Law Commons^™

Forming A More Perfect Honor System: Why The Trend Of Over-Legalizing Academic Honor Codes Must Be Reversed, Christopher M. Hartley

Catholic University Law Review

Legal processes dominate many honor systems at schools and universities. The negative impacts of this legal saturation include time-consuming, overly burdensome, and seldom understood honor systems as well as a shift of student focus from compliance with honor codes to a fixation on exoneration, given the increased opportunity for fighting and defeating honor allegations using legal recourses. This article is a clarion call for higher education immediate action: schools must scrutinize their honor systems to ensure they are legally efficient, not legally saturated. Authors of books and law journal articles have meticulously reviewed the academic honor system history and legal …

Compelled Unionism In The Private Sector After Janus: Why Unions Should Not Profit From Dissenting Employees, Giovanna Bonafede

Catholic University Law Review

This Note examines the impact of the 2018 landmark labor law case Janus v. AFSCME. Janus held it unconstitutional under the First Amendment to require public sector employees to pay fees to a union to which they are not a member. The Supreme Court based their decision on the idea that compelling public employees to subsidize union speech to which they disagreed violated their free speech rights. The author argues that the Court’s holding in Janus should be extended to protect the free speech rights of private sector employees through a finding of state action in the private unionized …

In The Name Of Diversity: Why Mandatory Diversity Statements Violate The First Amendment And Reduce Intellectual Diversity In Academia, Daniel M. Ortner

Catholic University Law Review

In the 1950s and 1960s in many parts of the country, a professor could be fired or never hired if he refused to denounce communism or declare loyalty to the United States Constitution. The University of California system took the lead in enforcing these loyalty oaths. These loyalty oaths were challenged all the way up to the United States Supreme Court and were soundly rejected, establishing the centrality of academic freedom and open inquiry on the university campus. So why are loyalty oaths making their resurgence in the form of mandatory diversity statements? Universities have begun requiring faculty members to …

Property And Local Knowledge, Malcolm Lavoie

Catholic University Law Review

Property rights play an important but largely under-appreciated role in channeling local knowledge into decisions about physical resources. Property devolves decision-making authority to a dispersed pool of owners, who are likely to be aware of local conditions relevant to their resources. As a result, property owners are often in a position to make better-informed decisions about the use of the resource than other parties. The homeowner who preemptively repairs an old roof, the retailer who offers a new product for sale, and the farmer who decides to switch crops are all decision-makers who are empowered through property rights to act …

But We Didn’T Agree To That!: Why Class Proceedings Should Not Be Implied From Silent Or Ambiguous Arbitration Clauses After Lamps Plus, Inc. V. Varela, Andrea Demelo Laprade

Catholic University Law Review

The application of class arbitrability when a contract is silent on the matter remains a mystery. The Supreme Court has not clarified its stance on class arbitrability and preemptive effects of the Federal Arbitration Act on state law when applied to determine if class arbitrability is available. The purpose of this Paper is to address how the Lamps Plus v. Varela decision created more confusion about the question of class arbitrability. It argues that the failure to address the particulars of the availability of class arbitration will perpetuate litigation on this issue. This Paper suggests that the FAA’s purpose supports …

Tanggung Jawab Notaris Terhadap Pembuatan Akta Jaminan Fidusia Dalam Jumlah Yang Tidak Wajar Dengan Bantuan Sistem Milik Pt Sm, Emeralda Valerie

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai tanggung jawab Notaris terhadap pembuatan akta jaminan fidusia dalam jumlah yang tidak wajar dengan bantuan sistem milik PT SM. Sistem membantu proses pembuatan akta jaminan fidusia dan pendaftaran dalam waktu singkat. Penggunaan sistem tidak mengindahkan syarat formal akta autentik. Penelitian ini mengangkat masalah mengenai autentisitas akta jaminan fidusia yang dibuat menggunakan bantuan sistem; tanggung jawab Notaris terhadap akta jaminan fidusia yang kehilangan autentisitasnya; dan peran Dewan Kehormatan Notaris (DKN) dalam pelanggaran atas batas kewajaran jumlah pembuatan akta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan studi dokumen dan wawancara. Analisis penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian …

Akuisisi, Merger, Dan Konsolidasi Perusahaan Dalam Pasar Modal, Raden Roro Citra Hendardini

Indonesian Notary

The capital market has a function as a means of business funding for companies to get funds from the public. The capital market is also useful for funding companies listed on the stock exchange and also as a means for investment. Therefore, the capital market has an important role in the country's economy. In business activities, all companies, especially those that have been listed on the stock exchange (public company), basically want to always grow and get the maximum profit. Over time, some companies make acquisitions, mergers, or consolidations of other companies that have been carefully calculated which are useful …

