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Articles 61 - 90 of 100
Full-Text Articles in Commercial Law
The Rise Of Computerized High Frequency Trading: Use And Controversy, Michael J. Mcgowan
The Rise Of Computerized High Frequency Trading: Use And Controversy, Michael J. Mcgowan
Duke Law & Technology Review
Over the last decade, there has been a dramatic shift in how securities are traded in the capital markets. Utilizing supercomputers and complex algorithms that pick up on breaking news, company/stock/economic information and price and volume movements, many institutions now make trades in a matter of microseconds, through a practice known as high frequency trading. Today, high frequency traders have virtually phased out the "dinosaur" floor-traders and average investors of the past. With the recent attempted robbery of one of these high frequency trading platforms from Goldman Sachs this past summer, this "rise of the machines" has become front page …
Online Fantasy Sports Litigation And The Need For A Federal Right Of Publicity Statute, Risa J. Weaver
Online Fantasy Sports Litigation And The Need For A Federal Right Of Publicity Statute, Risa J. Weaver
Duke Law & Technology Review
The right of publicity is currently a jumble of state common law and state statutes, but the online fantasy sports industry crosses state lines with ease. Having witnessed the great revenue potential of online fantasy sports, professional sports leagues are trying to strong-arm independent fantasy sports providers out of the business by using the right of publicity to assert property interests in the statistics generated by professional players, and used by fantasy sports providers to run their online games. The first such attempt--by Major League Baseball--failed. However, the state law nature of the right of publicity prevents any single court …
Distorting Legal Principles, Steven L. Schwarcz
Distorting Legal Principles, Steven L. Schwarcz
Faculty Scholarship
Legal principles enable society to order itself by preserving broadly based expectations. Sometimes, however, parties transact in ways that are so inconsistent with generally accepted principles as to create uncertainty or confusion that undermines the basis for reasoning afforded by the principles. Such a distortion might occur, for example, if a normally mandatory legal rule were unexpectedly treated as a default rule. This article explores the problem of distorting legal principles, initially focusing on rehypothecation, a distortion whose uncertainty and confusion contributed to the downfall of Lehman Brothers and the resulting global financial crisis. But not all distortions are, on …
Altruism And Intermediation In The Market For Babies, Kimberly D. Krawiec
Altruism And Intermediation In The Market For Babies, Kimberly D. Krawiec
Faculty Scholarship
Central to every legal system is the principle that certain items are off-limits to commercial exchange. In theory, babies are one such sacred object. This supposed ban on baby selling has been lamented by those who view commercial markets as the most efficient means of allocating resources, and defended by those who contend that commercial markets in parental rights commodify human beings, compromise individual dignity, or jeopardize fundamental values. However, the supposed and much-discussed baby selling ban does not, and is not intended to, eliminate commercial transactions in children. Instead, it is an asymmetric legal restriction that limits the ability …
Preamble I: Purposes, Legal Nature, And Scope Of The Picc; Applicability By Courts; Use Of The Picc For The Purpose Of Interpretation And Supplementation And As A Model, Ralf Michaels
Faculty Scholarship
Professor Michael's chapter provides commentary on Preamble I of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. Areas covered include purposes, legal nature and scope of the PICC; applicability by courts; use of the PICC for the purpose of interpretation and supplementation and as a model.
Introduction: Beyond The State? Rethinking Private Law, Ralf Michaels, Nils Jansen
Introduction: Beyond The State? Rethinking Private Law, Ralf Michaels, Nils Jansen
Faculty Scholarship
Introduction to an issue of the journal that brings together the papers presented, as revised by the participants, at a conference held at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg, Germany in the summer of 2007.
Classified Boards And Firm Value, Michael D. Frakes
Classified Boards And Firm Value, Michael D. Frakes
Faculty Scholarship
Classified boards constitute one of the most potent takeover defenses for U.S. firms today. However, as with takeover defenses more generally, economic theory offers an ambiguous prediction as to the effect that classified boards have on bottom-line firm value. A resolution of this ambiguity will require sound and convincing empirical methodology. In an effort to address limitations in the existing empirical literature, this article approaches the relationship between corporate governance and firm value while taking various measures to account for unobserved sources of heterogeneity across firms. Using the instrumental variables model developed by Hausman and Taylor, I find evidence of …
The True Lex Mercatoria: Private Law Beyond The State, Ralf Michaels
The True Lex Mercatoria: Private Law Beyond The State, Ralf Michaels
Faculty Scholarship
Is there an anational lex mercatoria, a "global law without a state?" The debate seems infinite. Some argue that the rules, institutions, and procedures of international arbitration have now achieved a sufficient degree both of autonomy from the state and of legal character that they represent such an anational law. Others respond that whatever law merchant may exist is really state law—dependent on national norms and the freedom of contract they provide, and on the enforceability of arbitral awards by national courts. This paper suggests that the dichotomy of anational law and state law is false. Although an anational law …
Internet Sales Taxes From Borders To Amazon: How Long Before All Of Your Purchases Are Taxed?, Walter J. Baudier
Internet Sales Taxes From Borders To Amazon: How Long Before All Of Your Purchases Are Taxed?, Walter J. Baudier
Duke Law & Technology Review
What so many internet consumers believe to be tax-free is actually subject to a state use tax. Faced with pressure from states that realize very little of the use tax owed, many online retailers, such as Wal-mart, "voluntarily" collect sales taxes from their customers. But a recent California Appeals Court decision, Borders Online v. State Board of Equalization, could mark a shift towards more prevalent, if not universal, taxation of internet retail.
