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Traffic Management Under Regulation 2015/2120 Laying Down Measures Concerning Open Internet Access, Andrzej Nałęcz

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article deals with traffic management under Regulation 2015/2120. Basic technical aspects of Internet traffic have been described. The terms used in Regulation 2015/2120 have been characterized, in particular traffic management itself and traffic management measures. Both reasonable and exceptional traffic management measures in line with Regulation 2015/2120 have been analyzed in detail. Contractual obligations and commercial practices, which do not constitute traffic management measures but are functionally similar to them, have also been mentioned.

Transfer Of Frequency Spectrum Rights. Comments To The Verdict Of The Court Of Appeals In Warsaw Of 20 April 2017, Case No I Aca 123/16, Kamil Kosmala

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

W literaturze prawniczej poświęconej prawu telekomunikacyjnemu znaleźć można ogólne, teoretyczne uwagi dotyczące cywilnoprawnych podstaw przeniesienia uprawnień publicznoprawnych do częstotliwości radiowych (Piątek, 2013, s. 761–766, Rogalski, 2010, s. 745–748, Krasuski, 2015. s. 1081–1086). Dotychczasowe orzecznictwo sądów powszechnych i administracyjnych nie odnosiło się praktycznie w ogóle do instytucji i form prawnych, w których realizowany jest obrót prawami wynikającymi z rezerwacji częstotliwości . Omawiany wyrok Sądu Apelacyjnego w Warszawie z dnia 20 kwietnia 2017 r. (sygn. akt I ACa 123/16) jest pierwszym orzeczeniem sądu powszechnego, którego uzasadnienie odnosi się do charakteru prawnego, dopuszczalności i uwarunkowań prawnych obrotu uprawnieniami do częstotliwości radiowych.

Table Of Contents

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Table of contents

The Antitrusting Of Patentability, Saurabh Vishnubhakat

Faculty Scholarship

Deciding a patent’s validity is costly, and so is deciding it incorrectly. Judges and juries must expend significant resources in order to reach a patent validity determination that is properly informed by the relevant facts. At the same time, patent validity determinations reached quickly and cheaply may conserve resources today while creating future costs. Wrongly preserving an invalid patent can distort the competitive market and enable abuses, such as nuisance litigation. Meanwhile, wrongly striking down a valid patent can undermine incentives for continued investment and commercialization in knowledge assets. Courts facing patent validity issues have begun to strike this balance …

Trinko: A Kinder, Gentler Approach To Dominant Firms Under The Antitrust Laws?, Edward D. Cavanagh

Maine Law Review

Section 2 of the Sherman Act prohibits monopolization, attempted monopolization and conspiracy to monopolize. The § 2 prohibitions are rooted in concerns "that possession of unchallenged economic power deadens initiative, discourages thrift and depresses energy; that immunity from competition is a narcotic, and rivalry is a stimulant, to industrial progress; that the spur of constant stress is necessary to counteract an inevitable disposition to let well enough alone." At the same time, courts have recognized that size alone cannot be the basis of condemnation under § 2, for as Learned Hand observed in Alcoa, "[t]he successful competitor, having been urged …

South Dakota V. Wayfair, Inc.: Brief Of Amici Curiae Law Professors And Economists In Support Of Petitioner, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

Appellate Briefs

Amici are professors of tax law and economics at universities across the United States. As scholars and teachers, they have considered the economic consequences of this Court's decision in Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, 504 U.S. 298 (1992), and have concluded that Quill's dormant Commerce Clause holding should be overruled. Amici join this brief solely on their own behalf and not as representatives of their universities. A full list of amici appears in Appendix A.

While the Supreme Court is rightly reluctant to overrule its own precedents under any circumstances, the force of stare decisis is less powerful in …

Sharing, Samples, And Generics: An Antitrust Framework, Michael A. Carrier

Cornell Law Review

Rising drug prices are in the news. By increasing price, drug companies have placed vital, even life-saving, medicines out of the reach of consumers. In a recent development, brand firms have prevented generics even from entering the market. The ruse for this strategy involves risk-management programs known as Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (“REMS”). Pursuant to legislation enacted in 2007, the FDA requires REMS when a drug’s risks (such as death or injury) outweigh its rewards. Brands have used this regime, intended to bring drugs to the market, to block generic competition. Regulations such as the federal Hatch-Waxman Act and …

The Impact Of The Proposed Amendments To Directive 2009/28/Ec On The Promotion Of The Use Of Energy From Renewable Sources On Energy Security In Poland, Magdalena Porzeżyńska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

On 30 November 2016, the European Commission introduced the Clean Energy for all Europeans legislative proposals related to changing the European energy market. The purpose of those legislative acts, commonly known as the Winter package, is to set out the direction of the development of the European electricity market, as well as to predict legislative changes in the EU energy sector. Moreover, the Winter package includes also a proposal to amend Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, which is imperative for …

Extrajudicial Settlement Of Consumer Disputes In The Energy Field, Wojciech Modzelewski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Polish regulations on consumer protection in the energy sector are still far behind other European countries where Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is more popular. This article examines new regulations that aim to introduce ADR in the energy field. The Consumer ADR Act introduced into the polish legal system entity acting as a mediator in disputes between an energy company and consumers, in this area mediator replaced existing consumer court.

