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Articles 61 - 84 of 84
Full-Text Articles in Civil Law
A Common Lawyer’S Perspective On The European Perspective On Punitive Damages, Michael Wells
A Common Lawyer’S Perspective On The European Perspective On Punitive Damages, Michael Wells
Scholarly Works
Punitive damages are generally available in common law jurisdictions, but are disfavored in civil law systems. This paper argues that the main reasons for the difference are historical and cultural. Roman law and the French Revolution heavily influenced the civil law. Civilians were taught that legal development comes from the top down. They learned to treat law as a system of general principles and to resist anomalies. They found it relatively easy to reject the intrusion of criminal themes into private law. The common law developed one case at a time, with no particular emphasis on systematic coherence. It was …
State-Created Property And Due Process Of Law: Filling The Void Left By Engquist V. Oregon Department Of Agriculture, Michael L. Wells, Alice E. Snedeker
State-Created Property And Due Process Of Law: Filling The Void Left By Engquist V. Oregon Department Of Agriculture, Michael L. Wells, Alice E. Snedeker
Georgia Law Review
Several years ago, in Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, the Supreme Court recognized a "class-of-one"equal protection theory, under which individuals charging that they were singled out for arbitrary treatment by officials may sue for vindication. Last term, in Engquist v. Oregon Department of Agriculture, the Court barred recourse to this type of claim on the part of government employees. The reasoning of Engquist, which emphasizes the discretionary nature of employment decisions, threatens to eliminate a wide range of class-of-one claims outside the employment area as well. There is a pressing need for an alternative. This Article proposes another basis on …
The "Scope Of A Student": How To Analyze Student Speech In The Age Of The Internet, Erin Reeves
The "Scope Of A Student": How To Analyze Student Speech In The Age Of The Internet, Erin Reeves
Georgia Law Review
In three seminal cases dating from 1969-1988, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that students have a more limited right to free speech while within the confines of a public school building. In recent years, however, more and more cases have arisenin which it is not so clear whether a student speaker is "on-campus,"due in large part to the rapid increase in speech communicated over the Internet. This Note explores the possibility of how far the "confines of a public school building" should be extended in this age of the Internet. After analyzing the current confusion regarding what amount of restriction …
Civil Fraud Liability And Iraq Reconstruction: A Return To The False Claims Act's War-Profiteering Roots?, Jessica C. Morris
Civil Fraud Liability And Iraq Reconstruction: A Return To The False Claims Act's War-Profiteering Roots?, Jessica C. Morris
Georgia Law Review
During its short existence, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), the U.S.-led occupation regime that governed Iraq from May 2003 to June 2004, entered into security and reconstruction contracts amounting to billions of dollars. Fraud pervaded the chaotic contracting environment of CPA-era Iraq. The False Claims Act (FCA), enacted by Congress during the Civil War to protect the Union from profiteering suppliers, remains the U.S. government's most effective tool in combating fraud. Whistleblower or qui tam provisions within the FCA function to assist the under-staffed contractingcorps ferret out fraud. This Note will argue that the FCA should apply to all CPA …
A Proposal For Comparative Responsibility Analysis In Comparative Negligence Jurisdictions, Joel Leslie Terwilliger
A Proposal For Comparative Responsibility Analysis In Comparative Negligence Jurisdictions, Joel Leslie Terwilliger
LLM Theses and Essays
Part II of this thesis discusses the common law background of the assumption of risk and how it fits into the scheme of negligence principles as an affirmative defense. Part II also examines the background of assumption of risk and parallels its development with contributory negligence principles. Part III looks at how the assumption of risk has been redefined and narrowed in its application as comparative fault principles gained favor. It includes an examination of statutory erosion and in modern judicial activism. Next, Part IV examines how the assumption of risk, particularly the secondary form, conflicts with comparative fault and …
Nationality, Domicile And Habitual Residence - Does The New German Citizenship Law Call For A Change Of A Principal Connecting Factor In Private International Law ?, Marc Cziesielsky
LLM Theses and Essays
The purpose of the new citizenship law which was proposed by the new German federal government was to give legal aliens living in Germany a choice to become German citizens without having to give up the nationality which was conferred on them by their parentage or descent. This thesis will question whether this rigid concept should be completely abolished after an assessment of both the constitutionality and the exact implications of the new citizenship law. In the light of the conclusions, the comparative part of this thesis will then focus on a more general approach and will compare the concepts …