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Notaris Atas Pemalsuan Foto Identitas Para Pihak Dalam Menjalankan Tugasnya Sebagai Pejabat Umum (Putusan Nomor 371/Pid.B/2018/Pnsda), Muhamad Irfan Ramadhan

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perlindungan hukum bagi Notaris sebagai Pejabat Umum atas pemalsuan foto identitas yang disampaikan oleh para pihak yang dijadikan dasar pembuatan akta autentik.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang berangkat dari kekosongan norma mengenai perlindungan hukum bagi Notaris atas pemalsuan foto identitas yang disampaikan oleh para pihak dan dijadikan dasar pembuatan akta autentik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan undang–undang, pendekatan konseptual, dan analisis kasus. Bahan hukum yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pegumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban notaris atas …

Enhancing Healthcare Professional Practice In The Philippines Toward Asean Integration Through The Continuing Professional Development Law, Kevin T. Crispino, Ian Christopher N. Rocha

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

The Republic Act 10912, otherwise known as the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016, was passed into law to promote and upgrade the practice of healthcare professions in the Philippines. Since the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community (AEC), CPD has been considered an area of development through which Filipino professionals are trained to become globally competitive. The Philippine government upholds several agreements made among ASEAN member-states, including recognizing professionals in every ASEAN country, facilitating the mobility of professions within the region, exchanging expertise on standards and qualifications, promoting best practices, and providing valuable …

Keabsahan Akta Perjanjian Perkawinan Dengan Klausula Asas Monogami Menurut Undang-Undang Perkawinan Dan Hukum Islam (Analisis Akta Perjanjian Perkawinan Tanggal 26 Maret 2018 Yang Di Buat Dihadapan Notaris X Di Kabupaten Karawang), Ratih Rahmatiar Safifah

Indonesian Notary

Notaries as public officials authorized to make an authentic deed must comply with all applicable provisions, related to the marriage agreement. This study uses normative juridical research methods with descriptive analytical research type, the type of data used is secondary data with data collection techniques through document study. The results of the study stated that the marriage agreement can basically contain whatever is desired by the parties who made it as long as it does not violate the boundaries of law, religion and morality. The polygamy or anti -polygamy clause can be included in the marriage contract, only if the …

Konstruksi Hukum Perkara Cerai Gugat Yang Salah Satu Penyebabnya Adalah Murtad Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Hak Waris Anak (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Agama Palu Nomor 0249/Pdt.G/2016/Pa.Pal Dan Putusan Pengadilan Agama Bandung Nomor 147/Pdt.G/2012/Pa.Bdg), Farah Nindya Pratiwi

Indonesian Notary

Divorce is the breaking up of the marriage bond between husband and wife accompanied by sufficient reasons for the divorce. In the case of a divorce that is carried out by filing a lawsuit in court with one of the apostates, the Marriage Law and also the Islamic Law Compilation do not clearly regulate this. However, in the perspective of Islamic Law, it is explained that when one of the husbands or wives apostatizes and does not return, the marriage becomes fasakh (canceled) due to the apostasy that occurred. The termination of a marriage if one of the parties is …

Keabsahan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Yang Objeknya Sama Dengan Perjanjian Jual Beli Dengan Hak Membeli Kembali (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 509 K/Pdt/2020), Sem Sanjaya

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pengikatan jual beli di hadapan notaris, yang mana objek jual belinya sama dengan objek jual beli dalam perjanjian jual beli dengan hak membeli kembali. Jual beli dengan hak membeli kembali diakui oleh hukum perdata barat sebagaimana diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, namun eksistensinya tidak dikenal dalam hukum tanah nasional yang mengadopsi hukum adat. Dalam kaitannya dengan hukum positif, hak membeli kembali tidak diperkenankan apabila dimanfaatkan sebagai upaya kreditur untuk menguasai benda jaminan milik debitur. Adapun permasalahan yang diangkat dalam tesis ini adalah bagaimana keabsahan perjanjian pengikatan jual beli sebagai suatu akta otentik apabila dalam persidangan …

Pelanggaran Terhadap Kewajiban Dan Larangan Jabatan Yang Dilakukan Oleh Notaris Dalam Pembuatan Akta Autentik (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar Nomor 261/Pdt.G/2016/Pn Dps), Nur Afni Hidayanti

Indonesian Notary

The Law on Notary Position (UUJN) clearly regulates the Obligations and Prohibitions of Notaries, but until now there are still Notaries who exercise their authority as regulated who ignore these obligations and prohibitions. This can be seen in Decision Number 261 / Pdt.G / 2016 / PN Dps, where the reporter with the initials YS feels aggrieved for the actions of a notary with the initials PH who is domiciled in Denpasar, Bali. The reporting party conveyed the actions of the Notary PH who allegedly committed this unprofessional act to the Denpasar District Court, Bali. According to the Notary Public …