Anti-Employer Blogging: Employee Breach Of The Duty Of Loyalty And The Procedure For Allowing Discovery Of A Blogger’S Identity Before Service Of Process Is Effected, Konrad Lee
Duke Law & Technology Review
The rapid rise in anonymous anti-employer internet blogs by disgruntled employees has created a tension between the liberty interests of employees in free speech and privacy and employers' rights to be free from defamation, disparagement and disclosure of confidential information by an employee. This iBrief argues that the anonymity of anti-employer bloggers should not shield employees from breach of the duty of loyalty claims under tort and contract law, and that Congress should enact rules to govern the disclosure of blogger identity.
From St. Ives To Cyberspace: The Modern Distortion Of The Medieval ‘Law Merchant’, Stephen E. Sachs
From St. Ives To Cyberspace: The Modern Distortion Of The Medieval ‘Law Merchant’, Stephen E. Sachs
Faculty Scholarship
Modern advocates of corporate self-regulation have drawn unlikely inspiration from the Middle Ages. On the traditional view of history, medieval merchants who wandered from fair to fair were not governed by domestic laws, but by their own lex mercatoria, or "law merchant. " This law, which uniformly regulated commerce across Europe, was supposedly produced by an autonomous merchant class, interpreted in private courts, and enforced through private sanctions rather than state coercion. Contemporary writers have treated global corporations as descendants of these itinerant traders, urging them to replace conflicting national laws with a transnational law of their own creation. The …
Private Law Beyond The State? Europeanization, Globalization, Privatization, Ralf Michaels, Nils Jansen
Private Law Beyond The State? Europeanization, Globalization, Privatization, Ralf Michaels, Nils Jansen
Faculty Scholarship
Although the changing relation between private law and the state has become the subject of many debates, these debates are often unsatisfactory. Concepts like 'law', 'private law', and 'globalization' have unclear and shifting meanings; discussions are confined to specific questions and do not connect with similar discussions taking place elsewhere. In order to initiate the necessary broader approach, this article brings together the pertinent themes and aspects from various debates. It proposes a conceptual clarification of key notions in the debate- "private law," "state," "Europeanization," "globalization," and "privatization"- that should be of use beyond the immediate purposes of the rest …
Coddling Spies: Why The Law Doesn’T Adequately Address Computer Spyware, Alan F. Blakley, Daniel B. Garrie, Matthew J. Armstrong
Coddling Spies: Why The Law Doesn’T Adequately Address Computer Spyware, Alan F. Blakley, Daniel B. Garrie, Matthew J. Armstrong
Duke Law & Technology Review
Consumers and businesses have attempted to use the common law of torts as well as federal statutes like the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Stored Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Act, and the Wiretap Act to address the expanding problem of spyware. Spyware, which consists of software applications inserted into another's computer to report a user's activity to an outsider, is as innocuous as tracking purchases or as sinister as stealing trade secrets or an individual's identity. Existing law does not address spyware adequately because authorization language, buried in "click-through" boilerplate, renders much of current law useless. …
When Big Brother Privatizes: Commercial Surveillance, The Privacy Act Of 1974, And The Future Of Rfid, John M. Eden
When Big Brother Privatizes: Commercial Surveillance, The Privacy Act Of 1974, And The Future Of Rfid, John M. Eden
Duke Law & Technology Review
RFID is a powerful new technology that has the potential to allow commercial retailers to undermine individual control over private information. Despite the potential of RFID to undermine personal control over such information, the federal government has not enacted a set of practicable standards to ensure that personal data does not become widely misused by commercial entities. Although some potential privacy abuses could be addressed by modifying RFID technology, this iBrief argues that it would be wise to amend the Privacy Act of 1974 so that corporations would have a statutory obligation to preserve individual anonymity and respect the privacy …
Stop The Abuse Of Gmail!, Grant Yang
Stop The Abuse Of Gmail!, Grant Yang
Duke Law & Technology Review
Gmail, a highly anticipated webmail application made by Google, has been criticized by privacy advocates for breaching wiretapping laws, even before its release from beta testing. Gmail's large storage space and automated processes developed to scan the content of incoming messages and create advertisements based on the scanned terms have enraged privacy groups on an international level. This iBrief will compare Gmail's practices with its peers and conclude that its practices and procedures are consistent with the standards of the webmail industry. The iBrief will then propose additional measures Gmail could institute to further protect webmail users' and alleviate the …