Impact Of The Echr On The Inclusion Of ‘Guilt’ As A Condition For The Admissibility Of Fines For Antitrust And Energy Law Violations, Marta Urbańska-Arendt

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Standards of protection of human rights set out by the ECHR induce Polish courts to treat elements of a given perpetrator’s attitude to his own behaviour as a condition for the imposition of fines for infringements of the Competition and Consumer Protection Act and the Energy Law Act. The paper examines case law from 2010 until now, in order to determine whether it has become consistent and permanent judiciary practice to take into account the standards of the ECHR and, consequently, the perpetrator’s ‘guilt’ as the admissibility requirement for the imposition upon him of fines for antitrust and energy law …

The Imposition Of Administrative Fines By The President Of The Energy Regulatory Office In The Context Of The Amendment Of The Code Of Administrative Procedure Of 7 April 2017, Przemysław Zdyb

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Niniejsze opracowanie odnosi się do problematyki wymierzania w drodze decyzji administracyjnej Prezesa Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki administracyjnych kar pieniężnych za niewykonywanie obowiązków o charakterze publicznoprawnym przewidzianych w ustawie z 10 kwietnia 1997 r. – Prawo energetyczne. W części pierwszej przedstawione zostały w sposób węzłowy poglądy na temat charakteru prawnego administracyjnych kar pieniężnych. Następnie przedstawiono nowe regulacje dotyczące administracyjnych kar pieniężnych dodane do k.p.a. nowelizacją z 7 kqwietnia 2017 r. Kolejny punkt traktuje na temat regulacji szczególnych dotyczących administracyjnych kar pieniężnych w prawie energetycznym. Artykuł kończy się podsumowaniem zawierającym postulaty de lege ferenda w zakresie zmniejszenia liczby aktów prawnych stosowanych przez Prezesa …

Consumer Adrs In The Energy Sector: Hopes And Questions, Jarosław Sroczyński

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article presents new legal solutions in relation to Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the energy sector. Discussed are key features of the proceedings before the negotiations Coordinator. Stressed are several significant doubts concerning the [new] procedural solutions, which may weaken the overall positive effect of the new regulation. These doubts pertain, above all, to the overly broad voluntary character of the proceedings before the Negotiations Coordinator, and the controversial prohibition of the suspension of the supply of fuels and energy until the dispute is resolved by the Negotiations Coordinator.

Filip Elżanowski – Recipient Of The Cars Regulatory Award 2017

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

CARS Regulatory Award 2017

Legal Aspects Of The Responsible Development Strategy In The Energy Field With Special Regard To Electro Mobility, Adam Szafrański

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This article mentions the strategic projects of the Polish government in the energy field, presented in its Responsible Development Strategy. Two projects are considered, which are in particular in need of a new regulatory environment – the capacity market and Electro Mobility (E-Mobility). The paper’s next focus is on identifying legal barriers to the development of Electro Mobility. The basic issues that need to be regulated include: the need to define the parties involved in charging an electric vehicle, clarification of energy law (concession requirement) and construction law (building permit requirement). The author analyses the planned provisions contained in the …

Concession – A Legal Instrument For Energy Security, Piotr Manteuffel, Filip Elżanowski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article presents an attempt to evaluate concessions granted by the President of the Energy Regulatory Office as a legal instrument for energy security. The analysis carried out relates to particular statutory conditions for granting a concession to an undertaking which intends to commence a business activity on the energy market, and to the scope of the verification of the fulfilment of such conditions by the applicant conducted by the regulatory authority in the course of the concession proceedings. Additionally, the amendment to the Energy Law Act of 22 of July 2016 is analysed, as a recent example of a …

The Stock Ticket Contract – Chosen Practical Considerations, Marcin Kraśniewski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article is an attempt to describe a new method of fulfilling the obligation to maintain natural gas stocks – the stock ticket contract. It presents two amendments to the Act of 16 February 2007 on Stocks of Crude Oil, Petroleum Products and Natural Gas as well as the rules in the event of a threat to domestic fuel security or crude oil market disturbances. Furthermore, presented are also some reservations and consequences of the stock ticket contract, a legal institution established by these amendments and rules. The author discusses the material, personal and temporal scope, form and nature, scope …

Transmission Corridors In The Legislation Of The United States Of America, Mateusz Sokół

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The present article chooses as its subject a somewhat unpopular, at least in Polish literature, matter of transmission corridors in the United States of America, as one of the elements that are to ensure widely understood energy security. A transmission corridor is a normatively isolated terrain of a special legal status (with its existence sometimes manifested in a factual way), where transmission infrastructure are, or will be located, which plays specific roles that define the very essence of the corridor. The author begins with the deliberation on the issue of the right of transmission entrepreneurs to use the land (covered …

Book Review, Ilona Przybojewska, Znaczenie Transeuropejskich Sieci Energetycznych Dla Zapewnienia Bezpieczeństwa Energetycznego [Importance Of Trans-European Energy Networks For Energy Security] (Bartłomiej Nowak), Ilona Przybojewska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Table of contents

