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Northwestern Pritzker School of Law

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Articles 91 - 114 of 114

Full-Text Articles in Antitrust and Trade Regulation

Foreign Competition In Relevant Geographic Markets: Antitrust Law In World Markets, Michael P. O'Brien Jan 1985

Foreign Competition In Relevant Geographic Markets: Antitrust Law In World Markets, Michael P. O'Brien

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Since competition for the sale of many goods and services in the United States has foreign as well as domestic sources, the antitrust laws, designed to protect competition in the United States, must consider foreign competition. One important aspect of antitrust law that must include foreign competition is the relevant geographic market used to define the area in which effects on competition must be examined. As foreign competition exerts a greater influence on domestic competition, the United States antitrust laws, designed to protect competition in the United States and in the foreign commerce of the United States, must reflect the …

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A Standard Of Reason In Eec Antitrust Law: Some Comments On The Application Of Parts 1 And 3 Of Article 85, Ben Van Houtte Jan 1982

A Standard Of Reason In Eec Antitrust Law: Some Comments On The Application Of Parts 1 And 3 Of Article 85, Ben Van Houtte

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

In this article, Mr. Van Houtte outlines the basic provisions for antitrust enforcement in the European Economic Community, and comments on the current standards utilized by the European Commission in application of these laws. He advocates movement toward a more equalized balance of the theory behind the antitrust laws and adequate enforcement of those provisions. To achieve that balance, Mr. Van Houtte favors the use of a "standard of reason" in Article 85(1) cases, and increased emphasis on the public interest in analyses performed under Article 85(3).

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Comity And Computers In The Common Market: The Ibm Case, Terrance L. Bessey Jan 1982

Comity And Computers In The Common Market: The Ibm Case, Terrance L. Bessey

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

This note will surey the law of the Community and its member states, United States law, and international law. The factual aspects of the EEC case against IBM which highlight the tensions underlying the comity question in international antitrust will also be explored. Before turning to these issues, however, the historical and theoretical context of the comity question in international antitrust will be examined.

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The Relationship Between National And Community Antitrust Law: An Overview After The Perfume Cases, Jean-Francois Verstrynge Jan 1981

The Relationship Between National And Community Antitrust Law: An Overview After The Perfume Cases, Jean-Francois Verstrynge

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The European Coal and Steel Community Treaty and the Treaty of Rome have been recognized as transferring the jurisdictional authority to apply antitrust laws to the European Communities. After surveying the impact of these treaties on various sectors, the author argues that it is necessary to subordinate the jurisdictional authority of the Member States in this field to fulfill the objectives of the Common Market.

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The Rise And Fall Of Provisional Validity -- The Need For A Rule Of Reason In Eec Antitrust, Valentine Korah Jan 1981

The Rise And Fall Of Provisional Validity -- The Need For A Rule Of Reason In Eec Antitrust, Valentine Korah

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The doctrine of provisional validity invented by the Community Court now applies to very few agreements. Mrs. Korah believes that unless a rule of reason is applied to restraints ancillary to agreements that lead to new competitive pressures, the risk of collaboration may become excessive. Mrs. Korah also expresses concern that this may reduce the dynamism of Community industry in competition with American and Japanese firms.

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National Panasonic (U.K.) Ltd. V. Commission Of The European Communities: The Common Market's First Look At Warrantless Searches In Antitrust Investigations, Catherine C. Gale Jan 1981

National Panasonic (U.K.) Ltd. V. Commission Of The European Communities: The Common Market's First Look At Warrantless Searches In Antitrust Investigations, Catherine C. Gale

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

In Antitrust Investigations National Panasonic (UK) Ltd v. Commission of the European Communities' is the first decision of the European Court of Justice delineating the powers of the European Commission to conduct evidentiary searches on the premises of firms suspected of violating the European Economic Community's antitrust laws. The Court held that the Commission may conduct on-the-spot searches of firms without prior notification. The Court's decision greatly expands the investigatory powers of the Commission at the expense of significant privacy and due process rights for firms operating within the European Community. This note will examine the extent to which the …

