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Articles 271 - 300 of 390
Full-Text Articles in Commercial Law
Much Ado About The Meaning Of "Benefit Accrual": The Issue Of Age Discrimination In Hybrid Cash Balance Plan Qualification Is Dying But Not Yet Dead, 40 J. Marshall L. Rev. 867 (2007), Barry Kozak, Joshua Waldbeser
Much Ado About The Meaning Of "Benefit Accrual": The Issue Of Age Discrimination In Hybrid Cash Balance Plan Qualification Is Dying But Not Yet Dead, 40 J. Marshall L. Rev. 867 (2007), Barry Kozak, Joshua Waldbeser
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
A Complete Property Right Amendment, John H. Ryskamp
A Complete Property Right Amendment, John H. Ryskamp
ExpressO
The trend of the eminent domain reform and "Kelo plus" initiatives is toward a comprehensive Constitutional property right incorporating the elements of level of review, nature of government action, and extent of compensation. This article contains a draft amendment which reflects these concerns.
Recent Defined Benefit Pension Reform: Reasons And Results, Daniel B. Klaff
Recent Defined Benefit Pension Reform: Reasons And Results, Daniel B. Klaff
ExpressO
In the face of corporate bankruptcies, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”) assures workers that their defined benefit pensions will be protected. It is this fact which has motivated recent reform of the PBGC and the overarching defined benefit plan system by Congress. This paper explores those reforms by addressing the reasons for and results of the most recent reform which had as its primary aim restoring the fiscal solvency of the PBGC. The paper challenges popular accounts of the reform process while examining the results of such reform for important stakeholders without resorting to an overly technical discussion of …
Daimlerchrysler V. Cuno: An Escape From The Dormant Commerce Clause Quagmire?, S. Mohsin Reza
Daimlerchrysler V. Cuno: An Escape From The Dormant Commerce Clause Quagmire?, S. Mohsin Reza
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
A Minimalist Approach To Corporate Income Taxation, Herwig J. Schlunk
A Minimalist Approach To Corporate Income Taxation, Herwig J. Schlunk
Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications
An ever-shrinking hallmark of our federal income tax system is the apparent double taxation of some, but not all, business income. That is, some business income ultimately flows to the human shareholders of C corporations. These corporations pay corporate income tax on the taxable income they generate. Then, as and when such corporations distribute their after-corporate-income-tax income to their human shareholders (or equivalently, as and when their human shareholders sell their shares in such corporations), the human shareholders pay individual income tax on the amounts so distributed (or equivalently, on their capital gains).
Working For Free: A New Tax Dodge For The Wealthy Magnifies Employment Tax Defects, Richard Winchester
Working For Free: A New Tax Dodge For The Wealthy Magnifies Employment Tax Defects, Richard Winchester
ExpressO
Employment taxes account for an enormous share of federal tax receipts. And it is widely acknowledged that taxes on the self-employed are collected under a dysfunctional set of laws that is long overdue for repair. Yet, there is surprisingly little legal scholarship in the field. This article fills a portion of that gap. It examines some fundamental flaws that plague our nation’s employment tax laws, focusing on how President Bush’s dividend tax cut created an incentive for wealthy individuals to exploit those flaws at the government’s expense when they work for a corporation that they also own and control. Specifically, …
The Different Tax Treatment Of Investment Advisory Fees And Brokerage Fees; The Lower The Fiduciary Duty The Better The Tax Consequences, Barry W. Rickert
The Different Tax Treatment Of Investment Advisory Fees And Brokerage Fees; The Lower The Fiduciary Duty The Better The Tax Consequences, Barry W. Rickert
ExpressO
The current tax laws favor brokerage fees as compared to investment advisory fees, even though investment advisors are held to a higher standard of fiduciary duty. My article examines the different tax treatment of investment advisory fees and brokerage fees, analyzes the policy considerations of such treatment and proposes alternatives to the current system. Considering the large number of American investing in the securities markets, it is important that our tax laws be written in a way that encourages taxpayers to seek investment professionals who are held to higher standards of conduct. The policy implications of brokerage fees receiving preferable …
