Law Commons^™

Befuddlement Betwixt Two Fulcrums: Calibrating The Scales Of Justice To Ascertain Fraudulent Transfers In Leveraged Buyouts, John H. Ginsberg, M. Katie Burgess, Zachary R. Caldwell, Daniel R. Czerwonka

John H. Ginsberg

In a leveraged buyout, a company goes deep into debt and grants liens on its assets to finance the purchase of itself. The company’s risk of insolvency increases with its debt burden. Unsecured creditors of the company are exposed to insolvency risk without compensation, unlike the parties to the leveraged buyout—buyer, seller and lender—all of whom expect good returns on the lesser risks to which they are exposed. When a leveraged buyout leaves the acquired company with “unreasonably small capital” such that insolvency is “reasonably foreseeable” upon consummation of the buyout, unsecured creditors may have recourse to constructive-fraudulent-transfer law. They …

What Determines Professionals’ Bankruptcy Fees: An Empirical Investigation, Gijs Van Dijk, Martin Gramatikov

Martin Gramatikov

Countries have adopted different approaches to compensate bankruptcy trustees for winding up the estate. The approaches vary from state trustees to funding mechanisms where bankruptcy trustees receive a fixed fee, to a system where their fees depend on the size of the assets. Few studies have addressed the cost-effectiveness of the different approaches. This study contributes to this topic by examining the fees of the winding up, including an analysis of the determinants of these fees. After analyzing 289 Dutch bankruptcies consisting of short-term and medium-term cases, we find substantial differences in the mean hourly remuneration fees of bankruptcy trustees. …

Where Have All The Lenders Gone?: "Loan To Own Transactions" In The Current Credit Market, Stephanie A. Nadler

Stephanie A Nadler

Credit is not readily available in current markets. While distressed firms are in dire need of capital contributions, traditional lenders are not willing to make risky loans. Distressed firms have turned to hedge funds as lenders for much-needed capital. Thus, hedge funds engage in “loan to own” transactions, a lending technique that has recently drawn much criticism. In a loan to own transaction, the hedge fund makes a loan to a distressed company, while also taking an equity stake in the company. Pursuant to such activity, the hedge fund will generally gain a seat on the board of directors or …

The Financial Crisis Of 2009 - Have Reorganization Proceedings In Emerging Markets Gone Bankrupt? Israel As A Case Study, David Hahn

David Hahn

The financial crisis of 2009 affected markets all over the world, presenting an unprecedented challenge for international regulators. In emerging markets, firms began raising significant amounts of debt through corporate bonds only in recent years. When such markets crashed, and firms could no longer pay bondholders, regulators were forced to adopt innovative policies to cope with the problem. This paper explores the possible regulatory responses to the crisis, by focusing on the actions taken by regulators in Israel. The paper outlines the various mechanisms that have been employed and offered to combat the crisis and highlights their shortcomings. It then …

Virtual Territoriality, Edward J. Janger

Edward J. Janger

Abstract Virtual Territoriality Edward J. Janger David M. Barse Professor Brooklyn Law School Current efforts to unify the laws of secured credit and bankruptcy are predicated on the belief that regularizing the law of debtor’s rights and creditor’s remedies will cause global business to flourish, and benefit both developed and less-developed countries. Certain and predictable remedies for creditors will facilitate lending and development, and coordination among courts will create opportunities to protect the going concern value of troubled businesses. The benefits that accompany such legal harmonization may, however, come at a price. Centralizing control of a bankruptcy case may create …

Simultaneous Distress Of Residential Developers And Their Secured Lenders: An Analysis Of Bankruptcy & Bank Regulation, Sarah P. Woo

Sarah P Woo

With falling home prices and home foreclosures currently acknowledged as a severe problem in the U.S., more attention needs to be paid to the contributing phenomenon of residential developers undergoing liquidation, which has left behind a trail of partially-completed or abandoned properties. In order to understand this phenomenon, we analyzed 222 residential developers that filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions between November 2007 and December 2008. We find that only a very small proportion of these developers, as compared to previous similar large studies, confirmed a reorganization plan. Most cases ended in liquidations. In the sample, 72.5% of the cases showed …

Like-Kind Exchanges And Qualified Intermediaries, Brad Borden, Paul L.B. Mckenney, David Shechtman

Bradley T. Borden

The economic downturn has depressed the real estate market, a significant component of the section 1031 industry. In its wake, the industry witnessed three major qualified intermediary failures. QI failures deprive exchangers of exchange proceeds and also create potential tax and legal liabilities for exchangers. This article analyzes those potential liablities and also discusses the cause of QI failures and actions that exchangers and QIs may consider to help safeguard exchange proceeds.

