Antitrust and Trade Regulation Commons^™

Przegląd Orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej Oraz Pytań Prejudycjalnych Dotyczących Dyrektywy 2005/29/We O Nieuczciwych Praktykach Handlowych W Okresie Od 1 Stycznia 2023 Roku Do 31 Grudnia 2024 Roku, Magdalena El-Hagin

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This paper analyses the judgments of the CJEU in cases: C-208/21 K.D. v. Towarzystwo Ubezpieczeń Ż S.A., C-646/22 Compass Banca and C-379/23 Guldbrev AB, as well as five references for a preliminary ruling, concerning the interpretation of Directive 2005/29 from 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2024. The examination of the judgments focused on an exegesis of the facts of the particular case referred for a preliminary ruling, an indication of the position of the Court, and the author’s derivation of partial conclusions for each judgment. As regards the questions of the referring courts pending before the CJEU, the text …

Nowe Realia, Nowe Przepisy, Monika Namysłowska, Adrianna Michałowicz

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

From the lead editors.

Termin Do Złożenia Oświadczenia O Zastosowaniu Sankcji Kredytu Darmowego, Krzysztof Kaczorowski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Niniejsze opracowanie odnosi się do zagadnienia rozpoczęcia biegu terminu do złożenia oświadczenia o zastosowaniu sankcji kredytu darmowego, unormowanego w art. 45 ukk. Przedmiotem analizy w artykule jest przede wszystkim pojęcie wykonania umowy, użyte w art. 45 ust. 5 ukk jako chwila wskazująca początek biegu ww. terminu. W dotychczasowych stanowiskach doktryny i judykatury pojawiały się dwie główne koncepcje, zgodnie z którymi umowa jest wykonana w chwili wypłaty kredytu przez kredytodawcę lub w chwili spłaty całości kredytu przez kredytobiorcę. Sformułowano trzy pytania badawcze: 1) jakie koncepcje pojęcia wykonania umowy pojawiają się na gruncie orzecznictwa i doktryny prawa polskiego i jakie argumenty przejawiają …

Ograniczenie Konsumenckiej Ochrony Prawnej Osób Fizycznych Prowadzących Gospodarstwo Rolne, Magdalena Paleczna-Sareńcza

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The Act of 14 April 2023 on Consumer Pawnshop Loan amended the provisions of the Act of 23 April 1964 Civil Code and the Act of 12 May 2011 on Consumer Credit. This amendment concerned the extension of consumer protection to farmers with regard to the use of prohibited contractual provisions by an entrepreneur, including a consumer credit lender, and the maximum amount of non-interest costs of a loan, as well as its collateral. The personal scope of the Consumer Credit Act was also extended to include natural persons running an agricultural holding. The introduction of these solutions became the …

Jak „Zazielenia Się” Prawo Konsumenckie – Na Przykładzie Walki Z Greenwashingiem, Agata Zawłocka-Turno

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Greenwashing has become a hot topic and a significant issue in recent years. On one hand, consumers are placing increasing importance on the sustainability of their purchases. On the other hand, businesses, recognizing this trend, increasingly employ eco-marketing. Unfortunately, they often do so ineffectively, leading their actions to take the form of greenwashing that misleads consumers. This article thoroughly discusses this phenomenon, outlining its forms, driving factors, scope, and consequences. It also describes the existing legal framework for combating greenwashing, and legislative changes that aim to address this issue more effectively. Finally, the article analyzes the legal risks faced by …

The Transfer Of Personal Data From The European Union To The People’S Republic Of China – The Influence On Consumer Rights Of The Lack Of Transparency In Data Transfers, Wojciech Panek

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This paper addresses the issue of personal data transfers from a territory within the European Union to the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter: China). The underling research was designed to assess the privacy policy provisions on data transfer to third countries, particularly China. The analysis covered the privacy policies of selected Chinese entrepreneurs operating in the territory of the European Union, namely Xiaomi, Aliexpress and WeChat. These entities belong to the most popular Chinese businesses present in the European market. The analysis corroborated that ‘contractual clauses’ were most commonly used out of the ‘appropriate safeguards’ covered by Article 46 GDPR. …

Osoby Fizyczne W Obliczu Identyfikacji Biometrycznej – Analiza Art. 5 Rozporządzenia O Sztucznej Inteligencji Ze Szczególnym Uwzględnieniem Ochrony Konsumentów, Aleksander Kolasa, Maciej Panek, Zuzanna Gajewska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