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The Protection Of Trading Interests Act Of 1980: Britian's Response To U.S. Extraterritorial Antitrust Enforcement, Tina J. Kahn Jan 1980

The Protection Of Trading Interests Act Of 1980: Britian's Response To U.S. Extraterritorial Antitrust Enforcement, Tina J. Kahn

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The extraterritorial enforcement of U.S. antitrust laws has long generated discontent between the United States and several European nations.1 While not alone in attributing extraterritorial jurisdiction to its antitrust laws, the United States is among the minority in this re- gard,2 joined only by the European Economic Community,3 Austria,4 and the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Symposium: Transnational Issues In American Antitrust Law Jan 1980

Symposium: Transnational Issues In American Antitrust Law

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

On September 30, 1980, the United States Senate passed a bill that would establish a commission to study the international application of American antitrust laws.' The creation of this commission was prompted in part by the popular belief that the current application of U.S. antitrust laws impedes vigorous American export activity to the detriment of our competitive standing in world markets.2 On the other hand, several foreign nations, angered by extraterritorial application of U.S. laws, have recently enacted statutes that inhibit the ability of anti- trust plaintiffs in the United States to obtain discovery and to collect judgments. In this …

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International Application Of American Antitrust Laws: Issues And Proposals, James A. Rahl Jan 1980

International Application Of American Antitrust Laws: Issues And Proposals, James A. Rahl

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

American antitrust policy in foreign commerce is once again under the pressure of complaints from at home and abroad.' It may seem anomalous that laws intended to protect competition are charged with impairing American "competitiveness," but that is the contention heard in Congress and in business quarters.2 Meanwhile, some foreign nations, including a few who have recently enacted new antitrust laws of their own, complain that our antitrust laws are too aggressive.3 Given the large amount of current discussion and the number of different proposals in Congress, careful study of the issues and of possi- ble solutions is certainly indicated.

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The Need For A Thoughtful Assessment Of The Application Of U.S. Antitrust Law To International Transactions, Mark R. Joelson Jan 1980

The Need For A Thoughtful Assessment Of The Application Of U.S. Antitrust Law To International Transactions, Mark R. Joelson

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

It is commonly said that the United States antitrust laws are a cor- nerstone of our free enterprise system and our economic philosophy. It is another truism--one of more recent origin-that the most significant markets and arenas of competition today are the international ones. The daily business news bears out this conclusion. Yet one must also conclude that the relationship between these two indispensable features of our economic life-antitrust laws and international trade-is a troubled one which provides ample material for confusion, dispute and law review comment. Moreover, the debate over the application of United States antitrust law to international …

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Mannington Mills, Inc. V. Congoleum Corp.: A Further Step Toward A Complete Subject Matter Jurisdiction Test, Walter S. Weinberg Jan 1980

Mannington Mills, Inc. V. Congoleum Corp.: A Further Step Toward A Complete Subject Matter Jurisdiction Test, Walter S. Weinberg

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Jurisdiction of the American courts under the Sherman Act' has been extended to certain activities which take place outside of the United States. Such an extension is required by the inclusion of a for- eign commerce provision in the antitrust laws that states that restraints of trade or attempts to monopolize "among the several states, or with foreign nations" are violations of U.S. law. The exact reach of the Sherman Act to activities that take place within foreign nations or that involve foreign law is not clear. United States courts, however, generally have taken jurisdiction over foreign activities only when …

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Gatt Dispute Settlements: A New Beginning In International And U.S. Trade Law, Donald E. Dekieffer Jan 1980

Gatt Dispute Settlements: A New Beginning In International And U.S. Trade Law, Donald E. Dekieffer

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Although the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)' has been in existence for over two decades, a workable system has only recently developed for resolving disputes between contracting parties. Since its inception, the GATT has been designed to promote the grad- ual dissolution of trade barriers between the major mercantile countries of the world.2 In its early years, the GATT approached this ambitious goal solely through irregular negotiating "rounds" at which the Con- tracting Parties (the nations signatory to the GATT) mutually agreed to reduce their tariff barriers. There was little attempt to develop an effec- tive enforcement mechanism …

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Competition, Trade, And The Antitrust Division: 1981, Joel Davidow Jan 1980

