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Articles 121 - 150 of 3379
Full-Text Articles in Law
What's Next: How And Why States Strengthen Treaties Through Deepening Commitments, Joseph Maestas
What's Next: How And Why States Strengthen Treaties Through Deepening Commitments, Joseph Maestas
Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–
States take many post-ratification actions with most designed to weaken the application of the treaty against the state. However, nearly all treaties offer ways for states to strengthen it: deepening commitments. Deepening commitments are optional post-ratification actions that allow a state to strengthen and shape implementation of the treaty. This dissertation examines deepening commitments through analysis the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute), and the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW).
In Chapter 2, through a typology and process tracing cases, I argue that states influence international law …
The Last Colony Of The Mind: Narrative, Legal Advocacy, And The Decolonization Of Legal Knowledge, Ayodeji Kamau Perrin
The Last Colony Of The Mind: Narrative, Legal Advocacy, And The Decolonization Of Legal Knowledge, Ayodeji Kamau Perrin
Faculty Scholarship
Philippe Sands’ The Last Colony1 tells the story of how Chagos Islanders won the right to return to the lands of their birth through a 2019 Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ).2 In 1965, while the United Kingdom stood in the midst of conceding to the independence claims of myriad anti-colonialists throughout its imperial holdings, it took the anachronistic step of creating a colony—the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).3 In flagrant violation of UN Resolution 1514,4 the United Kingdom detached the Chagos Archipelago from the colony of Mauritius. And between 1967 and 1973, …
Ogoni Activism And Access To Remedy: Business And Human Rights From The Bottom Up, Ayodeji Kamau Perrin
Ogoni Activism And Access To Remedy: Business And Human Rights From The Bottom Up, Ayodeji Kamau Perrin
Faculty Scholarship
Do court victories result in social change? Can victories in court result in losses outside of court? If victories in court are no guarantee of victory outside of court, how much worse are court defeats? This Article explores these questions in part through analyzing Ogoni litigation against Royal Dutch/Shell. In 2002, Esther Kiobel and several co-plaintiffs tried to hold Royal Dutch/Shell accountable for its role in the death of Kiobel’s husband and for wider corporate abuses and related state human rights violations in Ogoniland. But in 2013, a unanimous United States Supreme Court held that the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) …
Legal Issues In Oceanic Transport Of Carbon Dioxide For Sequestration, Carolina Arlota, Michael B. Gerrard, Pria Deanna Mahadevan
Legal Issues In Oceanic Transport Of Carbon Dioxide For Sequestration, Carolina Arlota, Michael B. Gerrard, Pria Deanna Mahadevan
Faculty Scholarship
A number of large facilities intended for the permanent sequestration of carbon dioxide are being developed in the United States. Several of them will be located in Texas and Louisiana on or near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, making them easily accessible to ships. At the same time, there is substantial interest in Europe in installing equipment to capture carbon dioxide from certain industrial operations before it is emitted into the atmosphere, but currently there are inadequate facilities existing in Europe to sequester much of this carbon dioxide. Therefore, there is interest in the possibility of using ships …
U'Wa Indigenous People Vs. Columbia: Potential Applications Of The Escazu Agreement, Ariana Lippi
U'Wa Indigenous People Vs. Columbia: Potential Applications Of The Escazu Agreement, Ariana Lippi
Sustainable Development Law & Policy
Though the case is ongoing, and results are still to be seen, it in many ways sets a precedent for indigenous communities in Latin America seeking redress for environmental and cultural injustices. With Colombia’s recent ratification of The Escazú Regional Agreement (the Agreement herein) in 2022, this case presents a unique opportunity for implementation of the Agreement and greater accountability within existing domestic legislation.