We Are All Saying Much The Same Thing: A Rejoinder To The Comments Of Professors Coffee, Macy And Simon, Steven L. Schwarcz
We Are All Saying Much The Same Thing: A Rejoinder To The Comments Of Professors Coffee, Macy And Simon, Steven L. Schwarcz
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Canning Spam: Consumer Protection Or A Lid On Free Speech?, Grant C. Yang
Canning Spam: Consumer Protection Or A Lid On Free Speech?, Grant C. Yang
Duke Law & Technology Review
The United States Congress recently passed the first federal legislation to curb the influx of spam. However, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ("CAN-SPAM Act") left some measures to be enacted by the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), and some consumers are calling for the Act to have a broader reach and for the creation of a Do-Not-E-Mail registry. Conversely, the FTC decided to delay the creation of a registry and opted to assist in the development of a new technological authentication system. This iBrief looks at the current state of spam and explains that it is …
1984 Is Still Fiction: Electronic Monitoring In The Workplace And U.S. Privacy Law, Christopher Pearson Fazekas
1984 Is Still Fiction: Electronic Monitoring In The Workplace And U.S. Privacy Law, Christopher Pearson Fazekas
Duke Law & Technology Review
Electronic monitoring in the workplace has been the subject of relentless public criticism. Privacy advocates argue that technological advancements have given overbearing employers powerful tools to abuse employee dignity in the name of productivity and that new legislation should bolster workplace privacy rights. This iBrief contends that current U.S. legal doctrine governing electronic monitoring in the workplace is fair given the nature and purpose of the workplace, and potential employer liability for employee misconduct.
Privacy, Free Speech & The Garden Grove Cyber Café Experiment, Brett Stohs
Privacy, Free Speech & The Garden Grove Cyber Café Experiment, Brett Stohs
Duke Law & Technology Review
In response to gang violence at local "cyber cafés," the City Council of Garden Grove, California, passed an ordinance requiring cyber cafés to install video surveillance systems. The constitutionality of the provision was subsequently challenged, and a California Court of Appeal determined that the video surveillance requirement did not violate free speech or privacy protections under either the federal or California Constitutions. This decision was immediately challenged, by commentators and a dissenting judge, as opening the door to Orwellian-type, government intrusions into individuals' personal lives. This iBrief analyzes the appellate court's decision and concludes that not only did the majority …
Virtual Shareholder Meetings, Elizabeth Boros
Virtual Shareholder Meetings, Elizabeth Boros
Duke Law & Technology Review
Electronic communication impacts how widely-held corporations conduct shareholder meetings. For example, technology has facilitated such options as electronic proxy voting, remote electronic voting, and "virtual meetings." This iBrief examines the idea of "virtual meetings" and argues that they should not entirely replace physical meetings unless an electronic solution can be devised which replicates the face-to-face accountability of management to retail shareholders.
Restoring A Public Interest Vision Of Law In The Age Of The Internet, Marc Rotenberg
Restoring A Public Interest Vision Of Law In The Age Of The Internet, Marc Rotenberg
Duke Law & Technology Review
In November 2003, Mr. Marc Rotenberg, Executive Director of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, lectured at Duke Law School on the importance of protecting individual privacy. In his remarks, Mr. Rotenberg recounted the successful campaign against the government's Clipper Chip proposal. He argued that successful public interest advocacy in the Internet age requires the participation of experts from many fields, public engagement, and a willingness to avoid a simple "balancing" analysis. He further concluded that privacy may be one of the defining issues of a free society in the twenty-first century.
Online Defamation: Bringing The Communications Decency Act Of 1996 In Line With Sound Public Policy, Ryan W. King
Online Defamation: Bringing The Communications Decency Act Of 1996 In Line With Sound Public Policy, Ryan W. King
Duke Law & Technology Review
According to the Communications Decency Act of 1996, a provider of an interactive computer service cannot be held liable for publishing a defamatory statement made by another party. In addition, the service provider cannot be held liable for refusing to remove the statement from its service. This article postulates that such immunity from producer and distributor liability is a suspect public policy, and argues that the statute should be amended to include a broad definition of "development" and a "take-down and put-back" provision.
