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Articles 1141 - 1170 of 1880

Full-Text Articles in Civil Rights and Discrimination

Table Of Contents Sep 2016

Table Of Contents

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


“Lord Forgive Me, But He Tried To Kill Me”*: Proposing Solutions To The United States’ Most Vexing Racial Challenges, André Douglas Pond Cummings Sep 2016

“Lord Forgive Me, But He Tried To Kill Me”*: Proposing Solutions To The United States’ Most Vexing Racial Challenges, André Douglas Pond Cummings

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Defense Support Of Civil Authorities: An Examination Of Trends Impacting Upon Police Militarization, Kevin H. Govern Sep 2016

Defense Support Of Civil Authorities: An Examination Of Trends Impacting Upon Police Militarization, Kevin H. Govern

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Tinker, Taylor, Schoolhouse, Speech: The Impact Of The Internet And Social Media On Public School Administrators’ Authority To Control Student Speech, Olivia Broderick Sep 2016

Tinker, Taylor, Schoolhouse, Speech: The Impact Of The Internet And Social Media On Public School Administrators’ Authority To Control Student Speech, Olivia Broderick

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


The No-Fly List: The New Redress Procedures, Criminal Treatment, And The Blanket Of “National Security”, Chelsea Creta Sep 2016

The No-Fly List: The New Redress Procedures, Criminal Treatment, And The Blanket Of “National Security”, Chelsea Creta

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Can You Hear Me Now? The Reasonableness Of Sending Notice Through Text Messages And Its Potential Impact On Impoverished Communities, Caley Degroote Sep 2016

Can You Hear Me Now? The Reasonableness Of Sending Notice Through Text Messages And Its Potential Impact On Impoverished Communities, Caley Degroote

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


When More Is Less—Swat And Procedural Justice, Timothy C. Macdonnell Sep 2016

When More Is Less—Swat And Procedural Justice, Timothy C. Macdonnell

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

Since the “war on drugs” began in the early 1970s the use of Special Weapons and Tactics units has increased exponentially. These units, originally designed to address unique policing situations like riots or a barricaded gun man, are now deploying approximately 60,000 times a year. Over half of those deployments are for search warrants. Because SWAT units deploy assuming that they are going to a situation with a high likelihood of violence, their tactics reflect that assumption. SWAT means and methods emphasize the decisive use of force to resolve conflicts. These means and methods do not encourage communication between police …


Confronting Race And Collateral Consequences In Public Housing, Ann Cammett Jul 2016

Confronting Race And Collateral Consequences In Public Housing, Ann Cammett

Seattle University Law Review

Access to affordable housing is one of the most critical issues currently facing low-income families. In many urban areas, rising costs, dwindling economic opportunity, and gentrification have foreclosed access to previously available rental stock and contributed to a crisis in housing. For African Americans lingering economic disparities arising from generations of forced racial segregation and the disproportional impact of mass incarceration have magnified these problems. In this Article I explore legal barriers to publicly subsidized housing, a “collateral consequence” of criminal convictions that increasingly serves as a powerful form of housing discrimination. Evictions, denial of admission, and permanent exclusion of …


Begging For Due Process: Defending The Rights Of Urban Outcasts In An Italian Town, Giacomo Pailli, Alessandro Simoni Jul 2016

Begging For Due Process: Defending The Rights Of Urban Outcasts In An Italian Town, Giacomo Pailli, Alessandro Simoni

Seattle University Law Review

Adult begging in Italy has been decriminalized since a Constitutional Court decision in 1995 and an ensuing law, no. 205, in 1999. Nonetheless, beggars, particularly Roma ones, are still perceived by the public as a nuisance, like an issue that should be dealt with. Sensible to the pressure of its constituency, even Florence—a city with a tradition of openness and inclusion—has taken measures against begging and other similar street-level economic activities. Between 2007 and 2008, the first wave of city action in Florence was directed at windshield cleaners at traffic lights. Even though the policy was challenged, it produced the …