Perverse Incentives: Risk Taking And Reform, Aaron J. Unterman

Aaron J. Unterman

The common theme that ties the financial crisis (and this article) together is one of misguided incentives that pervaded the finance industry and perverted the actions of individuals and institutions resulting in a global crisis with severely deleterious social effects. In the world of finance, the greatest way to achieve a dramatic increase in wealth is to take large risks, of course, this is also the easiest way to lose it. A great deal of the so-called financial innovation that we experienced preceding the crisis was devoted to finding ways to take on as much risk as possible. The rise …

Secret Liens And The Financial Crisis Of 2008, Michael N. Simkovic

Michael N Simkovic

This article explains the roots of financial crises in one of the oldest and most fundamental problems of commercial law: hidden leverage. Common law courts wrestled with this problem for centuries and developed a time-tested solution: the doctrine of secret liens. If the debtor becomes insolvent, the doctrine of secret liens punishes secret lien holders by subordinating their claims to those of other creditors. In other words, by overriding privately negotiated payment priorities, the doctrine of secret liens creates incentives for transparency. This article argues that legal changes over the last 80 years eroded the doctrine of secret liens, and …

So He Huffed And He Puffed........But Will The Home(Stead) Fall Down?: The Applicability Of Section 522(P)(1) Of The U.S. Bankruptcy Code To Varying Interest Accumulation Of The Debtor In Homestead Property, Gloria J. Liddell, Pearson Liddell

Pearson Liddell Jr.

No abstract provided.

The Shadow Bankruptcy System, Jonathan C. Lipson

Jonathan C. Lipson

This article exposes and explores a puzzle at the heart of the current economic crisis: The surprising under-use, and increasing misuse, of Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, the principal legal system for salvaging troubled businesses.

The answer offered here: The rise of the shadow bankruptcy system. “Shadow bankruptcy” describes the severely under-regulated non-bank financial institutions (e.g., hedge funds, private equity funds and investment banks) that increasingly dominate and manipulate Chapter 11 reorganizations.

Like the “shadow banking” system for which it is named, shadow bankruptcy thrives on and promotes opacity and undisclosed, possibly perverse, incentives. Shadow bankruptcy players …

Toward A More Reasoned Approach To The Priority Of Attorneys' Fees In Bankruptcy, Michelle A. Cecil

Michelle A. Cecil

The current mortgage foreclosure crisis, coupled with the country’s economic downturn and escalating consumer costs, have combined to place a crippling burden on the nation’s bankruptcy system. During difficult economic times such as this, it is imperative that the bankruptcy system operate efficiently, as it provides a social safety net for both consumers and businesses. Unfortunately, there are many issues of statutory interpretation left unanswered in the Bankruptcy Code, and these issues have placed an increased burden on the country’s bankruptcy courts. This Article seeks to resolve one thorny issue of statutory interpretation: the treatment of attorneys’ fees in bankruptcy. …

Toward A More Reasoned Approach To The Priority Of Attorneys' Fees In Bankruptcy, Michelle A. Cecil

Michelle A. Cecil

The current mortgage foreclosure crisis, coupled with the country’s economic downturn and escalating consumer costs, have combined to place a crippling burden on the nation’s bankruptcy system. During difficult economic times such as this, it is imperative that the bankruptcy system operate efficiently, as it provides a social safety net for both consumers and businesses. Unfortunately, there are many issues of statutory interpretation left unanswered in the Bankruptcy Code, and these issues have placed an increased burden on the country’s bankruptcy courts. This Article seeks to resolve one thorny issue of statutory interpretation: the treatment of attorneys’ fees in bankruptcy. …

The Effect Of 2005 Bankruptcy Reform On Credit Card Industry Profits And Prices, Michael N. Simkovic

