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Articles 211 - 240 of 259
Full-Text Articles in Civil Procedure
The Abolition Of The Forms Of Action In Virginia, W. Hamilton Bryson
The Abolition Of The Forms Of Action In Virginia, W. Hamilton Bryson
University of Richmond Law Review
The common law procedure for initiating actions at law in the English courts required a plaintiff to obtain a writ invoking the jurisdiction of the court and to file a declaration setting forth the facts that justified instigation of the suit and established the cause of the action. This clumsy and archaic system of litigation was abolished by a single chop of the legislative guillotine in New York in 1848. England followed suit in 1875, and the United States federal courts in 1938. Writs and declarations were replaced by simple forms which were copied from the practice of the equity …
Corporate And Institutional Accident Investigations As Work Product Pursuant To The Rules Of The Supreme Court Of Virginia, William Todd Benson
Corporate And Institutional Accident Investigations As Work Product Pursuant To The Rules Of The Supreme Court Of Virginia, William Todd Benson
University of Richmond Law Review
If the magnitude of the mishap so warrants, many businesses immediately call their insurance adjuster or other accident investigator. In some of the larger businesses, accident investigation and insurance have become in-house operations. This quick reflex toward early fact investigation is prompted, in part, by a healthy respect for the potentiality of claims arising out of the day to day conduct of business affairs. When a suit against such company ultimately is ified and discovery sought, an issue often arises concerning whether early institutional investigations are "work product" for purposes of the federal or Virginia rules of civil procedure. This …
The Impact Of Allstate Insurance Co. V. Hague On Constitutional Limitations On Choice Of Law, W. Clark Williams Jr.
The Impact Of Allstate Insurance Co. V. Hague On Constitutional Limitations On Choice Of Law, W. Clark Williams Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
The development of constitutional limitations on choice of law by the United States Supreme Court has turned primarily on the due process clause and the full faith and credit clause of the United States Constitution. In theory at least, each constitutional provision rests upon separate grounds. The full faith and credit clause, as it applies to public acts, would compel a forum state under appropriate circumstances to honor the sovereignty of a foreign state in the federal system and to apply the law of the foreign state whose interests are sufficiently compelling. The due process clause limits the power of …
The Preclusiveness Of A Party's Testimony: Sixty Years Of Massie V. Firmstone In Virginia, Ann L. Hardy
The Preclusiveness Of A Party's Testimony: Sixty Years Of Massie V. Firmstone In Virginia, Ann L. Hardy
University of Richmond Law Review
The rule that a party may rise no higher than his own testimony was first articulated in Virginia in Massie v. Firmstone. It has been criticized, misunderstood, and misapplied, but since its inception in 1922, it has grown into an important rule of evidence and procedure. The practitioner must consider the implications of the rule from the moment he begins to gather evidence that he expects to present in the form of live testimony.
The Prejudicial Effects Of Cameras In The Courtroom, Robert J. Fuoco
The Prejudicial Effects Of Cameras In The Courtroom, Robert J. Fuoco
University of Richmond Law Review
The Supreme Court recently held in Chandler v. Florida, that absent a showing of actual prejudice, it is not per se unconstitutional to televise trials over the objection of the defendant. This decision has a direct bearing on state court procedures, as over one-half of the states currently permit television coverage of trials in one form or another. However, sheer numbers supporting a proposition do not make that proposition "right", nor does a Supreme Court decision upholding its constitutionality imply an unqualified stamp of approval. In fact, previous Supreme Court decisions have overturned convictions because the defendant's right to a …
Collateral Estoppel, Rose M. Alexander, Ofie T. Rubin, Anita G. Vaughn, Carol L. Wingo
Collateral Estoppel, Rose M. Alexander, Ofie T. Rubin, Anita G. Vaughn, Carol L. Wingo
University of Richmond Law Review
The doctrine of collateral estoppel involves the use of an old judgment in a new action to prevent the relitigation of issues resolved by that old judgment. At common law, use of the doctrine required that the party using collateral estoppel and the party against whom it was used be the same as the parties to the prior judgment. This common law requirement of mutuality has been relaxed and since the United States Supreme Court's 1979 decision in ParklaneHoisery Co. v. Shore, the strict common law requirement of mutuality has all but completely vanished. In Parklane the Court sanctioned the …
Judicial Restraining Orders And The Media: Does It Really Matter Who Is Gagged?, James M. Jennings Ii
Judicial Restraining Orders And The Media: Does It Really Matter Who Is Gagged?, James M. Jennings Ii
University of Richmond Law Review
Writing in Bridges v. California, Justice Hugo Black observed forty years ago that "free speech and fair trials are two of the most cherished policies of our civilization, and it would be a trying task to choose between them." And yet, these constitutionally guaranteed rights have been in conflict since at least 1807.