Incentivizing Sustainability In American Enterprise: Lessons From Finnish Model, Vasa T. Dunham
Incentivizing Sustainability In American Enterprise: Lessons From Finnish Model, Vasa T. Dunham
Sustainable Development Law & Policy
The disparate climate performances of Finland and the United States, two of the wealthiest countries in the world, bring to light the question of how corporate responsibility has been inspired in each jurisdiction. Having established the urgency of the climate crisis and the importance of corporate behavior in optimizing a given country’s approach to protection of the global environment, an examination of each nation’s legal frameworks may shed light on features of the corporate regime that are effective in advancing sustainability goals and those that are not.22 Part I of this paper establishes a comparative framework by providing background on …
A Soft Competition Among Arbitral Institutions: The Institutional Oligopoly Of Mixed Arbitration, Lukas Schaugg
A Soft Competition Among Arbitral Institutions: The Institutional Oligopoly Of Mixed Arbitration, Lukas Schaugg
PhD Dissertations
Arbitral institutions play a vital role beyond merely facilitating international arbitration between private parties and states; they actively shape international legal norms and influence global governance. Despite their strategic and policy-shaping role, scholarship on arbitral institutions remains limited mostly to doctrinal analyses of their procedural functions. Addressing this gap, this thesis presents a comparative case study, exploring the influence of four dominant arbitral institutions and their leading experts on the development and evolution of mixed arbitration. The study combines insider research and work in the archives of inter- and non-governmental organizations, states, and influential individuals. It also draws on numerous …
From The Editor In Chief, Antulio J. Echevarria Ii
From The Editor In Chief, Antulio J. Echevarria Ii
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
Welcome to the Spring 2024 issue of Parameters. Readers will note a few differences in the formatting for this issue: we are now using endnotes instead of footnotes to facilitate switching from pdf to html via Adobe's Liquid App; also, readers will be able to click on each endnote number to view the full endnote and then switch back to the text to resume reading. Please drop us a note to let us know how you like the changes. More are coming!
Parameters Spring 2024, Usawc Press
Parameters Spring 2024, Usawc Press
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
No abstract provided.
International Law, Self-Defense, And The Israel-Hamas Conflict, Eric A. Heinze
International Law, Self-Defense, And The Israel-Hamas Conflict, Eric A. Heinze
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
This article examines the international law of self-defense as it applies to the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict to determine whether the October 2023 attacks by Hamas against Israel can be interpreted under Article 51 of the UN Charter as an “armed attack” that gives Israel the right to use military force in self-defense against non-state actors. It situates the conflict within ongoing legal and political debates, shows how this conflict fits into a changing global reality where the most dangerous security threats do not exclusively emanate from other states and concludes that Israel’s resort to force in the current conflict appears …
Indigenous Biocentric Law Against A Legacy Of Violence: Chilean Water Regulation, Free Trade With The Eu, And Violations Of Mapuche And Aymara Rights To Water, Joseph Jonathan Edward Simard
Indigenous Biocentric Law Against A Legacy Of Violence: Chilean Water Regulation, Free Trade With The Eu, And Violations Of Mapuche And Aymara Rights To Water, Joseph Jonathan Edward Simard
LLM Theses
Assertions of Mapuche and Aymara law in defence of waters are hampered by a legacy of state violence, and continued appropriation of Indigenous worldviews under commodified conceptions of nature. I interrogate and analyze the connection between Chile’s water market regime, natural resource extraction, water scarcity, and free trade and foreign investment. Chile’s Water Code facilitates water-intensive agribusiness, mineral extraction, and salmon aquaculture as part of export-oriented economy. At the same time, free trade agreements signed with EU countries knowingly encourage overextraction of water and natural resources. I argue in favour of grassroots movements toward land restitution and jurisdiction as solution. …
Evolving Sovereignty Relationships Between Affiliated Jurisdictions: Lessons For Native American Jurisdictions, Vaughan Carter, Charlotte Ku, Andrew P. Morriss
Evolving Sovereignty Relationships Between Affiliated Jurisdictions: Lessons For Native American Jurisdictions, Vaughan Carter, Charlotte Ku, Andrew P. Morriss
Faculty Scholarship
Though sovereignty is principally associated with governance over a territory and freedom to act in the international arena, this article examines sovereignty as empowerment. The study tests the applicability to Native American jurisdictions of the experiences of fifteen case study jurisdictions presently associated with the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France in shared sovereign relationships. The focus is on the evolution of those relationships and opportunities for development where jurisdictions do not attain full control over their affairs. The case studies examine the relationships from the perspectives of political, economic, and cultural sovereignty. The article further examines the relationships in …