The Incongruous Intersection Of The Black Panther Party And The Ku Klux Klan, Angela A. Allen-Bell Jul 2016

The Incongruous Intersection Of The Black Panther Party And The Ku Klux Klan, Angela A. Allen-Bell

Seattle University Law Review

When, in 2015, a Louisiana prison warden publically likened the Black Panther Party to the Ku Klux Klan, I was stunned. The differences between the two groups seemed so extreme and so obvious I could not imagine ineptness of this magnitude. Not long after this, a Georgia legislator unashamedly express that the Ku Klux Klan was not a racist, terrorist group, but merely a vigilante group trying to keep law and order. After initial dismay, each of these instances evoked thoughts of the far-reaching implications of officials making operational and policy decisions around such a flawed appreciation of history. These …


International Environmental Law And The Global South Edited By Shawket Alam, Sumudu Atapattu, Carmen G. Gonzalez, And Jona Razzaque, Nadia B. Ahmad Jul 2016

International Environmental Law And The Global South Edited By Shawket Alam, Sumudu Atapattu, Carmen G. Gonzalez, And Jona Razzaque, Nadia B. Ahmad

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Session 2: The U.S. Perspective, Peter K. Yu, Allan Adler, Duncan Crabtree-Ireland, Mickey Osterreicher, Michael Wolfe, Aurelia J. Schultz Jul 2016

Session 2: The U.S. Perspective, Peter K. Yu, Allan Adler, Duncan Crabtree-Ireland, Mickey Osterreicher, Michael Wolfe, Aurelia J. Schultz

Faculty Scholarship

This panel provides an overview of the current state of protection of moral rights in the United States, including discussion of the “patchwork” approach of federal and state laws, as well as judicial opinions.


Newsroom: Vox: Mancheno '13 On Orlando 6-23-2016, Luis F. Mancheno, Vox, Roger Williams University School Of Law Jun 2016

Newsroom: Vox: Mancheno '13 On Orlando 6-23-2016, Luis F. Mancheno, Vox, Roger Williams University School Of Law

Life of the Law School (1993- )

No abstract provided.


The International Court And South West Africa: Latest Phase, Antony J.M. Zuijdwijk Jun 2016

The International Court And South West Africa: Latest Phase, Antony J.M. Zuijdwijk

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.


Masthead And Front Matter Jun 2016

Masthead And Front Matter

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Table Of Contents Jun 2016

Table Of Contents

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Debating Slavery And Empire In The Washington College Literary Societies, Alfred L. Brophy Jun 2016

Debating Slavery And Empire In The Washington College Literary Societies, Alfred L. Brophy

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

This paper examines the debates of the Washington and Graham Literary Societies at Washington College in the 1850s. It has two purposes. The first is to use the debate topics as a gauge of the issues on the minds of Washington College’s students, particularly as they related to slavery and empire. This is part of the growing literature on the intellectual history of the pre-Civil War South and of its connection to slavery, for issues of race and slavery were common in the debates. The second is a more theoretical point. I seek to intervene in the popular constitutionalism literature …


Different Script, Same Caste In The Use Of Passive And Active Racism: A Critical Race Theory Analysis Of The (Ab)Use Of “House Rules” In Race-Related Education Cases, Steven L. Nelson Jun 2016

Different Script, Same Caste In The Use Of Passive And Active Racism: A Critical Race Theory Analysis Of The (Ab)Use Of “House Rules” In Race-Related Education Cases, Steven L. Nelson

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Not Just A Game: The Employment Status And Collective Bargaining Rights Of Professional Esports Players, Hunter Amadeus Bayliss Jun 2016

Not Just A Game: The Employment Status And Collective Bargaining Rights Of Professional Esports Players, Hunter Amadeus Bayliss