When Cops Are Robbers-Municipal Liability For Police Misconduct Under Section 1983 And Bivens, Brenda D. Crocker
When Cops Are Robbers-Municipal Liability For Police Misconduct Under Section 1983 And Bivens, Brenda D. Crocker
University of Richmond Law Review
Municipalities faced with rising crime rates, tighter budgets and an increasingly vocal populace often are pressed to make policy decisions which sacrifice important interests. When fiscal considerations predominate, there arises the danger that local police departments will be unable to fulfill their duty to ensure order in society without disturbing citizens' enjoyment of their civil rights. Until recently, improperly trained, supervised or disciplined police of- ficers merely subjected municipalities to embarrassment. However, with increasing success, citizens are arguing that they should be awarded damages against the municipality in every case where their civil rights have been deprived through police misconduct. …
Counter Revolution In The Federal Courts Of Appeal - The Aftermath Of Vermont Yankee, Jon A. Mueller
Counter Revolution In The Federal Courts Of Appeal - The Aftermath Of Vermont Yankee, Jon A. Mueller
University of Richmond Law Review
In recent years, there has been growing judicial concern about the fairness of action by administrative agencies and the ability of courts to effectively review this action. This concern stems from the increased use of informal procedures by agencies promulgating rules or orders, to accomplish the congressional objectives set out in their substantive statutes. In response, certain federal courts of appeal have begun to impose upon these agencies more procedural safeguards than are required by either the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) or substantive statutes. These judicially imposed safeguards are more commonly known as hybrid procedures.
Non-Jury Trial Of Civil Litigation: Justifying A Complexity Exception To The Seventh Amendment, Barrett E. Pope
Non-Jury Trial Of Civil Litigation: Justifying A Complexity Exception To The Seventh Amendment, Barrett E. Pope
University of Richmond Law Review
The seventh amendment to the United States Constitution states that "[i]n Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved."' When Congress enacted the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the right to jury trial at common law remained undisturbed.
The Virginia Judicial Council's Intermediate Appellate Court Proposal, Martha B. Brissette
The Virginia Judicial Council's Intermediate Appellate Court Proposal, Martha B. Brissette
University of Richmond Law Review
The ever-expanding volume of appellate litigation in Virginia has engendered a crisis in appellate justice in this state which can be adequately addressed only by the creation of an intermediate appellate court. Not only is Virginia the most populous state without such an intermediate court, its highest court also has the largest caseload of any single state appellate court.
Private Causes Of Action From Federal Statutes: A Strict Standard For Implication By Sole Reliance On Legislative Intent, William Francis Drewry Gallalee
Private Causes Of Action From Federal Statutes: A Strict Standard For Implication By Sole Reliance On Legislative Intent, William Francis Drewry Gallalee
University of Richmond Law Review
The implication doctrine allows a federal court to create a private cause of action from a federal statute that does not expressly provide for a private remedy. In Cort v. Ash, the Supreme Court articulated a four factor test to determine when this doctrine should be utilized. This comment will provide a brief history of the implication doctrine and of the major Supreme Court decisions that culminated in the Cort test. Relevant Supreme Court decisions after Cort,will then be examined to reveal a new, more restrictive approach to implication. Finally, reasons will be advanced that justify this stricter approach.
The Status Of The Third Party Confession In Virginia: In Search Of A Trustworthiness Standard, Donna J. Katos
The Status Of The Third Party Confession In Virginia: In Search Of A Trustworthiness Standard, Donna J. Katos
University of Richmond Law Review
The issue of third party confessions generates great controversy. The basic inquiry is, should confessions allegedly uttered by persons other than the defendant be admitted into evidence in a criminal trial? If so, under what conditions? How much discretion should a trial judge be afforded in determining whether this evidence should be admitted to exculpate a person charged with murder, armed robbery, or rape? Should the trial judge or the jury determine the reliability of the witness, the declarant, or the content of the confession itself? These considerations, in addition to due process arguments, have troubled criminal courts, legislators, and …
The Status Of Third-Party Practice In Virginia, John M. Claytor
The Status Of Third-Party Practice In Virginia, John M. Claytor
University of Richmond Law Review
The past three decades have seen third-party practice in Virginia instituted, abolished and revived. The practice was first sanctioned by a 1948 amendment to the Virginia Code of 1919. In the 1949 case of Masters v. Hart, it was held that by virtue of the 1948 amendment the trial court could, in its discretion, permit third parties to be impleaded as the interests of justice may require. However, the supreme court in that decision also pointed out that the amendment was both confusing and incomplete; and, also noted that in order for a complete system of third-party practice to be …
Interpleader In Virginia, Stephen E. Baril
Interpleader In Virginia, Stephen E. Baril
University of Richmond Law Review
Interpleader is a joinder device employed by a stakeholder (as the obligor is called) who does not know to which of several claimants he is or may be liable. It allows him to bring all of the claimants into a single proceeding, and to require them to litigate among themselves to determine who, if any, has a valid claim to the stake.
