Commercial Law Commons^™

Towards A Test Of The International Character Of An Armed Conflict: Nicaragua And Tadic, Leo Van Den Hole

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

Two international Tribunals recently examined what level of direction and control has to be wielded by a State over military or paramilitary groups to make a non-international conflict an international one. The general view perceives the holdings of both tribunals to be in conflict, this article maintains that they are not. It argues that both tribunals were weighing factors, and that every court of first instance always has to weigh these factors to decide whether acts of armed groups can be attributed to a State.

On Law And Democratic Development: Popular Constitutionalism And Judicial Supremacy, Daan Braveman

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

I was asked to comment on the topic of the conference as it relates to the United States. It is not simply my law background that persuaded me to focus on the issue of judicial supremacy. Examination of law and democracy in the United States at some point must tum its attention to the role of the courts, particularly the Supreme Court, in furthering democratic principles. A fundamental aspect of our democratic experience has been the institution of judicial review, the proposition that unelected, life-tenured judges have the power to declare that our elected representatives have acted unconstitutionally. This is …

Roads To Democracy, Lawrence M. Friedman

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

Of course, "democracy" is not a simple concept; and no two systems that claim to be democracies are exactly the same. The "rule of law" is if anything an even more contested concept. For the purposes of this paper, we do not really need to define democracy rigorously. A society with a reasonable dose of freedom of speech and the press, freedom of religion, more or less fair elections, and the customary package of basic human rights, respected (on the whole) by the government, qualifies as a democracy. These will also tend to be societies that respect the rule of …

Constitutional Responsibility To Provide A System Of Free Public Schools: How Relevant Is The States' Experience To Shaping Governmental Obligations In Emerging Democracies?, Denise A. Hartman

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

This article will first briefly outline the evolution of public education in the United States from a national perspective. Next, it will focus in on a couple of states, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, setting forth in more detail the history of public education in those states, the constitutionalization of the government's responsibility for public education in those states, and judicial interpretations of that constitutional responsibility. Finally, this paper will attempt to draw some inferences and propose a set of principles to guide the formulation of a national role for providing a system of public education in emerging constitutional democracies.

The Tension Between Legal Instrumentalism And The Rule Of Law, Brian Z. Tamanaha

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

At the heart of the United States legal culture lie two core notions that exist in deep tension with one another: the idea that law is an instrument, and the rule of law ideal. Although they continue to coexist despite this tension, there are indications that the instrumental view of law is putting a serious strain on the rule of law ideal. The substantive version of the rule of law is the idea that there are legal limits on the government: there are certain things the government cannot do, even when exercising its sovereign lawmaking power. This version of the …

Do Free Markets Create Free Societies?, Samuel Krislov

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

The notion that markets lead to law and freedom is said to have originated in Adam Smith's work and rooted in history. Both the progression and roots seem highly problematic. Neo-Smithian approaches have been refurbished by general acceptance of a contingent nature of the relation. They have also been enhanced by the failures of European Marxist economics in ways predicted with uncanny accuracy. On the other hand, neo-classical claims of democratic welfare system were only a step away from similar failures, which have been refuted. Hopes that an international system might impose democracy from outside the nation-state are overly optimistic. …

Democratic Norms And Regional Stability Panel Deiscussion: An Introduction, David S. Berry

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

The following three brief articles raise and address fundamental questions about the role of democracy at the regional and international levels. They examine the current status of democracy and the suggested "right to democracy" at international law, particularly in the Americas context. Developed from papers presented at a panel entitled "Democratic Norms and Regional Stability: Global Challenges and Responses in the Americas," these three pieces examine the current role of democracy in the region, including the role of the Inter-American Democratic Charter. The latter document, paralleled by provisions in the Charter of the Organization of American States and resolutions of …

The Impact Of Revised Article 9, Lois R. Lupica

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Confederation-Era Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce And The Legitimacy Of The Dormant Commerce Clause Doctrine, Brannon P. Denning

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Obscene Contracts: The Doctrine Of Unconscionability And Hospital Billing Of The Uninsured, George A. Nation Iii

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

We Are All Saying Much The Same Thing: A Rejoinder To The Comments Of Professors Coffee, Macy And Simon, Steven L. Schwarcz

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Naked Before The Law: Reality Porn And The Capacity To Contract, Benjamin J. Cooper

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note examines the legal challenges surrounding reality pornography, particularly through the lens of the Girls Gone Wild series, highlighting the tension between First Amendment protections for producers and the rights of participants. It argues that the legal framework governing consent, exploitation, and contractual agreements in this context is unclear and often fails to protect participants, many of whom face severe consequences. The analysis underscores the complexities of balancing public interest, contractual capacity, and the rights of minors in this lucrative yet legally fraught industry.

Sales, Carolyn L. Dessin, Keith A. Rowley, Robyn L. Meadows, Larry T. Garvin

Akron Law Faculty Publications

This article provides a comprehensive survey of significant developments in sales law under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) during the year 2004. The authors analyze key judicial decisions that interpret and apply various provisions of Article 2, covering topics such as contract formation, the statute of frauds, warranties, performance, remedies, and risk of loss. By examining these cases, the article offers insights into how courts are shaping the landscape of sales law, highlighting trends and emerging issues that practitioners and scholars should be aware of.