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


The Power To Retaliate: How Nassar Strips Away The Protections Of Title Vii, Catherine Donnelly Jun 2016

The Power To Retaliate: How Nassar Strips Away The Protections Of Title Vii, Catherine Donnelly

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Is Modern Day Slavery A Private Act Or A Public System Of Oppression?, Maria L. Ontiveros May 2016

Is Modern Day Slavery A Private Act Or A Public System Of Oppression?, Maria L. Ontiveros

Seattle University Law Review

The government focuses on trafficking as the definitive form of modern day slavery. In doing so, it portrays modern day slavery as a private act with identifiable wrongdoers and views the Thirteenth Amendment through the lens of forced labor. Workers’ advocates, on the other hand, portray modern day slavery as a systemic form of oppression, supported by governmental policies on immigration and occupational exclusions. These groups focus on the Thirteenth Amendment through the lens of class. A historical analysis suggests that the proper approach views the Thirteenth Amendment through the lens of both class and labor.


The Thirteenth Amendment, Disparate Impact, And Empathy Deficits, Darrell A.H. Miller May 2016

The Thirteenth Amendment, Disparate Impact, And Empathy Deficits, Darrell A.H. Miller

Seattle University Law Review

Modern civil rights policy is, as the late Justice Scalia warned, at “war.” On the one hand, some laws, like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) and the Fair Housing Act, can impose liability for decisions due to their racial impacts rather than their racial motivation. Defendants in such cases can always respond that the challenged decision (a test, a criterion, an allocation) is necessary in some legally cognizable sense; but the courthouse doors open with the prima facie case of disparate impact. On the other hand, the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, ever since …


The Last Legally Beaten Servant In America: From Compulsion To Coercion In The American Workplace, Lea Vandervelde May 2016

The Last Legally Beaten Servant In America: From Compulsion To Coercion In The American Workplace, Lea Vandervelde

Seattle University Law Review

Historically, the law of master-servant allowed corporal punishment. Today it seems strange to contemplate that intentionally inflicted violence was ever an acceptable method of compelling workers to labor in America. Strange as it seems, the practice of striking servants to discipline them was considered a legitimate, implicit part of the relationship between masters and servants. Servants, as well as slaves, could be subjected to cuffings and even severe beatings as means of “correction” and compulsion to labor. Menial servants, apprentices, and domestic servants could be beaten with hands, fists, straps, sticks, and sometimes whips, all in the name of correction …


Of Swords, Shields, And A Gun To The Head: Coercing Individuals, But Not States, Aviam Soifer May 2016

Of Swords, Shields, And A Gun To The Head: Coercing Individuals, But Not States, Aviam Soifer

Seattle University Law Review

This Article begins with a brief reprise of what should be a textual “gotcha” about the Enforcement Clauses of the post-Civil War Amendments—if our current Supreme Court Justices actually cared about original texts, originalism, or a combination of the two. Next, the Article focuses on the gnarled issue of “coercion.” It argues that, contrary to a great deal of Anglo-American legal doctrine, coercion is best understood along a spectrum rather than as a binary phenomenon. Coercion is actually much contested and highly contextual across many legal categories. Federal coercion—also described as commandeering or dragooning— has become a particular constitutional focus …


The Thirteenth Amendment At The Intersection Of Class And Gender: Robertson V. Baldwin’S Exclusion Of Infants, Lunatics, Women, And Seamen, James Gray Pope May 2016

The Thirteenth Amendment At The Intersection Of Class And Gender: Robertson V. Baldwin’S Exclusion Of Infants, Lunatics, Women, And Seamen, James Gray Pope

Seattle University Law Review

In Robertson v. Baldwin, the Supreme Court held that merchant seamen under contract could be legally compelled to work notwithstanding the Thirteenth Amendment’s prohibition on slavery and involuntary servitude. According to the Court, seamen were “deficient in that full and intelligent responsibility for their acts which is accredited to ordinary adults,” and therefore could—along with children and wards—be deprived of liberty. Over the past few years, however, several courts have applied statutory bans on “involuntary servitude” and “forced labor” (a “species of involuntary servitude”) to protect women and children in domestic settings. These cases suggest that Robertson’s categorical exclusion is …


