the filing fees for Article 9 financing statements filed with the State Corporation Commission. (One substantial legislative change which indirectly affects the Code was the enactment of Virginia's new "Lemon Law." Some aspects of that statute are discussed below in …

Corporations And Corporate Agents: Liability On Commercial Paper Contracts And Attainment Of Holder Status, Harold R. Weinberg

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

This article focuses on two classes of commercial paper issues. Section I considers the Uniform Commercial Code rules relevant to determining whether a corporation or its agents are bound by contracts made upon a negotiable instrument. Application of these rules continues to be an important and recurrent source of legal disputes. Section II considers the rights of corporations or their agents to obtain holder status prerequisite to enforcing commercial paper contracts. Problems relating to the attainment of this status can result from corporate engagement in joint-enterprise with artificial or natural persons and from the linkage of corporations through common ownership …

Modernizing Kentucky's Uniform Commercial Code, Harold R. Weinberg, Louise Everett Graham, Thomas J. Stipanowich

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Pleading And Practice In Commercial Paper Cases: Burdens Of Proof, Harold R. Weinberg

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

Money debts are frequently paid by checks and evidenced by notes subject to Article Three of the Uniform Commercial Code. Financial institutions and other creditors ordinarily take these instruments with the expectation that they will be paid on time without resort to litigation. This expectation fails when the debtor or some other obligor on the instrument claims that its signature was unauthorized or that there is a defense against payment. This Article analyzes the Uniform Commercial Code rules concerning burdens of proof that apply to these disputes and gives consideration to related procedural and evidentiary questions. It concludes with some …

Efficiency Justifications For Personal Property Security, James J. White

Articles

In February of 1983 Pan American World Airways issued 100 million dollars of convertible secured notes. As security for these notes it put up three Boeing 747 SP aircraft, two 747-100 aircraft, and one McDonnell Douglas DC10-30. The appraised value of these aircraft was 157 million dollars. To the extent possible under the law, Pan American made these aircraft subject to the claims of the owners of the new notes. On default, the note holders would have the first claim on these aircraft, would have the right to repossess them outside of bankruptcy, and would have the right to the …

The Recent Erosion Of The Secured Creditor's Rights Through Cases, Rules And Statutory Changes In Bankruptcy Law, James J. White

Articles

One can view the law of creditors' rights as a series of cyclesin which alternatively the rights of the creditor and then those of the debtor are in ascendancy. Looking back through Americanlegislative history, one sees both the state legislatures and the Congress intervening on behalf of debtors in a variety of ways onmany occasions. An early example of such intervention was the enactment, particularly in the Midwest and West, of generous exemption laws that removed a variety of property beyond the reach of general creditors. A second example is the enactment of usury laws, which continue to be a …

Contract Law In Modern Commercial Transactions, An Artifact Of Twentieth Century Business Life?, James J. White

Articles

Diligent first year law students study contract law with a passion previously reserved for romantic objects and religious idols. Their professors lead them in extensive and difficult intellectual explorations of the wilds of contract law. There are careful analyses of why damage recovery X will stimulate performance Y, why recovery A is appropriate to encourage the aggrieved party to return to the market, and so on and so forth. Lurking behind this year long analysis are several inarticulate hypotheses: that they make rational evaluations of the threat of legal sanctions; that they respond in other varied and subtle ways to …

Eight Cases And Section 251, James J. White

Articles

[A] continuing sense of reliance and security that the promised performance will be forthcoming. . . is an important feature of the bargain-so states Comment 1 to section 2-609 of the Uniform Commercial Code. At common law, one party to a contract might suffer considerable and justifiable anxiety about the other party's willingness or ability to perform and yet have no legal basis for cancelling the contract or for procuring additional assurances from the other party. Section 251 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts is designed to provide a remedy for one party's reasonable fears that the other party to …

Article One Of The Uniform Land Transactions Act: Is Inconsistency With The U.C.C. An Unnecessary Obstacle?, Ronald B. Brown

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The U.C.C. (Sales) As An Introductory Law School Course, Ronald B. Brown

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Allocation Of Scarce Goods Under Section 2-615 Of The Uniform Commercial Code: A Comparison Of Some Rival Models, James J. White

Articles

Section 2-615 of the Uniform Commercial Code authorizes a contract seller to allocate goods in short supply when full performance has become commercially impracticable. Most of the cases under and commentary on that section have focused on the issue of commercial impracticability. The allocation aspects of the section have attracted much more modest attention in the cases and in the scholarly journals. The purpose of this article is to examine critically the allocation rule set out in section 2-615(b). That subsection authorizes a seller, upon a finding of commercial impracticability, to allocate "in any manner which is fair and reasonable." …

Uniform Commercial Code And The Concept Of Possession In The Marketing And Financing Of Goods, John F. Dolan