Cuno And Congress: An Analysis Of Proposed Federal Legislation Authorizing State Economic Development Incentives, Walter Hellerstein
Cuno And Congress: An Analysis Of Proposed Federal Legislation Authorizing State Economic Development Incentives, Walter Hellerstein
Scholarly Works
If anything is clear about Cuno and the controversy the opinion has spawned, it is that Congress has the last word on the matter. Whether Congress will speak to the issues Cuno has raised is currently an open question, although in one narrow respect Congress already has. Broader legislation, however, has been introduced into Congress as the "Economic Development Act of 2005," and debate over the efficacy and wisdom of this proposal is as intense as the debate over the defensibility of Cuno itself. My purpose here is not to join that debate, although I am already on record as …
Income Tax Claims In The Year Of Bankruptcy: A Congressionally Created Quagmire, Gregory L. Germain
Income Tax Claims In The Year Of Bankruptcy: A Congressionally Created Quagmire, Gregory L. Germain
ExpressO
How is the government's claim for income taxes incurred by a debtor in the year of bankruptcy treated? Is the government's tax claim entitled to priority as a first priority expense of administration, even though part of the year's taxes was incurred prepetition? If not, is the claim entitled to eighth priority under its special rule for tax claims? The courts did not reach consistent results on these questions prior to the 2005 Act. The courts agreed that the government's claim for pre-petition taxes should not be entitled to administrative expense priority, but differed on whether the claim was entitled …
Breaking The Bank: Revisiting Central Bank Of Denver After Enron And Sarbanes-Oxley, Celia Taylor
Breaking The Bank: Revisiting Central Bank Of Denver After Enron And Sarbanes-Oxley, Celia Taylor
ExpressO
No abstract provided.
The Missing Preferred Return, Victor Fleischer
The Missing Preferred Return, Victor Fleischer
ExpressO
Managers of buyout funds typically offer their investors an 8% preferred return on their investment before they take a share of any additional profits. Venture capitalists, on the other hand, rarely offer a preferred return. Instead, VCs take their cut from the first dollar of nominal profits. This disparity between venture funds and buyout funds is especially striking because the contracts that determine fund organization and compensation are otherwise very similar. The missing preferred return might suggest that agency costs pose a larger problem in venture capital than previously thought. Is the missing preferred return evidence, perhaps, that VCs are …
"Who's The Boss?": An Analytical And Practical Approach To Determine The "Employer" In A Defined Contribution Qualified Retirement Plan, 38 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1011 (2005), Megan Mccoy
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Optrex And The Attorney-Client Privilege: Implications And Potential Significance, 39 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1 (2005), Sandra Liss Friedman, Helena D. Sullivan
Optrex And The Attorney-Client Privilege: Implications And Potential Significance, 39 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1 (2005), Sandra Liss Friedman, Helena D. Sullivan
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Remands In Trade Adjustment Assistance Cases, 39 J. Marshall L. Rev. 9 (2005), Munford Page Hall Ii
Remands In Trade Adjustment Assistance Cases, 39 J. Marshall L. Rev. 9 (2005), Munford Page Hall Ii
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
An Importer's Election: Whether To Invoke Attorney Advice In Defense Or To Preserve Privilege, 39 J. Marshall L. Rev. 17 (2005), Patricia M. Mccarthy
An Importer's Election: Whether To Invoke Attorney Advice In Defense Or To Preserve Privilege, 39 J. Marshall L. Rev. 17 (2005), Patricia M. Mccarthy
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Erisa Stock Drop Cases: An Evolving Standard, 38 J. Marshall L. Rev. 889 (2005), Craig C. Martin, Elizabeth L. Fine
Erisa Stock Drop Cases: An Evolving Standard, 38 J. Marshall L. Rev. 889 (2005), Craig C. Martin, Elizabeth L. Fine
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Putting Sec Heat On Corporate Tax Shelters And Audit Firms: Responding To Tax Risk With Sunshine, Shame And Strict Liability, Linda M. Beale
Putting Sec Heat On Corporate Tax Shelters And Audit Firms: Responding To Tax Risk With Sunshine, Shame And Strict Liability, Linda M. Beale
Law Faculty Research Publications
No abstract provided.
