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Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons™
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Articles 91 - 120 of 262
Full-Text Articles in Civil Rights and Discrimination
The Efficacy Of New York's Qualified Prohibition On Ndas And Reforms That Can Protect Sexual Harassment Survivors, Bina Nayee
Fordham Law Review Online
The numerous sexual harassment scandals that were uncovered following the Harvey Weinstein exposé have at least one very positive byproduct: new state legislation aimed to protect and combat sexual misconduct in the workplace. New York is leading the charge by creating a legislative framework that protects a broader spectrum of workers against sexual harassment in the workplace. The State’s 2019 fiscal year budget substantiates the commitment to empower survivors and protect those who may be future targets of sexual harassment in their workplaces. As part of this framework, the State’s human rights laws now extend to and protect independent contractors, …
The Appearance Of Professionalism, Elizabeth B. Cooper
The Appearance Of Professionalism, Elizabeth B. Cooper
Faculty Scholarship
The dominant image of a lawyer persists: a neatly dressed man wearing a conservative dark suit, white shirt, and muted accessories. Many attorneys can conform to this expectation, but there are a growing number of “outsider” lawyers for whom compliance with appearance norms can challenge their fundamental identities. People of color, women, LGBTQ individuals, religiously observant persons, and those who inhabit intersectional identities are among those who disproportionately remain excluded from the dominant culture and centers of power in the legal profession. Expectations of appearance conformity create profound concerns that go well beyond style preferences, raising questions of autonomy and …
Public Dollars, Private Discrimination: Protecting Lgbt Students From School Voucher Discrimination, Adam Mengler
Public Dollars, Private Discrimination: Protecting Lgbt Students From School Voucher Discrimination, Adam Mengler
Fordham Law Review
More than a dozen states operate school voucher programs, which allow parents to apply state tax dollars to their children’s private school tuition. Many schools that participate in voucher programs are affiliated with religions that disapprove of homosexuality. As such, voucher-accepting schools across the country have admissions policies that discriminate against LGBT students and students with LGBT parents. Little recourse exists for students who suffer discrimination at the hands of voucher-accepting schools. This Note considers two ways to provide protection from such discrimination for LGBT students and ultimately argues that the best route is for an LGBT student to bring …
How The Feres Doctrine Prevents Cadets And Midshipmen Of Military-Service Academies From Achieving Justice For Sexul Assault, Katherine Shin
How The Feres Doctrine Prevents Cadets And Midshipmen Of Military-Service Academies From Achieving Justice For Sexul Assault, Katherine Shin
Fordham Law Review
Sixty-seven years ago, Feres v. United States foreclosed service members from pursuing claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) for “injuries incident to their service.” The progeny of case law that has since developed, the basis for what is known as the Feres doctrine, expanded the scope of what the Feres Court originally articulated as an injury incident to service. Now, cadets and midshipmen of military-service academies who allege that the government (i.e., the administration of military-service academies) was negligent in handling their sexual assaults are precluded from bringing an FTCA claim because their injuries are classified as “incident …
Where Breaking Glass Ceilings Leads To Glass Walls: Gender-Disparate Managerial Decision-Making Power And Authority, Bina Nayee
Fordham Law Review
Today, litigation over plainly discriminatory employment practices is much less common than it was in the two decades following Title VII’s enactment as employers have largely reformed practices that most obviously violate employment discrimination law. But many less obvious employment practices, particularly those embedded in implicit bias or unconscious sex stereotyping, remain. One example is employers’ distribution of managerial decision-making power and authority based on assumptions about sex. Although this particular employment practice has not yet been litigated, there is a strong argument that a legal challenge to this practice could succeed. This Note argues that female managers can and …
More Than Love: Eugenics And The Future Of Loving V. Virginia, Osagie K. Obasogie
More Than Love: Eugenics And The Future Of Loving V. Virginia, Osagie K. Obasogie
Fordham Law Review