Penerapan Sifat Terang Dan Tunai Dalam Jual Beli Tanah Yang Belum Lunas (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjung Karang Nomor 6/Pdt.G/2020), Sumitro Salim

Indonesian Notary

Sifat terang dan tunai yang berasal dari Hukum Adat telah mengelami modernisasi, sehingga sifat terang berarti perbuatan hukum jual beli harus dilakukan di hadapan PPAT/PPAT Sementara, sedangkan sifat tunai berarti adanya pemenuhan prestasi secara bersamaan yaitu penjual menyerahkan hak atas tanahnya secara yuridis dan pembeli membayar secara penuh (lunas). Pengertian dari sifat terang dan tunai diartikan secara beragam sehingga memunculkan perdebatan, baik secara teoritik maupun praktik seperti halnya yang terjadi terhadap jual beli hak atas tanah yang belum lunas dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjung Karang Nomor 6/Pdt.G/2020. Permasalahan yang diangkat adalah mengenai pengaturan sifat terang dan tunai dalam jual beli …

Pertanggungjawaban Notaris Terhadap Akta Yang Batal Demi Hukum (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Negeri Nomor : 09/Pdt.G/2016/Pn.Mam Juncto Putusan Nomor 1544/Pid.B/2019/Pn.Mks), Vanya Putri Ratna Zackia

Indonesian Notary

This research discusses the responsibility of a Notary in carrying out the position, which if in the execution of the position there are things that might cause the deed void by the law. On actuate the position of a Notary, they have to be more careful in the deed work process to avoid the emergence of legal problems in the future, as happened in the case of the District Court Decree Number : 09/Pdt.G/2016/Pn.Mam Juncto Decree Number 1544/Pid.B/2019/Pn.Mks. This study aims to determine the juridical responsibility of a Notary for the existence of unlawful acts committed by clients who were …

Keabsahan Akta Perjanjian Perkawinan Dengan Klausula Asas Monogami Menurut Undang-Undang Perkawinan Dan Hukum Islam (Analisis Akta Perjanjian Perkawinan Tanggal 26 Maret 2018 Yang Di Buat Dihadapan Notaris X Di Kabupaten Karawang), Ratih Rahmatiar Safifah

Indonesian Notary

Notaries as public officials authorized to make an authentic deed must comply with all applicable provisions, related to the marriage agreement. This study uses normative juridical research methods with descriptive analytical research type, the type of data used is secondary data with data collection techniques through document study. The results of the study stated that the marriage agreement can basically contain whatever is desired by the parties who made it as long as it does not violate the boundaries of law, religion and morality. The polygamy or anti -polygamy clause can be included in the marriage contract, only if the …

Peralihan Hak Atas Tanah Menggunakan Akta Jual Beli Yang Didasari Perikatan Jual Beli Cacat Hukum Oleh Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Negeri No 150/Pdt.G/2019/Pn.Jkt.Tim), Beta Avissa

Indonesian Notary

Salah satu bentuk peralihan hak atas tanah yaitu melalui perbuatan jual beli, dalam pelaksanaannya diperlukan adanya kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hukum sehingga perjanjian jual beli dilakukan di hadapan PPAT. Salah satu kasus yang menjadi pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah perbuatan PPAT yang mengalihkan hak atas tanah menggunakan akta jual beli yang didasari perikatan jual beli cacat hukum yang termuat dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri No 150/Pdt.G/2019/PN.JKT.TIM. Adapun permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai keabsahan akta jual beli yang dibuat dengan dasar perikatan jual beli cacat hukum, dan pertimbangan hakim terkait keabsahan akta jual beli tersebut. Untuk menjawab kedua …

Perkembangan Pengaturan Tindakan Afirmasi Perempuan Pada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, Ishmah Naqiyyah

Jurnal Konstitusi & Demokrasi

This research discusses the development of affirmative action arrangements to increase women's representation in the DPR RI and how the implementation of these arrangements since the beginning of affirmative action was applied in 2004 until the last time affirmative action for the DPR was applied, namely in 2014. The research method used is normative juridical with a legal history approach. The discussion begins by analyzing affirmative action in the Political Party Law, the General Election Law for Members of the DPR, DPD, and DPRD, and the Law on the People's Consultative Assembly, the House of Representatives, the Regional Representatives Council, …

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pihak Yang Dirugikan Dalam Pembatalan Sertipikat Hak Atas Tanah (Studi Kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 2148 K/Pdt/2019), Ni Putu Vinka Rinjani