Notes On Virginia Civil Procedure By W. Hamilton Bryson, Lewis T. Booker
Notes On Virginia Civil Procedure By W. Hamilton Bryson, Lewis T. Booker
University of Richmond Law Review
Although W. Hamilton Bryson modestly describes his Notes on Virginia Civil Procedure,the Michie Company, 1979, as "little more than an outline," he has in fact made a significant contribution to practical jurisprudence in his handbook on Virginia civil procedure. Mr. Bryson is a professor of law at the T. C. Williams School of Law of the University of Richmond and teaches Virginia Procedure there.
Miranda V. Arizona: The Emerging Pattern, Evelyn G. Skaltsounis
Miranda V. Arizona: The Emerging Pattern, Evelyn G. Skaltsounis
University of Richmond Law Review
In Miranda v. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court set forth a series of specific guidelines to determine the admissibility at trial of statements elicited during police interrogation of a criminal suspect. Since 1971, the Burger Court has whittled away at the mandates of Miranda. It is possible that one major factor underlies this erosion process: the very frustrating reality that, in many situations, an obviously guilty party is allowed to go free because "the constable has blundered."
Sentencing Alternatives For Virginia General District Courts, Jose R. Davila Jr., Robert L. Mordhorst
Sentencing Alternatives For Virginia General District Courts, Jose R. Davila Jr., Robert L. Mordhorst
University of Richmond Law Review
The endless parade of humanity that passes before the benches of Virginia's general district courts accused of minor offenses presents to those charged with deciding these cases one of the most challenging judicial tasks of our day. The challenge in addition to deciding guilt or innocence is also determining what to do with those judged guilty. Those decisions influence to one degree or another the direction of peoples lives for their own and society's good or ill. Most of the offenders appearing before these courts are young people, often first offenders. The behavior patterns of their lives are not yet …
Civil Procedure-Title 8.01: Virginia's New Civil Procedure Act, Scott D. Anderson, Theodore I. Brenner
Civil Procedure-Title 8.01: Virginia's New Civil Procedure Act, Scott D. Anderson, Theodore I. Brenner
University of Richmond Law Review
On October 1, 1977, Title 8 of the Code of Virginia was repealed and Title 8.01 became effective. The revisers of Title 8 have produced an extensive, as well as comprehensive, change in the statutes which govern civil procedure in Virginia. Most of the provisions have been rewritten, deleted or moved to other titles. With several notable exceptions, civil procedure in Virginia will remain basically unchanged. Much of the revisers work leaves Title 8 substantively intact. The major changes will be discussed in a chapter by chapter analysis of Title 8.01 in Section II of this article.
Sniadach Through Di-Chem And Backwards: An Analysis Of Virginia's Attachment And Detinue Statute, B. J. Brabham
Sniadach Through Di-Chem And Backwards: An Analysis Of Virginia's Attachment And Detinue Statute, B. J. Brabham
University of Richmond Law Review
Few cases in debtor-creditor relations have been discussed as much as Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp., Fuentes v. Shevin, Mitchell v. W. T. Grant Co., and North Georgia Finishing, Inc. v. Di-Chem, Inc. Despite the volume already written, however, the commentary appears destined to continue for some time to come. Thanks largely to this outpouring of attention, most lawyers and students are acutely aware of the fundamental issue involved in that line of cases, namely: is it constitutional to seize a debtor's property without notice and a hearing? Before Sniadach the answer of most lawyers and students even remotely conversant …
The Class Action And Title Vii- An Overview
The Class Action And Title Vii- An Overview
University of Richmond Law Review
The class action device and Title VII enforcement go hand in hand. In a proper case, a suit alleging a violation of Title VII is by nature a class action since it attempts to remedy the effects of employment discrimination on the basis of a class characteristic. As in any other case, however, a class action is permitted only if the requirements of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are met. Before certifying an action as a class action' the court must determine that (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of its members is impracticable …
Discovery Of Expert Information Under The Federal Rules
Discovery Of Expert Information Under The Federal Rules
University of Richmond Law Review
With the adoption of extensive pretrial discovery mechanisms, preparation for trial in the federal system underwent a dramatic alteration. Instead of relying upon pleadings to perform the tasks of notice-giving, issue formulation, and fact-revelation, the various discovery devices available under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow the parties "to obtain the fullest possible knowledge of the issues and facts before trial."' Discovery was created to promote the just, speedy, and inexpensive disposal of litigation. To this end, discovery serves to (1) facilitate the formulation and narrowing of issues; (2) protect against unfair surprise during trial; (3) detect any superflous …
Notice In Juvenile Delinquency Proceedings, Adrienne Volenik
Notice In Juvenile Delinquency Proceedings, Adrienne Volenik
Law Faculty Publications
Despite these suggestions, the problem of what constitutes adequate notice continues to plague juvenile courts. Furthermore, by suggesting two criminal and two civil cases as examples, the Court added the issue of whether a civil or a criminal standard for notice should be applied. Courts that have addressed this issue have reached different conclusions.