Energy Security, Marzena Czarnecka

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

From the volume editor

Bezpieczeństwo I Regulacja Na Rynku Energetycznym [Safety And Regulation On The Energy Market] Łódź, 24 Maja 2017, Marcin Kraśniewski, Wojciech Modzelewski, Mateusz Sokół

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Łódź, 24 May 2017

A Rose By Any Other Name: Elucidating The Intersection Of Patent And Antitrust Laws In Tying Arrangement Cases, Kyle R. Friedman

Maine Law Review

In Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc., an ink manufacturer sought to invalidate patents held by a printing system manufacturer by alleging that the patents resulted in illegal tying and monopolization in violation of Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. This action was preceded by an infringement action brought by Illinois Tool Works (ITW), which was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. Independent Ink (Independent) responded by seeking a judgment of non-infringement and invalidity of patents against ITW. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of ITW on both counts. The court of appeals reversed …

Uber, Lyft, And Regulating The Sharing Economy, Brett Harris

Seattle University Law Review

The “sharing economy” goes by many names such as the “gig economy,” the “1099 economy,” and the “on-demand economy,” all of which describe the economic system that uses online platforms to connect workers and sellers with clients and consumers, primarily through smartphone applications. Many of the sharing economy companies are also called the “tech disruptors.” They earned this title because they have changed the way that people do business. But in changing the way that people do business, they have also created unique regulatory challenges for governments across the country. The news is rife with stories about when these regulations …

Further Reflections On Antitrust And Wealth Inequality, Daniel A. Crane

Articles

Since I have already published a lengthy academic article on antitrust and wealth inequality, I have the freedom of using this piece to present the key arguments unvarnished by dense citations or technical details (readers interested in those things should consult my earlier article) and to respond to some of the criticisms of my article that have since been levied. My thesis, before and now, is this: claims that antitrust enforcement advances income or wealth progressivity are overstated and rest on simplistic and unrealistic understandings of how antitrust actually operates. While some enforcement actions may generate progressive results, others will …

The Horizons Of Antitrust, Richard M. Steuer

St. John's Law Review

(Excerpt)

Critics have been complaining that there are too few jobs in America and too much inequality. They have been calling for broadening the goals of antitrust and, at the very least, for more antitrust enforcement. More enforcement could be expected to have an impact on the concentration of power and on jobs, but even recalibrating the goals of antitrust law cannot, by itself, realistically be considered a panacea for eliminating unemployment or inequality overnight.

At the same time, other countries already have broader goals written into their own laws, including their competition laws, which protect jobs and limit foreign …

Bitcoins And Other Cryptocurrencies As Property?, Kelvin F. K. Low, Ernie G. S. Teo

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The hype over bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies has been compared to the tulip mania in seventeenth-century Netherlands. As they have gained popularity, the law has approached the subject warily, mostly from a regulatory perspective. However, there has been no comprehensive consideration of the fundamental nature of a cryptocurrency owner’s private law relation to his cryptocurrencies. Whether or not cryptocurrencies achieve mainstream adoption, this question will inevitably have to be addressed. This paper considers if bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies might be recognised as the subject of property rights by Commonwealth courts and if so, what such rights ought to entail. It …

Models Of Competition Regulation And Interantional Law Forms Of Implementing Competiiton Policy, Kseniia Smyrnova

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The basics of Keynesian Economics and ordoliberalism have been implemented in national legislations. On the basis of a comparative analysis, it is possible to differentiate two models of competition law regulation – the American and the European model. The difference between these two models results from divergent understandings of the content and goals of competition law regulations. While American legislation aims to protect the economy as a whole, European enforcement practice shows that its main goals are to protect social rights in the context of the Internal Market. The article shows the tendency to converge of national legal conditions of …

Algorithms And Collusion - Background Note By The Secretariat, Daf/Comp(2017)4, Oecd - Directorate For Financial And Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, 2017 (Agata Jurkowska-Gomułka), Agata Jurkowska-Gomułka

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

No abstract provided.

Rebates Applied By Dominant Undertakings In The Light Of 2011-2015 Ecj Judgments, Kamil Bułakowski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This article is dedicated to the problematic issue of rebate schemes applied by dominant undertakings under EU competition law. The said problem is presented in the light of the more economic approach, and in accordance with ECJ judgements published between 2011-2015: Tomra (2011), Intel (2014) and Post Danmark II (2015). Moreover, the article includes an analysis of the Opinion of the Advocate General Nils Wahls to the Intel Case, issued in October 2016.

Commitment Decisions In Eu Case-Law – A Dispute Over The Scope Of Application Of The Principle Of Proportionality, Marcin Mleczko

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The author presents current EU case-law on commitment decisions. Presented first are an overview of the institution and the statistics of its application. Then, judgments of the CJEU relating to commitment decisions are debated. The essence of the article is the analysis of the current interpretation of the principle of proportionality in the context of commitment decisions by EU courts, and the consideration of its possible implications. The article also discusses the admissibility of appeals against commitment decisions and the scope of their judicial review, as well as other issues raised in case-law.