In view of the intensification of artificial intelligence development, the European Union has regulated its use in Regulation 2024/1689, the Artificial Intelligence Act. The regulation is based on an analysis of the risks posed by individual artificial intelligence systems, including in relation to fundamental rights. The authors analyze Article 5 of the Regulation covering prohibited practices related to biometric identification, focusing on their impact on the protection of fundamental rights of individuals, especially consumers. The purpose of the article is to assess whether the solutions adopted effectively fulfill the above premise, which underlies the Artificial Intelligence Act, and to propose …

Standard Unijny A Praktyka Polskich Sądów W Sprawach Nieuczciwych Praktyk Rynkowych, Małgorzata Miś, Grzegorz Miś

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article analyzes the discrepancies between the consumer protection standard established by Directive 2005/29/EC and the practices of Polish courts in cases concerning unfair commercial practices. The primary goal of the Polish Act on Counteracting Unfair Commercial Practices is to prevent dishonest actions by entrepreneurs, and the proper application of the law is essential for achieving this goal. However, Polish courts face significant challenges in this regard. Several factors contribute to this issue. Firstly, courts fail to recognize the specific nature of consumer cases and that such cases should not be assessed solely through the lens of civil law. Moreover, …

Sprawozdanie Z Konferencji Pn. „Greenwashing – Opportunities And Challenges Of The New Eu Rule”, Leuven, 14 Czerwca 2024 Roku, Ewa Gojniczek-Godlewska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

14 June 2024

The Last Great American Dynasties: Lessons In Monopoly Prevention From Mergers In Entertainment And Aviation, Margaret Bibby

Journal of Legislation

On November 1, 2022, Taylor Swift first announced The Eras Tour. The pent-up demand for a Taylor Swift concert was massive: she had not toured since the Reputation Stadium Tour in 2018, the Lover Fest Tour set for 2020 was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and her streaming numbers and popularity were higher than ever. The Eras Tour announcement stated that Ticketmaster would be the sole ticketing platform, and 3.5 million fans, known as “Swifties,” registered for a chance to purchase tickets. When presale opened on November 15, 2022, disaster struck for millions of fans. Swifties were met with …

Antiracist Antitrust: Antitrust Enforcement As A Civil Right, Synda Mark

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice

“Tryna’ make a dollar out of fifteen cents” is more than a genius hip-hop lyric, it is also a metaphor for a real-life economic problem. It is extremely difficult for Black communities to build wealth in America. While many factors contribute to the lack of economic growth, one overlooked area is the ineffective enforcement of the antitrust laws. Even though race and antitrust law have a history that has intersected since the American Civil War, antitrust enforcement has never prioritized improving the welfare of Black communities or other marginalized groups. This must change!

Instead of focusing solely on regulating tech …

Presidential Regulation, Ganesh Sitaraman, Timothy Meyer

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

This Article documents and analyzes the rise of a new mode of economic governance: presidential regulation. Today, the President regularly bypasses not only Congress but also the executive branch’s own administrative agencies and directly imposes sweeping new economic regulations. President Biden, for instance, created new regulatory regimes governing producers of artificial-intelligence technologies, companies that trade […]

Google’S Chrome Antitrust Paradox, Shaoor Munir, Konrad Kollnig, Anastasia Shuba -- Independent Researcher, Zubair Shafiq

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

This Article examines Google’s dominance of the browser market, highlighting how Google’s Chrome browser plays a critical role in reinforcing Google’s dominance in other markets. While Google portrays Chrome as a neutral platform built on open-source technologies, this Article shows that Chrome is, in fact, instrumental in Google’s strategy to reinforce its dominance in the online advertising, publishing, and browser markets. The examination of Google’s strategic acquisitions, anticompetitive practices, and the implementation of so-called “privacy controls” underlines that Chrome is far from a neutral gateway to the web. Rather, it serves as a key tool for Google to maintain and …

Legal Market Decartelization, Milan Markovic, Nuno Garoupa

Faculty Scholarship

American lawyers’ grip on the legal market is receding. Scholars and policymakers increasingly agree that the public has little to lose and potentially much to gain from legal market decartelization - the weakening of the lawyers’ monopoly over the legal services market. Harkening to deregulatory initiatives abroad and in Arizona and Utah, reformers contend that removing restrictions on the corporate delivery of legal services and unauthorized practice of law will slash costs and expand access to justice.

Drawing on economic theory and recent market developments, this Article offers a cautionary rejoinder. Understandable concerns about cartelization and lawyer rent-seeking have led …

The Limits And Promise Of Global Antitrust Law, Anu Bradford, Adam S. Chilton, Katerina Linos

Faculty Scholarship

A large body of evidence suggests that open, competitive markets are a key driver of economic development. In recognition of this fact, many of the world’s leading economies not only adopted their own antitrust laws to promote competition, but they also urged developing countries around the world to do the same. This resulted in a remarkable proliferation of global antitrust law over the last several decades. Many studies have empirically examined the effect of this development, and, consistent with the hopes of policymakers, they have largely found that adopting antitrust laws produces positive economic outcomes.