A New Approach To Corporate Choice Of Law, Jens Dammann

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The state of incorporation doctrine, which now applies both in the United States and in the European Community, allows corporations to choose the state law governing their internal affairs by incorporating in the appropriate state. Most scholars believe that this freedom to choose benefits both shareholders and society as a whole. Against this background, an obvious question is whether the state of incorporation doctrine is really the most efficient way of granting corporations the right to choose. In this Article, the Author argues that while there are sound reasons for retaining the state of incorporation doctrine as one mechanism for …

What Is Corporate Law's Place In Promoting Societal Welfare?: An Essay In Honor Of Professor William Klein, Randall Thomas

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

This is a short essay on what should be the fundamental criterion used to evaluate corporate law. I argue that the overall goal of good corporate law should be to assist private parties to create wealth for themselves and the economy in a manner that does not inflict uncompensated negative externalities upon third parties. Private businesses that produce goods and services should be encouraged by the state because creating greater wealth is generally beneficial to society. Corporate law can act as a helpful precondition for faster economic growth by protecting the parties' expectations, encouraging savings and investment, reducing transaction costs, …

Scylla Or Charybdis: Navigating The Jurisprudence Of Visual Clutter, M. Ryan Calo

Michigan Law Review

This Note argues that passing close to Discovery Network is the safest route - municipalities can still drastically reduce visual clutter by regulating commercial speech alone without violating the First Amendment. Part I looks at the onsite/offsite distinction, a singularly popular method of sign regulation, and concludes that this distinction runs squarely afoul of Metromedia. Part II looks at the once-accepted alternative route - the commercial/noncommercial distinction - and argues that this distinction does not run afoul of Discovery Network. Rather, a close reading of Discovery Network permits the regulation of exclusively commercial billboards where, as typically, they …

Legal Online Marketing Issues: The Opportunities And Challenges, Michael T. Zugelder

Finance Faculty Publications

This chapter will review several emerging issues associated with e-marketing from the perspective of Web sites including intellectual property, information management, and contracting. E-marketers in the years to come should not only consider the growing e-marketing opportunities but also be cognizant of the growing body of law governing marketing online. While the future may be bright and uniformity and fairness may prevail, current domestic and global law facing e-marketers is varied and the potential basis for liability. The law must be considered wherever e-marketers direct their efforts.

Contracting Spyware By Contract, Jane K. Winn

Articles

The question of what constitutes "spyware" is controversial because many programs that are adware in the eyes of their distributors may be perceived as spyware in the eyes of the end user. Many of these programs are loaded on the computers of end users after the end user has agreed to the terms of a license presented in a click-through interface.

This paper analyzes whether it might be possible to reduce the volume of unwanted software loaded on end users' computers by applying contract law doctrine more strictly. Unwanted programs are often bundled with programs that the end user wants, …

Summary Of Village Builders 96, Patty Roberts

Nevada Supreme Court Summaries

In September 1995, Ray Brannen formed Buena Nevada. In December 1996, Brannen sold 100% of Buena Nevada’s shares to Geofon, Inc, which formed a new company named Buena Engineers, Inc., a Division of Geofon, Inc. (Buena Geofon). In the sales agreement, Brannen reserved the right to repurchase the shares of Buena Geofon. In 1997, Buena Geofon submitted a proposal to Village Builders, LP (Village) to perform an environmental site assessment, which Village accepted. Acting on Buena Geofon’s assessment, Village purchased the property only to discover in December 1998 that Buena Geofon’s assessment failed to identify contaminated soil and ground water …

Video Games As A Protected Form Of Expression, Paul E. Salamanca

Georgia Law Review

Video games, like motion pictures, failed to qualify for First Amendment protection until well after they emerged as a medium. Today, a number of courts have held that such games constitute a form of expression and do not fall into any recognized category of unprotected speech. Nevertheless, a number of commentators have called for limited constitutional protection for video games, predicating their arguments on a variety of grounds, including the alleged deleterious effects of such games on children. This Article responds to these commentators and defends recent decisions extending protection to video games.

Restitution, Tiong Min Yeo

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Little of significance was decided on the law of restitution in 2004. There was nevertheless a smattering of cases dealing with points relevant to the principles of the law of restitution, sometimes directly, and sometimes indirectly.

Assessing The Deterrent Effect Of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act's Certification Provisions, Kathleen A. Lacey, Barbara C. George, Clyde Stoltenberg

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In the 1970s, Congress reacted to the financial wrongdoing of Lockheed Corp. and others by enacting § 102 of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which (1) requires corporations to keep records that accurately reflect financial transactions and (2) mandates a system of internal accounting controls. Going a step further in 2002, Congress responded to the Enron scandal by imposing personal accountability on chief executive officers in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA). After recounting responses prior to the existence of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to corporate abuses and the historical background of the SEC's requirements for corporate financial reporting …

Rethinking Multinational Corporate Governance In Extractive Industries, Matthew Nick

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The oil and natural gas reserves under the Caspian Sea have sparked the interest of international investors and oil firms. The political, economic, and social turmoil in the five countries bordering the Caspian Sea, however, pose significant challenges for effective regulation of multinational interaction with the five Caspian states. A joint-effort approach to regulation involving the World Bank, multinational enterprises, and the individual Caspian states' governments poses the most functional and efficient means of instituting international oversight. Such a tripartite structure connects the fortunes of all the parties and provides safeguards against default by any single entity. A mutually beneficial …

The Importation Of Sexism: A Cost-Benefit Approach To The U.S.-South Korea Friendship, Commerce And Navigation Treaty, Jennifer D. Fease

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The U.S.-South Korea Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty was entered into by the signatory countries following World War II and governs the actions of corporations operating in a foreign country. One provision of the Treaty allows foreign corporations in the United States to choose executives "of their choice," arguably without regard to the statutory protections that the United States affords in the hiring process. In this Note, the Author contends that the U.S.-South Korea Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty results in discrimination against women in the United States because South Korean employers tend to choose South Korean men to fill …

Party Autonomy In Choice Of Commercial Law: The Failure Of Revised U.C.C. § 1-301 And A Proposal For Broader Reform, Jack M. Graves

Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.