Law Faculty Research Publications

The "buyer in ordinary course" rule of section 9-307(1) of the Uniform Commercial Code shelters good faith purchasers of certain goods from the rival claims of sellers' secured creditors. Professor Dolan argues that the Code's refusal to let title determine disputes over goods in other contexts extends to clashes between creditors and buyers under section 9-307(1). Hefinds the key to the Code's scheme for settling these clashes in the "special property interest" a buyer acquires at the moment goods are identied to a contract of sale. The scheme, he believes, is one ofgeneral respect for reasonable expectations based on possession, …

General Equitable Principles Under Section 1-103 Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Robert S. Summers

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Priority Rules Of Article Nine, Dan T. Coenen, Albert J. Givray, Deborah Mclean Quinn, Paul Hilton

Scholarly Works

Priorities. The very word sends chills down the sane lawyer's spine. But if fear and loathing of Article Nine's priority scheme served as a deterrent to undertaking this enterprise, they served as an incentive as well. The complexity of the priority rules is matched only by their importance, for as long as secured financing flourishes, priority disputes over personal property are inevitable. It is the purpose of this project to set forth and explore the body of law that resolves those disputes: the priority rules of Article Nine.

Evaluating Article 2 Of The Uniform Commercial Code: A Preliminary Empirical Expedition, James J. White

Articles

A proponent of commercial law codification, Mr. Eaton was one of the first American lawyers to perceive that mere codification of the law did not necessarily produce certainty and lack of discord in the law of commercial transactions. Indeed, in the same article Eaton reveals that of the 1,091 cases that had arisen under the Negotiable Instruments Law, only 704 cited the Act and in the other 387 "the Negotiable Instruments Law [was] ignored by the courts in the decisions, and (so far as the reports show) by the counsel in these cases...." Unlike Bentham, Carter, and Field, each of …

The Eroding Uniformity Of The Uniform Commercial Code, John C. Minahan Jr.

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Kentucky Law Survey: Commercial Law And Consumer Credit, Harold R. Weinberg

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

This article is a survey of commercial law and consumer credit in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The most significant development during the past survey year was the demise of the holder in due course doctrine and other related doctrines which insulated creditors financing consumer sales from consumer claims and defenses. As a result of this development, consumers will now be able to assert claims or defenses arising out of the sale financed against the financer under certain circumstances. Other developments also surveyed herein relate to the Uniform Commercial Code statutes of frauds and prejudgment creditors’ remedies.

Purchase Of Consumer Paper And Subjection To Collateral Forces, Benjamin Geva

University of Richmond Law Review

The purchase of commercial paper issued in return for consumer goods [hereinafter referred to as consumer paper] is a common and wide-spread sales financing practice. Various judicial techniques and legislative schemes have been employed to disqualify purchasers of consumer paper from becoming holders in due course [hereinafter referred to as HDC], thus rendering these purchasers subject to defenses to the instrument based upon consumer dissatisfaction with the goods. Underlying the denial of HDC sttus to purchasers of consumer paper are the following premises: (1) the sale of consumer goods is not a commercial transaction and should not be governed by …

Secured Party's Right To Sue Third Persons For Damage To Or Defects In Collateral, Harold R. Weinberg

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

The proverb “there is many a slip ‘twixt the cup and the lip” might have been written with the secured creditor in mind. Many tragedies may befall him to defeat his expectations. He takes his security interest hoping for the best, but preparing for the worst—nonperformance of the obligation secured. If he does not carefully comply with the Article Nine provisions concerning the enforceability and perfection of a security interest, he may ultimately be unsecured. If his security interest is enforceable and perfected, it may turn out that some other party has priority to the collateral. Even if the secured …

Wrongful Dishonor, James J. White

Other Publications

Uniform Commercial Code section 4-402. I. Basic Liability II. Damages III. Miscellaneous Asides

Imposters And Fictitious Payees, James J. White

Other Publications

Uniform Commercial Code section 3-405. I. Basic Liabilities II. Defense and Miscellaneous Issues

Checks Lost In The Collection Process, James J. White

Other Publications

Given the millions of checks that are transferred among banks every year, the opportunity for loss and misplacement of such checks is enormous and the liabilities associated with such loss can be significant. This section deals with the collecting bank's liability for the check's loss before it is delivered to payer bank. If the payer bank receives and then loses the check, it will be subject to a different set of liabilities; those liabilities will be discussed elsewhere in the program.

International Protection Of Computer Programs, Dale L. Carlson

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

This Comment is designed to acquaint the international lawyer with various considerations which underlie the obtaining of copyright and patent protection for computer programs. Both patent and copyright protection are considered in view of the statutory provisions of several technologically developed countries-the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. In addition, the statutory provisions of the various countries are related to the particular ideologies of the administrative agencies which implement the patent and copyright laws within each jurisdiction.

Bulk Transfers: What Hath The Uniform Commercial Code Wrought?, Leonard Lakin

Maryland Law Review

No abstract provided.

Book Review Of James K. White & Robert S. Summers, Handbook Of The Law Under The Uniform Commercial Code (1972), Harold R. Weinberg

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

This is a book review of James K. White & Robert S. Summers, Handbook of the Law Under the Uniform Commercial Code (1972).