Michael N Simkovic

The U.S. Bankruptcy code changed dramatically with the passage of The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act Of 2005. This act increased the costs and decreased the benefits of bankruptcy to consumers. Supporters of the law claimed that it would benefit consumers as well as creditors, because reducing the losses faced by creditors would lower the cost of credit to consumers. Critics of the law depicted it as special interest legislation designed to profit credit card companies at the expense of consumers. This study tests whether the 2005 Bankruptcy Reform: (1) reduced the number of bankruptcies; (2) reduced credit …

Ripping Off Grandma And Grandpa Without Hurting The Banks Of America: Allowing The Elderly And Other Easy Prey To Pay For The Crimes Of Immoral Individuals And Institutions, Brett D. Maxfield

Brett D Maxfield

This paper looks at the abuses of the banks of America in the ways they influence the law of credit and debt collection and what can be done to reform the system.

The Doctrine Of Necessity In Bankruptcy Reorganizations, Rahul K. Sharma

Rahul K. Sharma

Necessity is an old concept used in many fields of law. In criminal law and torts, it is a defense. In property law, its reasoning is used to support eminent domain. This paper will analyze the use of the doctrine of necessity in bankruptcy reorganizations. In bankruptcy, necessity has also been used as a justification for paying certain creditors earlier than they would have otherwise been paid. This has become controversial as such payments became routine. A decision by the Seventh Circuit in the 2004 Kmart case strongly criticized such payments and criticized reliance upon the doctrine of necessity. This …

Misbehavior And Mistake In Bankruptcy Mortgage Claims, Katherine Porter

Katherine Porter

The greatest fear of many families in serious financial trouble is that they will lose their homes. Bankruptcy offers a last chance for families to save their homes by halting a foreclosure and by repaying any default on their mortgage loans over a period of years. Mortgage companies participate in bankruptcy by filing claims with the court for the amount of the mortgage debt. To retain their homes bankruptcy debtors must pay these amounts. This process is well-established and, until now, uncontroversial. The assumption is that the protective elements of the federal bankruptcy shield vulnerable homeowners from harm.

This Article …

The Effect Of The 2005 Bankruptcy Reforms On Credit Card Company Profits And Prices (2), Michael N. Simkovic

Michael N Simkovic

The U.S. Bankruptcy code changed dramatically with the passage of The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act Of 2005. This act increased the costs and decreased the benefits of bankruptcy to consumers. Supporters of the law claimed that it would benefit consumers as well as creditors, because reducing the losses faced by creditors would lower the cost of credit to consumers. Critics of the law depicted it as special interest legislation designed to profit credit card companies at the expense of consumers. This study tests whether the 2005 Bankruptcy Reform: (1) reduced the number of bankruptcies; (2) reduced credit …

Designing The Limits Of Creditworthiness. Insolvency In Antwerp Bankruptcy Legislation And Practice (16th-17th Centuries), Dave De Ruysscher

Dave De ruysscher

In 1516 and 1518, the Antwerp City Council introduced a collective system of debt recovery, which was partly derived from academic doctrine and which broke with the tradition of priority for the first seizing claimant. The new views were inserted into a legal framework that was based on the concept of publicly known insolvency. Because of the vague legal definitions in the 1582 and 1608 Antwerp law compilations, the position of pursuing creditors was strengthened. Although these rules weren't successful, they demonstrate an early intention to draw the line between criminal bankruptcy, persisting insolvency and temporary payment problems.

Making Sense Of Nation-Level Bankruptcy Filing Rates, Ronald J. Mann

Ronald Mann

No abstract provided.

Patterns Of Credit Card Use Among Low And Moderate Income Households, Ronald J. Mann

Ronald Mann

This chapter uses data from the Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances for 2004 (the “SCF”) to examine the penetration of credit cards into LMI markets. The chapter has two purposes. First, I discuss the rise of the modern credit market, emphasizing the segmentation of product lines based on behavioral and financial characteristics of customer groups. Among other things, that trend involves the use of products aimed at LMI households that differ significantly from those aimed at middle-class households. Second, I describe the extent to which LMI households borrow on credit cards, the types of LMI households that borrow, …