Counting The Cash: Disclosure And Cash Balance Plans, 37 J. Marshall L. Rev. 849 (2004), Dana M. Muir
Counting The Cash: Disclosure And Cash Balance Plans, 37 J. Marshall L. Rev. 849 (2004), Dana M. Muir
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Evolution Of The Arm's Length Standard In The Us Transfer Pricing Legislation And Russian Arm's Length Perspective, Andrei A. Shutov
Evolution Of The Arm's Length Standard In The Us Transfer Pricing Legislation And Russian Arm's Length Perspective, Andrei A. Shutov
LLM Theses and Essays
This thesis analyzes the evolution of the arm's length standard (ALS) as the key element of the transfer pricing control system in the US. This thesis also addresses some issues on creation of transfer pricing legislation in the Russian Federation and focuses on three sets of problems. First, it provides the general outline of the legislative history of the ALS as well as the history of the ALS' application in the US, including an overview of landmark cases, which revealed some conceptual problems with respect to the ALS. Secondly, the thesis addresses core problems associated with the ALS, such as …
The Zen Of Corporate Capital Structure Neutrality, Herwig J. Schlunk
The Zen Of Corporate Capital Structure Neutrality, Herwig J. Schlunk
Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications
Given the current tax rate structure - where the marginal tax rate of some persons exceeds the corporate tax rate and the marginal tax rate of others is exceeded by it - corporations are generally well advised to employ both debt and equity in their capital structures. The former will be held by low tax rate taxpayers and will serve to lower the effective aggregate tax rate6 on the corporation's taxable income. The latter will be held by high tax rate taxpayers and will serve to keep low the effective aggregate tax rate on the corporation's unrecognized economic income (such …
Deconstructing The Debate Over State Taxation Of Electronic Commerce, Walter Hellerstein
Deconstructing The Debate Over State Taxation Of Electronic Commerce, Walter Hellerstein
Scholarly Works
Elsewhere on these pages, the distinguished economist Charles McLure begins his contribution to the debate over taxation of electronic commerce by observing that “America is focusing on the wrong issues in debating the taxation of electronic commerce ....” He proceeds to provide a fundamental critique of the states' existing sales tax regimes and he lays out a roadmap for radical reform of the system that would, in the course of curing the basic defects in the existing state sales tax structure, incidentally resolve many of the issues that currently dominate the debate over taxing electronic commerce. I do not disagree …
Electronic Commerce And The State And Federal Tax Bases, J. Clifton Fleming Jr.
Electronic Commerce And The State And Federal Tax Bases, J. Clifton Fleming Jr.
BYU Law Review
The federal income tax does not apply to profits generated by pure mail order sales originating from outside the United States, and state and local consumption taxes are effectively inapplicable to pure mail order sales originating from outside the taxing jurisdiction. These conclusions seem fully applicable to federal taxation of income from sales that are initially solicited through Internet advertising and then transacted over the Internet between a customer in the United States and an out-of-country seller's out-of-country website. Similar conclusions are also, arguably, applicable in the case of state and local consumption taxes. Extension of the mail order tax …
Leveling The Playing Field: A Business Perspective On Taxing E-Commerce, Val John Christensen
Leveling The Playing Field: A Business Perspective On Taxing E-Commerce, Val John Christensen
BYU Law Review
No abstract provided.