Local Government Land Use Restrictions And Selected First Amendment Issues, Barbara Jo Nelson
Local Government Land Use Restrictions And Selected First Amendment Issues, Barbara Jo Nelson
LLM Theses and Essays
A local government's power to enact zoning regulations falls within the general power to provide for the health, safety, and welfare of its citizenry. This thesis addresses a few selected First Amendment issues as they apply to zoning and land use restrictions in Georgia. Free speech review of zoning ordinances applies to zoning for adult sex businesses, such as adult book stores and cinemas. The First Amendment balancing test that is applicable to adult entertainment ordinances is discussed in Chapter One. The free speech impact of restrictions on signs and billboards is discussed in Chapter Two. Finally, in Chapter Three, …
The Liability Of The Automobile And Motorcycle Manufacturers And Their Suppliers For Defective Products In The United States Compared To Germany, Daniel Karl Robyn
The Liability Of The Automobile And Motorcycle Manufacturers And Their Suppliers For Defective Products In The United States Compared To Germany, Daniel Karl Robyn
LLM Theses and Essays
This thesis deals with the lability of automobile and motorcycle manufacturers, as well as their suppliers, in situations where a defective product causes a harmful event. Specifically, it compares the product liability laws of the Federal Republic of Germany to those of the United States of America. Before entering into the details of legal doctrine, the introductory note provides background information on the social and economic aspects of automobile use in those two countries. Next, Chapter I describes the liability regime governing claims against German motor vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers. Chapter II focuses on the comparable law in the …
An Analysis Of The Personal Use Principle Under Copyright Law, Hsin-Chih Cheng
An Analysis Of The Personal Use Principle Under Copyright Law, Hsin-Chih Cheng
LLM Theses and Essays
Personal use is when an individual uses a copyrighted work for private purposes, such as learning or entertainment. Personal use is a right given in the Copyright Clause of the U.S. Constitution, however, an issue arises when the individual wants to make a copy of the copyrighted work. New technologies like photocopying and videotaping make this issue more prominent today. Some copyright owners think that the individual’s copying for private use is harmful to their potential market and they argue for compensation. Does the individual have the right under the personal use principle to reproduce the copyrighted work for private …
International Jurisdiction In Products Liability Cases (Analysis Of Asahi And Post-Asahi Cases), Tsutomu Kuribayashi
International Jurisdiction In Products Liability Cases (Analysis Of Asahi And Post-Asahi Cases), Tsutomu Kuribayashi
LLM Theses and Essays
With the increase of foreign trade, there has also been an increase in the number of foreign manufacturers and distributors involved in product liability litigation in the United States. In many cases, the products from these foreign manufacturers and distributors reach the forum states through the stream of commerce, and are distributed to the customers by regional distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. Therefore, in many product liability cases where defective products from these foreign manufacturers and distributors cause injuries to people in the United States, those foreign companies do not have a direct relationship with the forum states. In these cases, …
Fair Use In American And Continental Laws, Omar M.A. Obeidat
Fair Use In American And Continental Laws, Omar M.A. Obeidat
LLM Theses and Essays
Intellectual property, unlike tangible property, does not exclusively occupy one place at a designated time. Instead, intellectual property is composed of information which can be reproduced or used in multiple places at any given time. This fundamental difference between intellectual and tangible property is reflected in the legal provisions that regulate these types of property. There are two dominant theories that justify the legal protection of intellectual property: the individualistic European approach, and the commercial Anglo-American approach. Under the European approach, the protection of the creation is a natural right guaranteed to the author. In other words, natural law guarantees …
Permissible Accommodation Of Religion And The Alternative Burden, Ei Ichiro Takahata
Permissible Accommodation Of Religion And The Alternative Burden, Ei Ichiro Takahata
LLM Theses and Essays
In this thesis, the author discusses the extent to which the government can afford to give accommodation within the limits of the Establishment Clause. In Chapter II, the author reviews the theory of the permissible accommodation referred to in the Supreme Court of the United States. In Chapter III, the author examines scholarly debates on the accommodation. Then, the author discusses German and Japanese law of the accommodation in Chapter IV. There, those cases suggest the possibility of alternative burdens on religious believers. The alternative burdens are considered the price of the accommodation. The author concludes that the government has …