Law And Social Justice: Operationalizing Stakeholder Theory In Governmental Regulations And Corporate Decision-Making For Social And Economic Sustainability, Resilience, And Democracy, Daniel Herron, Laura Powell
Law And Social Justice: Operationalizing Stakeholder Theory In Governmental Regulations And Corporate Decision-Making For Social And Economic Sustainability, Resilience, And Democracy, Daniel Herron, Laura Powell
Pace International Law Review
It is time to shed the twentieth century capitalistic ways of shareholder maximization. It is time to fashion a “new” capitalism which retains the competitive dynamic but redefines its force to create a more socially just society. That is a huge order, to say the least. But, there is a path to that end. The 2019 U.S. Business Roundtable’s announcement, the creation of the Benefit Corporation, and the United Kingdom’s 2006 Companies Act began that process. These developments are enabling the beginning of the redefining of one of the bedrocks of capitalism: fiduciary obligation. The methodology of these developments is …
Decreasing The United States’ Maternal Mortality Rate: Using Policies Of Other High-Income Countries As A Model, Leah Frattellone
Decreasing The United States’ Maternal Mortality Rate: Using Policies Of Other High-Income Countries As A Model, Leah Frattellone
Pace International Law Review
The United States has the highest maternal mortality rate among high-income countries. This article focuses on policies the United States can implement to decrease the maternal mortality rate, with a focus on access to abortion, the standard of care for pregnant women and new mothers, access to healthcare, and family leave. This article also explores policies surrounding those areas in other high-income countries and analyzes the differences in both the actual policies and the outcomes of those policies. To effectively decrease the maternal mortality rate in the United States, policies from other high-income countries, with lower maternal mortality rates should …
Aggressor Status And Its Impact On International Criminal Law Case Selection, Nancy Amoury Combs
Aggressor Status And Its Impact On International Criminal Law Case Selection, Nancy Amoury Combs
Pace International Law Review
The laws of war apply equally to all parties to a conflict; thus, a party that violates international law by launching a war is granted the same international humanitarian law rights as a party that is required to defend against the illegal war. This doctrine—known as the equal application doctrine—has been sharply critiqued, particularly by philosophers, who claim the doctrine to be morally indefensible. Lawyers and legal academics, by contrast, defend the equal application doctrine because they reasonably fear that applying different rules to different warring parties will sharply reduce states’ willingness to comply with the international humanitarian law system …
Silencing Jorge Luis Borges The Wrongful Suppression Of The Di Giovanni Translations, Wes Henricksen
Silencing Jorge Luis Borges The Wrongful Suppression Of The Di Giovanni Translations, Wes Henricksen
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Zero Progress On Zero-Days: How The Last Ten Years Created The Modern Spyware Market, Mailyn Fidler
Zero Progress On Zero-Days: How The Last Ten Years Created The Modern Spyware Market, Mailyn Fidler
Law Faculty Scholarship
Spyware makes surveillance simple. The last ten years have seen a global market emerge for ready-made software that lets governments surveil their citizens and foreign adversaries alike and to do so more easily than when such work required tradecraft. The last ten years have also been marked by stark failures to control spyware and its precursors and components. This Article accounts for and critiques these failures, providing a socio-technical history since 2014, particularly focusing on the conversation about trade in zero-day vulnerabilities and exploits. Second, this Article applies lessons from these failures to guide regulatory efforts going forward. While recognizing …
Key Developments At The World Bank Inspection Panel (2013-2024), Dilek Barlas
Key Developments At The World Bank Inspection Panel (2013-2024), Dilek Barlas
Perspectives
Through the lens of important cases, this essay reflects on major developments that occurred at the Panel during the tenure of the author as the Executive Secretary of the World Bank Inspection Panel and shows how the Panel has evolved to improve accessibility, has influenced overall development policies, and has become a catalyst for institutional change. The essay observes that the Panel’s success has largely been due to its structural and operational independence, reporting as it does directly to the Bank’s Board of Executive Directors. However, there are challenges facing the Panel on certain issues, including most importantly its independence, …
World Bank's Roadmap And The Inspection Panel's Human Rights Responsibilities, Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, C.P. Chandrasekhar
World Bank's Roadmap And The Inspection Panel's Human Rights Responsibilities, Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, C.P. Chandrasekhar
Perspectives
The World Bank has been under pressure to devise a process for “evolving” its mission, operations, and resources, acknowledging that decades of engagement with low- and middle-income countries has resulted, paradoxically and contrary to its official mission, in a “crisis of development.” The Bank bluntly notes in the opening to its paper “Evolving the World Bank Group’s Mission, Operations, and Resources: A Roadmap,” issued in December 2022, “after decades of progress, growth and poverty reduction have stalled.” Indeed, this “crisis of development” threatens to unleash political instability around the world.