Taxation Of U.S. Llc With Foreign Participation, Victor Ianovitch
Taxation Of U.S. Llc With Foreign Participation, Victor Ianovitch
LLM Theses and Essays
The instant thesis is organized in three main parts. The first contains an overview of U.S. law including constitutional issues of the topic focusing on the separation of tax powers between federal and state authorities with special attention to the basis and extent to which a State is entitled to impose levies on business organizations; a brief analysis of federal legislation allowing the pass-through regime; and summary concerning LLC legislation in the States. The second analyzes the application of the main, basic principles of international taxation (such as residence, source rules, application of international treaties, and connected with it the …
State Taxation Of Electronic Commerce: Perspectives On Proposals For Change And Their Constitutionality, Kendall L. Houghton, Walter Hellerstein
State Taxation Of Electronic Commerce: Perspectives On Proposals For Change And Their Constitutionality, Kendall L. Houghton, Walter Hellerstein
Scholarly Works
Over the past few years, an enormous amount of attention has been devoted to the problems raised by state taxation of electronic commerce, possible solutions to those problems, and, more recently, the question of whether there is a ‘problem‘ at all. We have both been, and continue to be, deeply involved in the debate over these issues -- a debate that has sometimes generated more heat than light. We view this forum as furnishing us an opportunity to take a step back from the fray and to offer our views not only on the critical issues that are dominating the …
Transfer Pricing, Anders Leif Allvin
Transfer Pricing, Anders Leif Allvin
LLM Theses and Essays
Transfer pricing is one of the principal international taxation issues of the 1990s and potentially of future decades as well. For corporate enterprises, it can be difficult enough to do business in just one country, but it gets even more complex when they go international. The growth of multinational enterprises (MNEs) creates complex taxation issues for both the tax administrations as well for the MNE. Transfer pricing concerns allocation of income earned within affiliated corporate groups in different countries, which must satisfy tax authorities that they are not evading taxes through the use of transfer pricing. The main problem with …
Emerging Leader Of The Tax Avant-Garde, Andrzej J. Burba
Emerging Leader Of The Tax Avant-Garde, Andrzej J. Burba
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
In 1998, Poland's Minister of Finance Leszek Balcerowicz unveiled a plan to restructure the tax system. His fiat tax proposal promises numerous benefits to individual and corporate taxpayers with significant reduction in tax rates for both groups. The new plan offers to further strengthen Poland's growing economy--a consequence that is especially significant in light of the country's aspiration to join the European Union. It provides a remedy for virtually every ailment plaguing the current tax system and, most importantly, the reform offers to finance itself This Note argues that the plan should be adopted immediately for the following reasons: (1) …
State And Local Taxation Of Electronic Commerce: Reflections On The Emerging Issues, Walter Hellerstein
State And Local Taxation Of Electronic Commerce: Reflections On The Emerging Issues, Walter Hellerstein
Scholarly Works
When Ed Cohen honored me with the invitation to present the principal paper on state and local taxation of electronic commerce for this conference, I was pleased to accept, but with one caveat. Because most of my waking hours over the past year seem to have been consumed by the preparation of papers addressed to state taxation of electronic commerce, I warned Ed that much of what I might have to say would not be new -- at least to me. But a funny thing happened on the way to this forum. When I set about my task to prepare …
U.S. Income Taxation Of Foreign Parties: A Primer, Ernest R. Larkins
U.S. Income Taxation Of Foreign Parties: A Primer, Ernest R. Larkins
Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce
Over the last five years for which data are available, the number of foreign corporations showing net income on Form 1120F, U.S. Income Tax Return of a Foreign Corporation, has increased 36.5 percent. [1] In addition, the number of individuals granted temporary stays in the United States as non-immigrants has steadily increased from 9.5 million in 1985 to 24.8 million in 1996, an average annual increase of 9.1 percent. [2] These increases evidence growing opportunities to serve international clients and suggest that tax professionals must have a fundamental working knowledge of the way the U.S. tax system treats foreign parties. …