In this Article, we reassess …

The Missing Caselaw Of Reverse-Payment Settlements, Michael A. Carrier, Edward Bank

St. John's Law Review

In 2013, the Supreme Court issued one of the most important antitrust rulings in the past generation. In FTC v. Actavis, the Court held that agreements by which brand drug firms pay generics to delay entering the market could violate antitrust law.

Some have criticized the Court for not providing sufficient guidance on the type of analysis courts should apply to settlements involving “reverse payments” (in which patentees pay infringers to delay entry in contrast to more typical agreements by which alleged infringers pay patentees to enter). For example, in his dissent in Actavis, Chief Justice Roberts wrote: …

Orientasi Rigid Dan Moderat Dalam Penafsiran Original Intent Dan Praktiknya Di Indonesia, Muhammad Alwi Khoiri Ramdani, Susi Dwi Harijanto, Lailani Sungkar

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Metode original intent lazimnya menghasilkan penafsiran yang bersifat rigid sesuai niat perumusnya. Selama konstitusi tidak diubah, maka tafsiran original intent pun tidak berubah. Namun penggunaan metode penafsiran original intent di Indonesia dapat menghasilkan pemaknaan yang berbeda/berubah meskipun ketentuan konstitusi dan perumusnya tidak berganti. Hal ini terjadi karena terdapat perkembangan pemikiran dalam penerapan metode penafsiran original intent. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai perkembangan pemikiran tersebut dan menganalisa pola penerapan metode original intent dalam penafsiran konstitusi yang dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia. Ini merupakan penelitian doktriner dengan pendekatan konsep dan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perkembangan pemikiran dalam penerapan metode penafsiran …

Konstitusionalitas Model Putusan Bawaslu Dalam Penyelesaian Pelanggaran Administratif Pemilu, Muhammad Rifai Yusuf, Syarif Hidayat

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

As one of the institutions that carries out quasi-judicial functions in the field of general elections, Bawaslu could issue a decision through an adjudication process. In 2017, Bawaslu was criticized for its several decisions in the Sipol case held by the KPU for the registration of participants in the 2019 general elections, mainly because it was considered that Bawaslu equated its position with the Supreme Court by assessing that Sipol in the KPU Regulation was not in line with the Election Law. In 2024, decisions on election administrative violations appear to be softer or seem to avoid the same potential …

Quo Vadis Hak Atas Kesehatan Reproduksi: Analisis Rekonstruksi Pengaturan Aborsi Di Indonesia (Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia Dengan Perancis), Dian Kencana Putri, Erna Dyah Kusumawati

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Pembatasan akses aborsi di Indonesia menyebabkan banyak perempuan dengan kehamilan tidak diinginkan terpaksa berhadapan dengan hukum. Pembatasan aborsi yang mengakibatkan kriminalisasi ini dapat menyebabkan dilema moral bagi banyak perempuan yang mengalami kehamilan tidak diinginkan. Padahal aborsi berpotensi terjadi pada setiap perempuan berusia produktif di Indonesia. Aborsi di Indonesia merupakan tindakan ilegal dan aborsi hanya dapat dilakukan dalam dua kondisi saja, yakni kedaruratan medis dan kehamilan yang disebabkan perkosaan. Artikel ini menganalisa bagaimana sebenarnya substansi aborsi dapat dimasukkan pada kategori hak kesehatan reproduksi perempuan dan mengapa negara Indonesia perlu mengubah kebijakan dan hukum mengenai aborsi. Untuk melihat seberapa pentingnya negara harus …

Litigating Vertical Mergers: Innovation Dynamics From Illumina-Grail, Aurelien Portuese

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

Illumina-Grail represents an important moment in antitrust litigation, reshaping the legal landscape for vertical mergers in innovation-driven markets. This Article analyzes the Federal Trade Commission’s uncommon achievement in blocking the Illumina-Grail merger—a ruling sustained by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals—emphasizing its significant ramifications for antitrust legislation. The case examines the complex dynamics of innovation competition and emerging market definition, challenging established doctrines regarding the inherently procompetitive nature of vertical mergers. This Article examines the changing criteria for defining relevant markets and evaluating competitive harm in research and development-oriented industries. It also discusses the Fifth Circuit’s support of the FTC’s …

The “Marketplace” Myth: Addressing Amazon’S Defense To Product Liability Claims, Andrew Ackley

Seattle University Law Review Online

Many courts continue to analyze law as if we have not evolved from the early days of the internet, when Facebook was a “social networking” site, AOL made messages “instant,” and eBay let everyone auction random items. The internet connected people. Because it did not touch them, it could not harm them. However, with storefronts closing, brick-and-mortar retail chains declaring bankruptcy, and “Uber lots” popping up at airports, the internet “cloud” has touched down all over the country, and online businesses are now harming people just as human actors and brickand-mortar stores always have.