Federal Civil Procedure- Work Product Doctrine
Federal Civil Procedure- Work Product Doctrine
University of Richmond Law Review
The work product doctrine protects from pretrial discovery witness statements and other documents gathered by an adversary's counsel in the course of preparation for possible litigation. The purpose of the work product doctrine is to preserve the privacy and independence of lawyers by denying unwarranted intrusions into their private files and mental processes. Prior to the 1970 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, courts applied two distinct tests when considering whether to allow pretrial discovery of documents and witness statements. One test required the party seeking discovery to show good cause why discovery should be allowed. The alternative …
Federal Civil Procedure- Class Actions- Multiple Plaintiffs With Separate And Distinct Claims Must Each Satisfy The Jurisdictional Amount
University of Richmond Law Review
The genesis of the modern class action, the bill of peace, was developed by the Court of Chancery to facilitate the adjudication of disputes involving common questions and multiple parties in a single suit. In the United States, before 1938, class actions were available in the federal court for equitable relief when the action involved members of a class so large that it was impractical to join them. However, the 1938 adoption of original Rule 23 made the class action available for legal as well as equitable relief.
Rule 23 Class Action Enforcement Of The Clean Air Act Of 1970
Rule 23 Class Action Enforcement Of The Clean Air Act Of 1970
University of Richmond Law Review
This country has recently taken a great interest in air pollution, and the extent of its concern has manifested itself in federal legislation to help abate this growing menace. The most significant legislative attempt to clean up the air is the Clean Air Act of 1970.
Two Proposals For Change In Virginia Law- A Class Action Procedure And A Consumer Fraud Law, Henry E. Howell Jr.
Two Proposals For Change In Virginia Law- A Class Action Procedure And A Consumer Fraud Law, Henry E. Howell Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
This article encompasses two proposals for change in the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, one procedural and the other substantive. A proposed class action procedure law and a substantive consumer fraud law are set forth in the appendix and discussed, herein. Credit law reform is beyond the scope of this article. The proposals are independent, although similar, in that they are designed to help the small claimant obtain relief for injuries for which there is presently no practical remedy under Virginia law.
Recent Legislation, J. Rodney Johnson
Recent Legislation, J. Rodney Johnson
University of Richmond Law Review
The 1972 session of the General Assembly was especially active in the areas of wills, trusts, and estates. Much of this legislation deals with fine points not affecting the average lawyer in his practice. However, the following items of legislation should be of general interest to the attorney whose practice involves probate work or estate planning, even though he does not hold himself out as a specialist in these areas.
The Assimilative Crimes Act
University of Richmond Law Review
An understanding of the Assimilative Crimes Act is necessary for any attorney who may one day find himself defending a client who has allegedly committed a criminal offense in an area under federal jurisdiction. At first blush, the lawyer may think that his client is clearly guilty and plan his defense around the creation of a reasonable doubt in the court's or jury's mind. However, in some instances, steps may be taken prior to a defense on the merits which would raise serious doubts as to the legality of the prosecution, and even if a conviction is forthcoming, objections might …
The Tolling Of The Statute Of Limitations When A Case Has Been Previously Dismissed For Lack Of Jurisdiction Or For Improper Venue
University of Richmond Law Review
When an action is initially brought in a state or federal court and is dismissed for lack of proper venue or jurisdiction, it frequently becomes necessary to determine whether the applicable statute of limitations has been tolled ,during the pendency of the action. If a second action is instituted after the "statutehas run, the action will be considered time-barred in the absence of a tolling doctrine.