This Symposium is dedicated to celebrating how Loving v. Virginia paved the way for greater acceptance of multiracial families and interracial intimacy. Loving is largely understood as a case that rejected the bigotry and hatred experienced by interracial couples and affirmed the idea that law supports love across racial lines. With this narrative comes the popular understanding that Loving stands for the notion that love conquers all. This idea has shaped other legal strategies and social movements, such as the effort to have same-sex marriage legally recognized. Thus, Loving is thought of as drawing attention to the importance of romantic …
Prejudice, Constitutional Moral Progress, And Being “On The Right Side Of History”: Reflections On Loving V. Virginia At Fifty, Linda C. Mcclain
Prejudice, Constitutional Moral Progress, And Being “On The Right Side Of History”: Reflections On Loving V. Virginia At Fifty, Linda C. Mcclain
Fordham Law Review
Looking back at the record in Loving, this Article shows the role played by narratives of constitutional moral progress, in which the Lovings and their amici indicted Virginia’s antimiscegenation law as an “odious” relic of slavery and a present-day reflection of racial prejudice. In response, Virginia sought to distance such laws from prejudice and white supremacy by appealing to “the most recent” social science that identified problems posed by “intermarriage,” particularly for children. Such work also rejected the idea that intermarriage was a path toward progress and freedom from prejudice. This Article concludes by briefly examining the appeal to Loving …
Hollywood Loving, Kevin Noble Maillard
Hollywood Loving, Kevin Noble Maillard
Fordham Law Review
In this Essay, I highlight how nongovernmental entities establish political, moral, and sexual standards through visual media, which powerfully underscores and expresses human behavior. Through the Motion Picture Production Code (the “Hays Code”) and the Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters (the “TV Code”), Americans viewed entertainment as a pre-mediated, engineered world that existed outside of claims of censorship and propaganda. This Essay critically examines the role of film and television as persuasive and integral legal actors and it considers how these sectors operate to maintain, and sometimes challenge, racial order.
Enemy And Ally: Religion In Loving V. Virginia And Beyond, Leora F. Eisenstadt
Enemy And Ally: Religion In Loving V. Virginia And Beyond, Leora F. Eisenstadt
Fordham Law Review
Throughout the Loving case, religion appeared both overtly and subtly to endorse or lend credibility to the arguments against racial mixing. This use of religion is unsurprising given that supporters of slavery, white supremacy, and segregation have, for decades, turned to religion to justify their ideologies. Although these views are no longer mainstream, they have recently appeared again in arguments against same-sex marriage and gay and transgender rights generally. What is remarkable in the Loving case, however, is an alternate use of religion, not to justify white supremacy and segregation but instead to highlight the irrationality of its supporters’ claims. …
Loving’S Legacy: Decriminalization And The Regulation Of Sex And Sexuality, Melissa Murray
Loving’S Legacy: Decriminalization And The Regulation Of Sex And Sexuality, Melissa Murray
Fordham Law Review
2017 marked the fiftieth anniversary of Loving v. Virginia, the landmark Supreme Court decision that invalidated bans on miscegenation and interracial marriages. In the years since Loving was decided, it remains a subject of intense scholarly debate and attention. The conventional wisdom suggests that the Court’s decision in Loving was hugely transformative— decriminalizing interracial marriages and relationships and removing the most pernicious legal barriers to such couplings. But other developments suggest otherwise. If we shift our lens from marriages to other areas of the law—child custody cases, for example—Loving’s legacy seems less rosy. In the years preceding and following Loving, …
The Loving Story: Using A Documentary To Reconsider The Status Of An Iconic Interracial Married Couple, Regina Austin
The Loving Story: Using A Documentary To Reconsider The Status Of An Iconic Interracial Married Couple, Regina Austin
Fordham Law Review
This Essay reconsiders or reaffirms the Lovings’ status as civil rights icons by drawing on source material provided by the documentary The Loving Story. This nonfiction treatment of the couple and their lawsuit reveals their complexity as individuals and as a couple, the social relationships that made them desperate to live together and raise their children in Virginia, and the oppression they suffered at the hands of state actors motivated by a virulent white supremacy to make the Lovings’ desire to make a home for themselves in the state impossible. Part I briefly describes the Lovings’ struggle against Virginia’s Racial …