Achieving Effective Procurement During A Global Crisis: A Study Of The Uncitral Model Law On Public Procurement And The Wto Agreement On Government Procurement, Dmitri Goubarkov
Achieving Effective Procurement During A Global Crisis: A Study Of The Uncitral Model Law On Public Procurement And The Wto Agreement On Government Procurement, Dmitri Goubarkov
American University International Law Review
The global nature of the COVID-19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges for public procurement systems around the world. Governments everywhere faced an immense pressure to facilitate the rapid procurement of supplies and services needed to support overburdened health and social care systems. Speed and flexibility were needed to address the shortages of protective personal equipment, distribution of ventilators, and increased demand for medications, all of which required governments to forego traditional public procurement methods. Governments had to balance the underlying principles of their procurement systems—namely, competition, integrity, and transparency—against urgency, and do so in a way that does not erode public …
The Secret's Out: The Role Of Restrictive Covenants In Trade Secret Law, Magdalene Eallonardo
The Secret's Out: The Role Of Restrictive Covenants In Trade Secret Law, Magdalene Eallonardo
American University Business Law Review
Trade secrets derive economic value from their classified nature, which leads companies to implement legal measures to prevent the spread of their confidential company information to the public. Restrictive covenants within employment agreements are a common form of these legal measures. However, because of employers’ restrictive terms, states are placing regulations on the scope of these agreements. With limited ability to contract their employees away from sharing their confidential information with direct competitors, companies utilize alternate methods to protect their trade secrets.
An Icy Invasion: Russia's Seizure Of The Norwegian Waters In The Arctic, Margaret Turchinski
An Icy Invasion: Russia's Seizure Of The Norwegian Waters In The Arctic, Margaret Turchinski
American University International Law Review
Russia is aiming to expand its power in the Arctic Circle by acquiring unrestricted access to hydrocarbon reserves off the coast of the Norwegian Archipelago of Svalbard. Two bodies of international law govern Svalbard. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 ascertains Norway’s sovereignty over the archipelago and permits the signatory nations, including Russia, to conduct commercial activities on the land and in the “territorial waters”. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes maritime zones that allow coastal states to claim exclusive rights to their territorial seas and continental shelf. Norway holds that “territorial waters” in the Svalbard …
"I Can't Breathe": A Comparison Of Racial Inequity And Police Brutality Observed In France And The United States, Jasmine Oesterling
"I Can't Breathe": A Comparison Of Racial Inequity And Police Brutality Observed In France And The United States, Jasmine Oesterling
Akron Law Student Publications
This paper explores the unanticipated convergence of human experiences among Black and Brown citizens of France and the United States, despite their historical and legislative differences. Investigating racial inequity and police brutality through a comparative lens, this paper highlights global connections forged by racial and ethnic minorities in their shared anti-racist struggles. Emphasizing the transformative potential of acknowledging and sharing these narratives, this paper navigates linguistic, social, and legislative dimensions, providing insights into legal standings and communal ideologies. Addressing the lasting consequences of racial bias, this paper urges a reevaluation of societal structures and legal frameworks to foster global racial …
Sticker Shock: The Icj, Russia, And A $300 Billion Price Tag For War, Caitlyn Quinn
Sticker Shock: The Icj, Russia, And A $300 Billion Price Tag For War, Caitlyn Quinn
American University National Security Law Brief
Ukraine has experienced unprecedented devastation since Russia launched a full scale invasion into its Eastern territory in February 2022. Thousands have been killed, and billions of dollars of infrastructure has been damaged. As a result, over the past three years, the international community has been evaluating ways to hold Russia accountable and to help rebuild Ukraine upon the cessation of the war. Billions of dollars in Russian Central Bank assets have been frozen, and multiple states have proposed seizing Russia’s frozen assets to meet these objectives. However, outright asset seizure presents genuine legal concerns about foreign sovereign immunity and may …
The Eu-China Cai And The Uyghur Challenge In The Context Of China's Domestic Law Barriers To International Labor And Human Rights Standards, Ronald C. Brown
The Eu-China Cai And The Uyghur Challenge In The Context Of China's Domestic Law Barriers To International Labor And Human Rights Standards, Ronald C. Brown
American University Business Law Review
While China engages in world commerce as a global player and is signatory to international labor and human rights standards, at the same time it uses treaty reservations and its own domestic laws to limit and undermine the full application of those standards. Concern from Western governments and global human rights groups regarding China’s longstanding treatment of the Uyghur people has resulted in a freeze in negotiations for the EU-China Comprehensive Investment Agreement (CAI). This was also a result of China’s failure to ratify or implement relevant United Nations (U.N.) covenants and International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions and placing reservations …
Exiting The Disaster, Evading The Responsibility? Wadi Al-Qamar -- The Moon Valley, Suzan Nada
Exiting The Disaster, Evading The Responsibility? Wadi Al-Qamar -- The Moon Valley, Suzan Nada
Perspectives
This essay explores a case that delivered no results for the complainants, where harm was not prevented, and where stakeholders who filed the complaint were not compensated. Investigated by the Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Wadi al-Qamar case illustrates some of the limitations of accountability mechanisms in limiting the harms caused directly or indirectly by projects in which the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) invest.