While generating thousands of new ride …

Quo Vadis Desain Pengamanan Hakim Dari Perbuatan Merendahkan Kehormatan Dan Keluhuran Martabat Hakim (Pmkh) Di Indonesia, Zainatul Ilmiyah

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Judges, as the main judicial actors in law enforcement, have an independent nature, both in terms of institutions and in terms of determining their decisions. However, in exercising their authority, judges are often faced with the risk of injury, both physical and psychological, by the public, who are not satisfied with the decisions made by the judges. With an empirical legal research method and using a conceptual approach, statute approach, and comparative approach, this study aims to find the best form in the design of an institutional model for judge and court security units. In this study, it was found …

The Ecosystem Theory Of Harm In Merger Enforcement: A Transatlantic Comparison, Ben Rininger

University of Cincinnati Law Review

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents, Seattle University Law Review

Seattle University Law Review

Table of Contents

Re-Imagining Tomorrow: A Technology, Innovation Law, And Ethics Symposium On Addictive Technology And Children, Margaret Chon

Seattle University Law Review

In this Foreword, Professor Margaret Chon introduces Seattle University's Technology, Innovation Law, and Ethics (TILE) program, the 2024 TILE Symposium, and Dr. Gaia Bernstein’s Unwired: Gaining Control Over Addictive Technologies.

Keynote Address: The Movement To Protect Kids From Addictive Technologies, Gaia Bernstein

Seattle University Law Review

In this keynote address, I describe my personal journey starting with a school outreach program I created in 2017 to address technology overuse among kids. While I initially advocated for self-help methods, I grew to recognize that the tech industry bore responsibility. This realization led me to write Unwired: Gaining Control over Addictive Technologies, which focused on collective action to pressure the tech industry to redesign its addictive products.

I then describe the movement to control addictive technologies and protect kids, which has gained momentum since the end of the pandemic. This movement combines grassroots parent activism with legal-political action. …

Moral Panic Or Public Health Crisis? Lessons From Drugs And Gambling For “Addictive” Design, Matthew B. Lawrence, Haomin (Kevin) Yan

Seattle University Law Review

Alcohol, automobiles, guns, lottery, loot boxes, meat, music, opioid painkillers, processed foods, prop bets, slot machines, television, tobacco, violent video games. Over the last century each of these has been subject to concerns—some might even say “moral panics”—from parents and policymakers about avoidable harms to kids and adults. In some cases we look back with the benefit of hindsight and dismiss those concerns as naïve or moralistic. In others we look back at them as justified or as having come too late to check an expanding industry before it did unfathomable harm while growing so powerful that it became all …

Responding To Digital Addiction, Ned Snow

Seattle University Law Review

In Unwired: Gaining Control over Addictive Technologies, Professor Gaia Bernstein calls our attention to the growing problem of digital addiction. Digital addiction may sound like something out of a science-fiction novel or something that does not raise the same sort of real-life practical concerns as are present in a physical health crisis or an economic decline. But as Bernstein presents the evidence, we learn that the consequences of digital addiction can be just as harmful as a serious disease or a financial depression. Cognitive development disorders, anxiety, emotional depression, social isolation, and other mental health ills can be debilitating—as much …

The Ai Doppelgänger Dilemma: Cloned Voices In The Music Industry, Elizabeth Shields

Seattle University Law Review

With the rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI), there has been an influx of “voice clones”—deep-learning algorithms that create synthetic speech to realistically mimic human voices. Celebrities and, in particular, music artists, have been subjected to the proliferation of AI voice clones on social media platforms like TikTok and streaming platforms such as Spotify. Despite music utilizing AI voice clones having amassed much popularity, this technology can be harmful and highly invasive to musicians whose livelihoods often depend on their distinct voices. While legal scholars have attempted to articulate various rights that could protect a person’s voice, individuals are largely …

Let The Sunshine In: Crafting Constitutional Transparency Regulations For Content Moderation, Caitlin Ring Carlson

Seattle University Law Review

In response to public concern about the impact of social media, legislators in some U.S. states have developed laws to regulate the process of content moderation. Many include mandatory transparency and disclosure requirements, some of which courts have already deemed an unconstitutional infringement on social media platforms’ right to free expression. This article explores the parameters for crafting constitutional social media transparency regulations using existing U.S. media policy and insights from recent legal challenges. The resulting analysis identifies content neutral transparency requirements that mandate the disclosure of purely factual, non-controversial information as those most likely to withstand judicial scrutiny. Specifically, …