Multiracial Malaise: Multiracial As A Legal Racial Category, Taunya Lovell Banks
Multiracial Malaise: Multiracial As A Legal Racial Category, Taunya Lovell Banks
Fordham Law Review
The focus of this Article is the underlying assumption of the Brookings Institution report that multiracial individuals constitute a separate racial category. My discussion of legal racial categories focuses only ongovernment “racial” definitions. Multiracial individuals should enjoy thefreedom to self-identify as they wish—and, like others, be afforded theprotections of antidiscrimination law.The question is whether a separate legal racial category is needed to provide that protection. Race in this country has been “crafted from the point of view of [white] race protection” protecting the interests of white Americans from usurpation by non whites and, unless the creation of a separate multiracial …
Race And Assisted Reproduction: Implications For Population Health, Aziza Ahmed
Race And Assisted Reproduction: Implications For Population Health, Aziza Ahmed
Fordham Law Review
This Article emerges from Fordham Law Review’s Symposium on the fiftieth anniversary of Loving v. Virginia, the case that found antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional. Inspired by the need to interrogate the regulation of race in the context of family, this Article examines the diffuse regulatory environment around assisted reproductive technology (ART) that shapes procreative decisions and the inequalities that these decisions may engender. ART both centers biology and raises questions about how we imagine our racial futures in the context of family, community, and nation. Importantly, ART demonstrates how both the state and private actors shape family formation along racial lines. …
When A Wrongful Birth Claim May Not Be Wrong: Race, Inequality, And The Cost Of Blackness, Kimani Paul-Emile
When A Wrongful Birth Claim May Not Be Wrong: Race, Inequality, And The Cost Of Blackness, Kimani Paul-Emile
Fordham Law Review
The year 2017 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the Loving v. Virginia decision, in which a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional laws prohibiting interracial marriage. Today, when we consider interracial loving, we tend to envision romantic relationships. What is often overlooked, however, is the relationship between parent and child: among the most intimate of relationships. A primary reason for this oversight may be that we do not often conceptualize the parent and child relationship as an interracial space. Indeed, although most people select their romantic partners, few are afforded the opportunity to select their children outside of …
Foreword, Robin A. Lenhardt, Tanya K. Hernandez, Kimani Paul-Emile
Foreword, Robin A. Lenhardt, Tanya K. Hernandez, Kimani Paul-Emile
Fordham Law Review
This Foreword provides an overview of Fifty Years of Loving v. Virginia and the Continued Pursuit of Racial Equality, a symposium hosted by the Fordham Law Review and cosponsored by the Fordham Law School Center on Race, Law & Justice. Even fifty years later, Loving provides ample foundation for an inquiry into the operation of race and racial inequality in the United States, which touches on the queries outlined above, as well as many others. In our view, a symposium focused on Loving makes a significant contribution by deepening scholarly analysis of that decision and by explicating the kinds of …
Loving Lessons: White Supremacy, Loving V. Virginia, And Disproportionality In The Child Welfare System, Leah A. Hill
Loving Lessons: White Supremacy, Loving V. Virginia, And Disproportionality In The Child Welfare System, Leah A. Hill
Fordham Law Review
Part I of this Article introduces a brief discussion of the history of antimiscegenation laws and, specifically, their prevalence in the Commonwealth of Virginia during the 1950s. Next, Part II sets forth a short commentary about the Lovings’ triumph over antimiscegenation. Part III then details the Lovings’ judicial hurdles against the state, which argued that its antimiscegenation laws were enacted, in part, to prevent child abuse and thus served legitimate state interests. Part IV argues that the remnants of the white supremacist ideology at the center of Loving appear in our modern child welfare system, which has long been plagued …
Toward Civil Rights Enforcement In The Environmental Justice Context - Step One: Acknowledging The Problem, Marianne Engelman Lado
Toward Civil Rights Enforcement In The Environmental Justice Context - Step One: Acknowledging The Problem, Marianne Engelman Lado
Fordham Environmental Law Review
No abstract provided.