A New Peonage?: Pay, Work, Or Go To Jail In Contemporary Child Support Enforcement And Beyond, Noah D. Zatz May 2016

A New Peonage?: Pay, Work, Or Go To Jail In Contemporary Child Support Enforcement And Beyond, Noah D. Zatz

Seattle University Law Review

Child support enforcement is one of several contemporary contexts in which the state threatens to incarcerate people if they fail to work. This symposium essay explores whether this practice violates the Thirteenth Amendment’s ban on involuntary servitude. At first glance, such threats fall squarely within the ambit of the early 20th century peonage cases. There, the Supreme Court struck down criminal enforcement of legal obligations to work off a debt. Several modern courts have declined to reach a similar conclusion when child support enforcement puts obligors to a choice between paying, working, and going to jail. To do so, these …


The Paradox Of The Right To Contract: Noncompete Agreements As Thirteenth Amendment Violations, Ayesha Bell Hardaway May 2016

The Paradox Of The Right To Contract: Noncompete Agreements As Thirteenth Amendment Violations, Ayesha Bell Hardaway

Seattle University Law Review

Employers in a variety of fields are increasingly imposing noncompete agreements on their workers as a condition of the workers’ at-will employment. These employees are working at or near minimum wage, in positions that require little or no advanced technical skills. Major news sources have highlighted this issue while covering recent employment litigation between Jimmy Johns and a pair of its former employees. In this litigation, two plaintiffs filed suit in federal court seeking injunctive relief and declaratory judgment invalidating the noncompete and confidentiality agreements that they signed with the sandwich maker. Granting defendant’s motion to dismiss, the Illinois District …


The Constitution And Slavery Overseas, George Rutherglen May 2016

The Constitution And Slavery Overseas, George Rutherglen

Seattle University Law Review

This Article examines the resources available under American law to address the issues raised by extraterritorial enforcement of one of the most widely recognized human rights—to be free from physical coercion and the loss of liberty. Part I reviews the history of adoption, interpretation, and enforcement of the Thirteenth Amendment. The scope of the Amendment gradually expanded through the joint efforts of Congress and the Supreme Court, resulting in a prohibition that now goes beyond involuntary servitude to all forms of peonage, whether supported by state or private action. Part II then looks to other sources of congressional power—the Commerce …


Slave Contracts And The Thirteenth Amendment, John C. Williams May 2016

Slave Contracts And The Thirteenth Amendment, John C. Williams

Seattle University Law Review

The Thirteenth Amendment—the commandment that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States”— did not truly eradicate incidents of slavery. This is hardly a controversial point. The postwar emergence of the Black Codes—laws meant to confine African Americans’ ability to rent, travel, and live as free humans would expect to—ensured that slavery’s conditions continued unabated. The Amendment itself permits slavery to exist “as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.” Still, did the Thirteenth Amendment not abolish the most fundamental characteristic of chattel slavery—the ability to trade in and …


“They Outlawed Solidarity!”, Richard Blum May 2016

“They Outlawed Solidarity!”, Richard Blum

Seattle University Law Review

In attacking § 8(b)(4)(ii)(B)’s ban on secondary labor picketing in support of a consumer boycott as a violation of the First Amendment, critics have repeatedly condemned the Supreme Court’s reliance on a supposed distinction between “pure speech” and “speech plus conduct,” such as a picket. The Court’s invocation of an “unlawful objectives” doctrine to defend banning speech contrary to public policy has also been repeatedly criticized. After all, picketing has been recognized as protected expressive activity and it is entirely lawful for consumers to choose to boycott the target of a picket. However, commentators have not sought to argue that …