Everybody Wants To Rule The World: Central Bank Digital Currencies In The Era Of Decoupling The World’S Two Largest Economies, James M. Cooper
Everybody Wants To Rule The World: Central Bank Digital Currencies In The Era Of Decoupling The World’S Two Largest Economies, James M. Cooper
Faculty Scholarship
Some 130 central banks around the world are experimenting with various levels of a central bank digital currency (“CBDC”), a digitized form of a sovereign-backed, national currency that is a liability of that country’s central bank. Unlike fiat currency, CBDCs are trackable and potentially subject to interference and even freezing by government authorities. CBDCs will affect citizens’ control over commerce, payments, and savings, and impact their privacy rights. The Chinese government has piloted, refined, and rolled out its own CBDC called the Digital Currency/Electronic Payment initiative (“DC/EP”), also known as the digital yuan or e-CNY. The Chinese government is far …
Canadian Extradition Law: The Pressing Need For Reform, Robert J. Currie
Canadian Extradition Law: The Pressing Need For Reform, Robert J. Currie
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
Extradition—the formal legal surrender between states of individuals sought for criminal prosecution or to serve a sentence—is an essential tool in the worldwide fight against cross-border crime. In a time when the permeability of borders to criminal conduct has reached previously untold levels, the importance of effective international law enforcement cooperation has similarly intensified. Criminal investigation and enforcement powers can, for all practical purposes, only operate within national borders, but criminals themselves are not so constrained. Human trafficking, internet fraud, financial crime, wildlife trafficking—all are running rampant. All states, and their citizens, have a pressing interest in crime suppression, …
An International Law Framework For Climate-Aligned Investment Governance, Martin Dietrich Brauch, Elena Klonsky, Fanny Marie Everard, Qiaozi Guanglin, Tyler Alviano, Justin Cuddihey, Mary Wang
An International Law Framework For Climate-Aligned Investment Governance, Martin Dietrich Brauch, Elena Klonsky, Fanny Marie Everard, Qiaozi Guanglin, Tyler Alviano, Justin Cuddihey, Mary Wang
Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
The January 2024 CCSI Working Paper, An International Law Framework for Climate-Aligned Investment Governance, outlines a framework — and invites and hopes to inspire further thinking, research, and discussion — on how to bridge gaps and build cohesion among various areas of international law relevant to investment in climate mitigation and adaptation. The working paper identifies areas of international law that are or could be relevant to investment governance, highlights points of inconsistency, and proposes a framework to reform and integrate international law with the objective of promoting and facilitating climate investment flows and achieving climate-aligned regulation of investment.
Legal Risk And Accountability In Development Finance: Lessons From Jam V. International Finance Corporation, Michelle Harrison, Shannon Marcoux
Legal Risk And Accountability In Development Finance: Lessons From Jam V. International Finance Corporation, Michelle Harrison, Shannon Marcoux
Perspectives
In a landmark decision in 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Jam v. International Finance Corporation that international organizations like the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private lending arm of the World Bank Group, can be sued in U.S. courts, ending the “absolute immunity” from suit that they had long claimed. The Jam lawsuit arose out of IFC’s gross mishandling of the Tata Mundra coal-fired power plant project in Gujarat, India, which has destroyed the livelihoods, environment, and way of life of local communities living in its shadow. The lawsuit, and especially the clash between IFC’s sweeping assertions of …