Competition, Trade, And The Antitrust Division: 1981, Joel Davidow

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

One of the primary purposes-some would say the primary pur- pose--of antitrust laws is to promote efficient allocation of resources and maximum consumer choice by preventing and punishing artificial barriers to competition and unreasonable restraints of trade.' The An- titrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice has therefore con- cerned itself with the task of breaking down those barriers. In the domestic field, this policy has traditionally taken the form of prosecut- ing persons and corporations who engage in price fixing or market divi- sion, or who obtain or maintain monopoly power by means of abusive practices. More recently, …

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What Should Be The Agenda Of A Presidential Commission To Study The International Application Of U.S. Antitrust Law, Douglas E. Rosenthal Jan 1980

What Should Be The Agenda Of A Presidential Commission To Study The International Application Of U.S. Antitrust Law, Douglas E. Rosenthal

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

If the proposed Presidential Commission to study the Interna- tional Application of the U.S. Antitrust Law (Commission)' is to com- plete its work within the one year period contemplated and is to achieve more than a superficial gloss of a large and complex area, I believe it will be necessary for the Commission to concentrate its atten- tion on the conflicts between the four important goals of foreign eco- nomic policy.

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German Merger Control: A European Approach To Anticompetitive Takeovers, Rolf Belke, W. David Braun Jan 1979

German Merger Control: A European Approach To Anticompetitive Takeovers, Rolf Belke, W. David Braun

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

European free-market countries recently have begun to enact more laws regulating mergers and joint-ventures, with Germany at the forefront. In this article, Messrs. Belke and Braun intensively analyze the German merger control law, including the criteria that necessitate a report to the German Cartel Office, its application of the substantive merger control rules, and possible exceptions to an anti-merger ruling. They also explore the impact of the German law on international mergers and joint-ventures. Finally, they discuss in detail the first two German Supreme Court decisions that construed the substantive rules and contrast them with similar American cases.

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Trends In International Business Law: Towards A New Ethnocentricity?, Detlev F. Vagts Jan 1979

Trends In International Business Law: Towards A New Ethnocentricity?, Detlev F. Vagts

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Many legal practitioners and academicians who are sensitive to changes within the area of international business law have sighted signals of a trend toward greater ethnocentricity in the United States. Whether such a trend exists is not an issue that can be disposed of categorically, for the signals must be interpreted in light of the institution in question and the sector of economic activity involved. Moreover, an accurate resolution of the issue requires a comparison of the current signals with those of previous periods. Indeed, the post-Smoot-Hawley Tariff era of the late 1930's and the older mercantilist epoch were periods …

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The Increasing Extraterritorial Impact Of U.S. Laws: A Cause For Concern Amongst Friends Of America, David Lord Hacking Jan 1979

The Increasing Extraterritorial Impact Of U.S. Laws: A Cause For Concern Amongst Friends Of America, David Lord Hacking

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

As students of international law know, there has been a long standing dispute between the United Kingdom and the United States over the doctrines of jurisdiction and sovereignty in the practice of international law. In two parts our nations do not quarrel. First, we agree that every nation has the right to exercise jurisdiction over its nationals and over non-nationals within its territory. Second, we agree that every nation has the right to exercise personal jurisdiction over its nationals residing abroad.

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European Views Of United States Anti-Bribery And Anti-Boycott Legislation, E. Ernest Goldstein Jan 1979

European Views Of United States Anti-Bribery And Anti-Boycott Legislation, E. Ernest Goldstein

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Today, the United States Congress has made an attempt to legislate against corrupt practices and to encourage other countries to do the same. During the past year, I have had the opportunity to meet with numerous European groups in conferences, seminars, conventions, and one-day study sessions to discuss the most recent American legislation dealing with immoral business practices: the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the anti-boycott legislation within the Export Administration Amendments of 1977. This perspective is not intended to reproduce the remarks made on such occasions to European businessmen and lawyers, nor is it a scientific survey of European …

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The Retroactive Application Of The Antidumping Act Of 1921, Thomas E. Johnson Jan 1979