Conflicts In Cross-Border Enforcement Of Tax Claims, Andrew Grossman

Andrew Grossman

Some recent academic studies have argued, with few provisos, for abandonment of the rule traditional in both common- and civil-law jurisdictions barring the enforcement of foreign tax claims and judgments in the absence of a specific treaty engagement to the contrary. To equate public-law debts with private debts, and to make judgments for such debts enforceable across borders in the manner of the Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act, without addressing the special nature of tax claims and the way in which they may arise in bankruptcy, involuntary liquidation of assets, and arise in tandem and across borders, is bound to …

Usury Law, Payday Loans, And Statutory Sleight Of Hand: An Empirical Analysis Of American Credit Pricing Limits, Christopher L. Peterson

Christopher L Peterson

In the Western intellectual tradition usury law has historically been the foremost bulwark shielding consumers from harsh credit practices. In the past, the United States commitment to usury law has been deep and consistent. However, the recent rapid growth of the “payday” loan industry belies this longstanding American tradition. In order to understand the evolution of American usury law, this paper presents a systemic empirical analysis of all fifty state usury laws in two time periods: 1965 and the present. The highest permissible price of a typical payday loan authorized under each state’s usury law was calculated. These prices were …

Collective Bargaining Agreements And Chapter 9 Bankruptcy, Ryan Preston Dahl

Ryan P Dahl

The recent cycle of automotive and aviation bankruptcies is ending. The next major restructuring cycle may come from a very different quarter. Municipalities throughout the United States will face the very real prospect of insolvency. The treatment of collective bargaining agreements will play a significant role in this process. Unaffordable collective bargaining obligations may be the efficient cause of such filings. Alternatively, rejecting such agreements may be the most effective means of restoring a municipal debtor’s financial health.

Statutory gaps, the absence of significant caselaw, and limited scholarly commentary raise serious questions as to how courts should treat collective bargaining …

The Supreme Court, The Solicitor General, And Bankruptcy: Bfp V. Resolution Trust Corporation, Ronald Mann

Ronald Mann

Using information from Justice Blackmun's files and the case, and a dataset matching Supreme Court bankruptcy decisions with information about participation by the Solicitor General, the paper argues that the SG's participation in secured creditor disputes in the mid-1990's is a big part of the explanation of this counter-textual case. The paper introduces a broader theory of bankruptcy interpretation that I call "bankruptcy skepticism," rejecting claims that bankruptcy interpretation by the Supreme Court has been literalist.

Credit Cards, Consumer Credit & Bankruptcy, Ronald Mann

Ronald Mann

Presents the empirical analysis from chapters four and five of Charging Ahead illustrating the relations among credit card use, consumer credit, and bankruptcy, using a data set of five countries (USA, UK, Canada, Australia, and Japan) that include about 3/4 of the world credit card market.

Limiting Limited Liability, Giuseppe Dari-Mattiacci

Giuseppe Dari-Mattiacci

Limited liability may result in inefficient accident prevention, because a relevant portion of the expected harm is externalized on victims. This paper shows that under some restrictive conditions further limiting liability by means of a liability cap can improve caretaking.

An Empirical Investigation Of Liquidation Choices Of Failed High-Tech Firms, Ronald Mann

Ronald Mann

Examines a dataset of failed high-tech firms (software, telecom, and biotech) to investigate what determines which ones file for bankruptcy. The primary finding is that the easy procedures and wide acceptance of ABCs in California makes bankruptcy a less attractive alternative in California than it is elsewhere.

The Rise Of State Bankruptcy-Directed Legislation, Ronald Mann

Ronald Mann

This is the first in a series of pieces on bankruptcy interpretation, this one arguing that the preemptive effect of bankruptcy law on state commercial law should focus on state legislation that is "directed" at bankruptcy proceedings.

Self-Organizing Legal Systems: Precedent And Variation In Bankruptcy, Bernard Trujillo

Bernard Trujillo

Models of legal ordering are frequently hierarchical. These models do not explain two prominent realities: (1) variation in the content of a legal system, and (2) patterns of non-hierarchical ordering that we observe. As a supplement to hierarchical explanations of legal order, this Article, drawing from physical and social science research on complex systems, offers a self-organizing model. The self-organizing model focuses on variation in the content of legal systems and attempts to explain the relationship between that variation and patterns of ordering. The self-organizing model demonstrates that variation and ordering are not opposite categories, but rather constitute one continuous …