Punitive Damages In Ancient Roman And Contemporary American Tort Law, Esther Julia Sonntag
Punitive Damages In Ancient Roman And Contemporary American Tort Law, Esther Julia Sonntag
LLM Theses and Essays
Both ancient Roman and contemporary American tort law recognize a type of damages that, instead of compensating the plaintiff for harm suffered, punishes the wrongdoer. In American law, courts can award two distinct amounts of money: compensatory damages for the plaintiff’s loss, and punitive damages as punishment and deterrence. Ancient Roman law had more extreme forms of remedies. In both legal systems there has been a trend to restrict punitive damages over time. The United States made efforts in the 1980s to place caps on punitive damages, which were referred to as “relics of the past,” and enhance requirements for …
Choice Of The Applicable Law In United States Maritime Law And The Venezuelan System, Daniel Eric Vielleville
Choice Of The Applicable Law In United States Maritime Law And The Venezuelan System, Daniel Eric Vielleville
LLM Theses and Essays
International maritime transport is an important means of transport in international trade. The vessels used in international maritime transport face unique dangers which necessitate maritime law that addresses the perils associated with maritime transport. Maritime law concerns many jurisdictions, which creates a special interest for the study of conflict of laws. There are private international maritime laws in addition to multilateral treaties. This paper analyzes the international approach that the United States takes in maritime conflict of laws, and compares it with the Venezuelan system of private international law. Venezuela is a civil law country with old maritime legislation which …
Overview Of The Role Of Precedent In The Legal System Of The United States, Ana Elena Fierro
Overview Of The Role Of Precedent In The Legal System Of The United States, Ana Elena Fierro
LLM Theses and Essays
Traditionally, legal systems have been classified as either Common Law or Civil Law; scholars distinguish these systems based on their origins, as well their attitudes towards stare decisis. Common law considers precedent as a source of binding rules, while civil law does not. However, some scholars consider the methods for legal reasoning to be almost the same in every legal system. These scholars maintain that regardless of the source of law in a particular country, once a judge determines that the facts of one case are similar to those regulated by a certain rule, the judge will apply that particular …
Domestic Violence Against Women: A Comparative Analysis Of Remedies Under The American And Indian Legal Systems, Anita Elizabeth Jacob Ninan
Domestic Violence Against Women: A Comparative Analysis Of Remedies Under The American And Indian Legal Systems, Anita Elizabeth Jacob Ninan
LLM Theses and Essays
The purpose of this thesis is to compare the legal remedies available to women who are the victims of domestic violence in the United States and India and analyze whether the existing laws in the two systems are effective and sufficient in combating this growing problem. Domestic violence against women is a reality. It haunts the female species form the cradle to the grave, manifesting itself in sociocultural crime peculiar to some societies like India, such as female feticide, female infanticide, bride burning dowry deaths, and wife battering (both a developing country like India and an economically developed country like …
Compensatory Discrimination Under The Perspective Of The Equality Clauses Of The Constitutions Of The United States And India, Sujatha Ganesan
Compensatory Discrimination Under The Perspective Of The Equality Clauses Of The Constitutions Of The United States And India, Sujatha Ganesan
LLM Theses and Essays
This thesis undertakes a comparative study of the Constitutional limits on affirmative action programs (or the compensatory discrimination policies) in the United States and India. The discussion is restricted to comparison of compensatory discrimination on the basis of race in the United States with that of caste in India. With respect to matters of compensatory discrimination, the purpose of the thesis is to show that while the United States and India have adopted similar policies to rectify the inequalities that exist in the respective societies, the constitutional treatment of these policies by both countries is very different resulting from the …
The Warranty Of Quality In Sale Of Goods Under The Perspective Of The American And French Law, Renaud Baguenault De Puchesse
The Warranty Of Quality In Sale Of Goods Under The Perspective Of The American And French Law, Renaud Baguenault De Puchesse
LLM Theses and Essays