The Retroactive Application Of The Antidumping Act Of 1921, Thomas E. Johnson

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

In 1921, the United States Congress enacted the Antidumping Act which provides for the imposition of dumping duties on imports sold to United States merchants at prices below their fair value. The Act permits the assessment of dumping duties retroactively on merchandise imported up to one hundred and twenty days before a complaint of dumping has been filed with the Commissioner of Customs. Mr. Johnson examines the retroactive provisions of the Act and its regulations, the case law surrounding those provisions, and the constitutionality of the provisions. Against this background, he concludes that the retroactive application of the Act, particularly …

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The Effects Of United States Antitrust Laws On The International Operations Of American Firms, Melvin Schwechter, Richard Schepard Jan 1979

The Effects Of United States Antitrust Laws On The International Operations Of American Firms, Melvin Schwechter, Richard Schepard

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

United States antitrust laws increasingly have affected the international activities of U.S. corporations. The business community maintains that these laws have hurt international operations. In this article, Messrs. Schwechter and Schepard consider five major areas of concern to American businessmen: potential antitrust attacks upon licensing agreements, use of the foreign sovereign compulsion doctrine as an antitrust defense, subject matter jurisdiction and discovery, application of the "rule of reason" to international joint ventures, and the multifaceted nature of antitrust enforcement. They then discuss the Justice Department's response to the business community and propose several recommendations that should help United States firms …

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United Brands Company V. Commission Of The European Communities: Window To Price Discrimination Law In The European Economic Community, Margaret H. Fitzpatrick Jan 1979

United Brands Company V. Commission Of The European Communities: Window To Price Discrimination Law In The European Economic Community, Margaret H. Fitzpatrick

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Enterprises operating within the European Economic Community have long faced the difficult task of ascertaining whether they are subject to the price discrimination restrictions of the Treaty of Rome. The difficulty stems from the ambiguity present in the Treaty provisions and is exacerbated by the lack of authoritative interpretation of their restrictions. However, a recent opinion of the European Communities' Court of Justice, United Brands Co. v. Commission of the European Communities, has brought the contours of the price discrimination prohibition into sharper focus.

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The Draft U.K./U.S. Judgments Convention: A British Viewpoint, P.M. North Jan 1979

The Draft U.K./U.S. Judgments Convention: A British Viewpoint, P.M. North

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The United States and the United Kingdom are presently completing negotiations on an accord that will providefor the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of civil judgments. The negotiations have been the subject of considerable debate, the sharpest criticism being expressed by British exporters who fear that recognition of United States judgments in the United Kingdom will subject them to increased antitrust and products liability claims. Through an analysis of theproposed agreement against the existing statutory and common law rules, Commissioner North addresses these criticisms. He concludes that the additional burden of American judgments on English defendants created by the agreement does …

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Suing A Foreign Government Under The United States Antitrust Laws: The Need For Clarification Of The Commercial Activity Exception To The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976, James Hugo Friend Jan 1979

Suing A Foreign Government Under The United States Antitrust Laws: The Need For Clarification Of The Commercial Activity Exception To The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976, James Hugo Friend

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Increased state involvement in trade and commerce has manifested itself in a variety of ways, including the growth of producer cartels with sovereign states as members, state monopolization of the sale and production of certain products, the nationalization of industry in peacetime and the concomitant growth of public corporations, and the partial or complete ownership by sovereign states of private corporate entities. The widespread participation of governments in activities of an arguably private nature, especially in view of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, raises a question of growing practical importance: to what extent are the "commercial" activities of …

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United States Ocean Shipping: The History, Development, And Decline Of The Conference Antitrust Exemption, F. Conger Fawcett, David C. Nolan Jan 1979

United States Ocean Shipping: The History, Development, And Decline Of The Conference Antitrust Exemption, F. Conger Fawcett, David C. Nolan

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Since the beginning of this century, the United States has attempted to regulate the shipping industry through governmental oversight. In this article, Messrs. Fawcett and Nolan examine the Shiping Act of 1916, and consider whether it has been misinterpreted by recent judicial interpretations. The authors conclude that the courts' application of United States antitrust laws to the activities of shipping conferences is contrary to congressional intent and the best interests of the industry and American commerce.

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