The Pending Determination Of The Legality Of Internet Gambling In The United States, Gregory Manter
The Pending Determination Of The Legality Of Internet Gambling In The United States, Gregory Manter
Duke Law & Technology Review
Internet gambling has been targeted on many fronts in the United States, including Congress, the courts, the Bush Administration and credit card agencies. This iBrief details recent trends in the regulation of online gaming, and concludes that while absolute prohibitions may be ineffective, the combined resistance of these institutions will prevent the industry from expanding its customer base.
Can The Internet Kill? Holding Web Investigators Liable For Their Criminal Customers, Mark Sweet
Can The Internet Kill? Holding Web Investigators Liable For Their Criminal Customers, Mark Sweet
Duke Law & Technology Review
As the wealth of online information grows, private investigation websites are becoming more powerful and popular. Their client lists include attorneys, insurance agencies, banks, neighbors, employers, and, oh yes, stalkers and identity thieves. When a stalker used information from a web investigator to track down and kill his victim, the New Hampshire Supreme Court held the investigator liable for its customer's criminal acts. This iBrief considers how far liability should extend for a web investigator, distinguishes web investigators from handgun and bullet retailers, and explains how this decision realizes a policy against privacy invasions.
The E-Government Act: Promoting E-Quality Or Exaggerating The Digital Divide?, Jaime Klima
The E-Government Act: Promoting E-Quality Or Exaggerating The Digital Divide?, Jaime Klima
Duke Law & Technology Review
In passing the E-Government Act of 2002, Congress has promised to improve the technological savvy of federal agencies and make more public forms and records available online. However, the question is whether doing so will alienate those Americans who do not have Internet access. Will the Act exaggerate the gap between the Internet haves and have-nots that is known as the digital divide? This iBrief identifies the e-quality issues arising from the E-Government Act and argues that implementation of the Act, however well intentioned, may exaggerate the digital divide.
The Pros And Cons Of Online Dispute Resolution: An Assessment Of Cyber-Mediation Websites, Joseph W. Goodman
The Pros And Cons Of Online Dispute Resolution: An Assessment Of Cyber-Mediation Websites, Joseph W. Goodman
Duke Law & Technology Review
Due to increasing use of the Internet worldwide, the number of disputes arising from Internet commerce is on the rise. Numerous websites have been established to help resolve these Internet disputes, as well as to facilitate the resolution of disputes that occur offline. This iBrief examines and evaluates these websites. It argues that cyber-mediation is in its early stages of development and that it will likely become an increasingly effective mechanism for resolving disputes as technology advances.
Mom & Pop V. Dot-Com: A Disparity In Taxation Based On How You Shop?, Jaime Klima
Mom & Pop V. Dot-Com: A Disparity In Taxation Based On How You Shop?, Jaime Klima
Duke Law & Technology Review
With the extension of the Internet Tax Freedom Act, concern has resurfaced over whether and when shoppers will be forced to pay state sales taxes on purchases made over the Internet. In fact, consumers should be paying sales tax on all Internet purchases, though few actually do. This iBrief explores the current law on taxation of e-commerce purchases and argues that small modifications by state tax administrators will align the tax treatment of mom & pop stores and e-retailers.
Online Brokers And The Sec: Still Working Out The Glitches, Philip J. Bezanson
Online Brokers And The Sec: Still Working Out The Glitches, Philip J. Bezanson
Duke Law & Technology Review
Common sense dictates that some customers of an on-line brokerage service are bound to have some of the same difficulties in conducting business but that does not mean all customers or even many customers had the same problems. In addition, as to customers who may have had problems executing buy and/or sell orders, there are many variables regarding the circumstances and conditions for each customer's transaction. Variables such as, but not limited to, account status, time of order, i.e., time of day and day of the week, and the customer's computer modem capabilities and internet service provider. Plaintiffs fail to …
To What Extent Does The Power Of Government To Determine The Boundaries And Conditions Of Lawful Commerce Permit Government To Declare Who May Advertise And Who May Not?, William W. Van Alstyne
To What Extent Does The Power Of Government To Determine The Boundaries And Conditions Of Lawful Commerce Permit Government To Declare Who May Advertise And Who May Not?, William W. Van Alstyne
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Internet Opens Its Doors For .Biz-Ness, Corey Ciocchetti
The Internet Opens Its Doors For .Biz-Ness, Corey Ciocchetti
Duke Law & Technology Review
Starting on October 1, 2001, .BIZ will become active as the Internet's newest top-level domain; its space reserved solely for businesses engaging in "bona fide" commercial activities. This space has the potential to reinvigorate, at least partly, the immense economic potential of the Internet by stimulating a multitude of e-commerce transactions so common only a few years ago. This iBreif explores the history of how and why this new top-level domain came into being. Following this history lies a discussion of the current .BIZ registration process as well as an analysis of the corresponding Intellectual Property Claims system.