While the United States’ common law system is characterized by diversity due to each state having its own set of rules, in certain areas there are nationwide legislative attempts of unification and standardization. One such attempt is the adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code which governs the sale of goods law in the United States. The French civil law system generally differs greatly from the American system in that it is primarily based upon statutes and codes. However, the American Uniform Commercial Code and the French Civil Code provide tangible, comparable bases to assess similarities and differences between American and …
Cable Traffic And The First Amendment Must-Carry Under A Diversity Approach And Antitrust As Possible Alternative, Bruno Vandermeulen
Cable Traffic And The First Amendment Must-Carry Under A Diversity Approach And Antitrust As Possible Alternative, Bruno Vandermeulen
LLM Theses and Essays
Recent technological progress in the field of telecommunications has greatly changed the competitive structure between broadcasters, cable operators, and telephone companies. The legal and economic environment for these media participants has shifted, and new problems have arisen. One major problem is the enhanced threat of concentration of media corporations, as corporate bigness becomes desirable and the number of diversified owners of media outlets continues to decrease. This paper analyzes broadcasting regulations and subsequent case law to show the concern by the legislature and regulatory agencies to preserve diversity in opinion and media-ownership through emphasis on “localism” and a “marketplace of …
Legal Evolution And Legislation, Alan Watson
Legal Evolution And Legislation, Alan Watson
Scholarly Works
For several years I have been working on two relationships: the relationship between legal rules and the society in which they operate, and the relationship between sources of law and the way law evolves. Some critics have suggested that in discussing the evolution of law, I have understated the revolutionary force of legislation and statutory law. This issue will be the focus of this article.
Legal Factors In The Acquisition Of A United State Corporation: Litigation By Hostile Targets, Johan E. Droogmans
Legal Factors In The Acquisition Of A United State Corporation: Litigation By Hostile Targets, Johan E. Droogmans
LLM Theses and Essays
Acquisitions of United States corporations have become increasingly complex takeover contests, where bidders and target corporations are forced into offensive and defensive litigation strategies to protect their respective interests. Targets often assert that the bidders have violated federal or state securities laws, federal antitrust laws, federal margin regulations, federal and state regulatory systems, and federal anti-racketeering laws. These lawsuits are primarily based on the principal federal regulation of takeovers in section 14(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 and the Williams Act. Target litigation is customary, but entails certain disadvantages; a lawsuit rarely stops an offer, is expensive, …
The Mixed Courts Of Egypt: A Study Of The Use Of Natural Law And Equity, Gabriel M. Wilner
The Mixed Courts Of Egypt: A Study Of The Use Of Natural Law And Equity, Gabriel M. Wilner
Scholarly Works
The system of Mixed Courts in Egypt was an unusual institution. It represented an international solution in the context of what was obviously a colonial situation. The system lasted 74 years from 1876 to 1949. A system of law was established whose sources were general codes created especially for use by the Mixed Courts. The Charter of the Mixed Courts specified two residual sources of law. It is these sources and their application upon which this paper is principally focused. Article 34 reads: "The new Courts, in the exercise of their jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters, and within the …
Illegitimacy: Equal Protection And How To Enjoy It, H. G. G. Iii
Illegitimacy: Equal Protection And How To Enjoy It, H. G. G. Iii
Georgia Law Review
The purpose of this Note is to demonstrate that the way is now clear to remove legally sanctioned discrimination against the illegitimate and to grant him the full citizenship denied him for centuries. Specifically, it is argued that since the illegitimate is treated equally with other children insofar as the mother-child relationship is concerned, it is but a simple extension of this status to afford the bastard the potentially more significant rights of the father-child relationship. Although the illegitimate has made some progress from his status of near nonexistence at common law, dearly there is much progress still to be …
Attorney's Fees As An Element Of Costs: The Copyright Experience, E. K. Ii
Attorney's Fees As An Element Of Costs: The Copyright Experience, E. K. Ii
Georgia Law Review
The amount of money frequently involved in copyright litigation, especially on the part of the defendant, is trifling. The expense of any litigation is considerable. Unless, therefore, some provision is made for financial protection to a litigant, if successful, it may not pay a party to defend rights, even if valid, a situation opposed to justice.... It is increasingly recognized that the person who forces another to engage counsel either to vindicate, or defend, a right should bear the expense of such engagement and not his successful opponent.