Algorithmic Jim Crow, Margaret Hu
Algorithmic Jim Crow, Margaret Hu
Fordham Law Review
This Article contends that current immigration- and security-related vetting protocols risk promulgating an algorithmically driven form of Jim Crow. Under the “separate but equal” discrimination of a historic Jim Crow regime, state laws required mandatory separation and discrimination on the front end, while purportedly establishing equality on the back end. In contrast, an Algorithmic Jim Crow regime allows for “equal but separate” discrimination. Under Algorithmic Jim Crow, equal vetting and database screening of all citizens and noncitizens will make it appear that fairness and equality principles are preserved on the front end. Algorithmic Jim Crow, however, will enable discrimination on …
Bathroom Laws As Status Crimes, Stephen Rushin, Jenny Carroll
Bathroom Laws As Status Crimes, Stephen Rushin, Jenny Carroll
Fordham Law Review
A growing number of American jurisdictions have considered laws that prohibit trans individuals from using bathroom facilities consistent with their gender identities. Several scholars have criticized these so-called “bathroom laws” as a form of discrimination in violation of federal law. Few scholars, though, have considered the criminal justice implications of these proposals. By analyzing dozens of proposed bathroom laws, this Article explores how many laws do more than stigmatize the trans community—they effectively criminalize it. Some of these proposed laws would establish new categories of criminal offenses for trans individuals who use bathrooms consistent with their gender identity. Others would …
Apples-To-Fish: Public And Private Prison Cost Comparisons, Alex Friedmann
Apples-To-Fish: Public And Private Prison Cost Comparisons, Alex Friedmann
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Has All Heck Broken Loose? Examining Heck's Favorable-Termination Requirement In The Second Circuit After Poventud V. City Of New York, John P. Collins
Has All Heck Broken Loose? Examining Heck's Favorable-Termination Requirement In The Second Circuit After Poventud V. City Of New York, John P. Collins
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Putting Exclusionary Zoning In Its Place: Affordable Housing And Geographical Scale, Christopher Serkin, Leslie Wellington
Putting Exclusionary Zoning In Its Place: Affordable Housing And Geographical Scale, Christopher Serkin, Leslie Wellington
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
A Poor Idea: Statute Of Limitations Decisions Cement Second-Class Remedial Scheme For Low-Income Children With Disabilities In The Third Circuit, Jennifer Rosen Valverde
A Poor Idea: Statute Of Limitations Decisions Cement Second-Class Remedial Scheme For Low-Income Children With Disabilities In The Third Circuit, Jennifer Rosen Valverde
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Math & Science Are Core To Ideas: Breaking The Racial And Poverty Lines, Jeffrey C. Sun, Philip T.K. Daniel
Math & Science Are Core To Ideas: Breaking The Racial And Poverty Lines, Jeffrey C. Sun, Philip T.K. Daniel
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Reasonable Supervision In The City: Enhancing The Safety Of Students With Disabilities In Urban (And Other) Schools, Lynn M. Daggett
Reasonable Supervision In The City: Enhancing The Safety Of Students With Disabilities In Urban (And Other) Schools, Lynn M. Daggett
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
A Solution Hiding In Plain Sight: Special Education And Better Outcomes For Students With Social, Emotional, And Behavioral Challenges, Yael Cannon, Michael Gregory, Julie Waterstone
A Solution Hiding In Plain Sight: Special Education And Better Outcomes For Students With Social, Emotional, And Behavioral Challenges, Yael Cannon, Michael Gregory, Julie Waterstone
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
An Idea For Improving English Language Learners’ Access To Education, Erin Archerd
An Idea For Improving English Language Learners’ Access To Education, Erin Archerd
Fordham Urban Law Journal
English Language Learners (ELLs) and language-minority families have few promising options for receiving tailored educational services under federal law. Civil Rights era statutes like the Equal Education Opportunities Act (EEOA) designed to protect and promote ELLs’ right to an education have led to few actual changes in children’s education, and fewer still within reasonable time frames. For the subset of ELLs with disabilities, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) holds out the promise of more direct and immediate improvements in their education. Part I of this Article introduces the problem through a hypothetical student, Faith, and her family. Part …
Aggregation And Urban Misdemeanors, Alexandra Natapoff
Aggregation And Urban Misdemeanors, Alexandra Natapoff
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The urban misdemeanor process relies on a wide variety of informal groupings and aggregations. Order maintenance police arrest large numbers of people based on neighborhood, age, race, and other generalizations. Prosecutors and public defenders resolve entire classes of minor plea bargains based on standard local practices and pricing. Urban courts process hundreds of cases en masse. At each stage, the pressure to aggregate—to treat people and cases by group—weakens and sometimes eliminates individuated scrutiny of defendants and the evidence in their cases; people are largely evaluated, convicted, and punished by category and based on institutional habit. This wholesale process of …
Why Properly Policing A Movement Matters: A Response To Alafair Burke’S Policing, Protestors, And Discretion, Lenese Herbert
Why Properly Policing A Movement Matters: A Response To Alafair Burke’S Policing, Protestors, And Discretion, Lenese Herbert
Fordham Urban Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Crime, Surveillance, And Communities, Bennett Capers
Crime, Surveillance, And Communities, Bennett Capers
Fordham Urban Law Journal
We have become a surveillance state. Cameras—both those controlled by the state, and those installed by private entities—watch our every move, at least in public. For the most part, courts have deemed this public surveillance to be beyond the purview of the Fourth Amendment, meaning that it goes largely unregulated—a cause for alarm for many civil libertarians. This Article challenges these views and suggests that we must listen to communities in thinking about cameras and other surveillance technologies. For many communities, public surveillance not only has the benefit of deterring crime and aiding in the apprehension of criminals. It can …