Indonesian Notary

Artikel ini membahas tentang pembatalan sertipikat hak atas tanah yang distudi melalui Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 2148 K/PDT/2019. Dalam putusan tersebut, sertipikat hak atas tanah dibatalkan karena pihak yang namanya tercantum dalam sertipikat bukan pemilik yang sah atas obyek tanah yang bersangkutan. Dengan adanya pembatalan maka sertipikat hak atas tanah sudah tidak berlaku lagi. Hal ini selanjutnya menimbulkan masalah lain karena obyek tanah yang bersangkutan sudah dijual kepada pihak lain. Pembeli menjadi dirugikan karena sertipikat hak atas tanah dibatalkan sehingga ia kehilangan haknya atas obyek tanah tersebut. Untuk itu permasalahan yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah perlindungan hukum …

Peran Majelis Kehormatan Notaris Dalam Proses Peradilan Notaris Di Pengadilan (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 22/Puu-Xvii/2019), M. Hendri Kurniawan

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai peran Majelis Kehormatan Notaris dalam Proses Peradilan Notaris di Pengadilan berdasarkan Undang-undang Jabatan Notaris dan pertimbangan hakim yang tercantum dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 22/PUU-XVII/2019. Kewenangan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris dipandang oleh pemohon dapat mempersulit proses peradilan terhadap Notaris di Pengadilan.salah satu kewenangan tersebut adalah, dalam kepentingan proses peradilan, penyidik, penuntut umum, atau hakim dengan persetujuan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris berwenang untuk mengambil fotokopi Minuta Akta dan/atau surat- surat yang dilekatkan pada Minuta Akta atau Protokol Notaris dalam penyimpanan Notaris, memanggil Notaris untuk hadir dalam pemeriksaan yang berkaitan dengan Akta atau Protokol Notaris yang berada dalam penyimpanan Notaris. …

Dampak Hukum Terhadap Akta Pemindahan Hak Dan Kuasa Serta Akta Jual Beli Yang Dilakukan Tanpa Sepengetahuan “Pemilik Objek” (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3090 K/Pdt/2016)”, Elfryda Prahandini

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3090 K/Pdt/2016, yang mana terdapat gugatan terhadap Notaris/PPAT yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum dalam hal pembuatan Akta Pemindahan Hak dan Kuasa serta Akta Jual Beli tanpa sepengetahuan dari pemilik sah atas tanah tersebut, dalam proses pembuatan akta-akta tersebut Notaris/PPAT mencatut tanpa izin dan tanpa sepengetahuan Penggugat berupa data-data, identitas, dan pemalsuan tanda tangan. Penggugat juga tidak mengetahui, tidak pernah menghadap, tidak pernah menandatangani dan tidak pernah memberikan persetujuan atas pembuatan akta-akta tersebut. Adapun permasalahan yang akan diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai akibat hukum terhadap Akta Pemindahan Hak dan Kuasa serta Akta …

Kekuatan Hukum Pembuktian Akta Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Tanah (Ppjb) Dalam Kasus Sengketa Perdata (Analisa Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor : 994/K/Pdt/2020 Jo Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Batam Nomor : 218/Pdt.G/2017/Pn Btm), Yuyun Sri Wahyuni

Indonesian Notary

The Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) is an prilimanary agreement arrranged by potential seller and buyer based on the agreement before the transaction, formed in the private deed or notarial deeed. The main problem of this study is about the strength and validity of the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) Deed as evidence of transfer of rights, power and validity linked to the Supreme Court decision Number: 994 / K / PDT / 2020 jo Batam District Court Decision Number: 218 / PDT.G / 2017 / PN BTM. The research result explains that the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) Deed …

Kedudukan Persetujuan Anak Angkat Dan Anak Asuh Untuk Menjual Rumah Orang Tua Angkat Dalam Hukum Waris Perdata Barat (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1210 K/Pdt/2019), Zaslyn Annisa

Indonesian Notary

Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 concerning Adoption of Children as the main legal source of adoption in Indonesia does not provide clear provisions regarding adopted children's inheritance rights. This results in the absence of unification of regulations regarding inheritance rights and the criteria for adopted children who can inherit. The case in this research is about husband and wife that raised 2 (two) adopted children. The first adopted child is adopted through a court decision, while the other is adopted through surrender without a court decision. When the adoptive mother died, the relationship between the adopted child and the …

An Ineffective Institutional Investors Law In Indonesia? Why Bother, Luther Lie, Yetty Komalasari Dewi

Indonesia Law Review

Corporate governance failures are one of the major factors that have crippled the Indonesian economy through financial crises. In response, the OECD has prescribed Principles II and III of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance to ensure the rights and equitable treatment of all shareholders and the acknowledged role of institutional investors in improving corporate governance. Institutional investors play a significant role as corporate monitors in protecting the public investors’ money and improving corporate financial performance. They are therefore acknowledged as the policies of economic crises, creators of firm values, and drivers of economic development. However, as this paper explains, …

Peran Dan Tanggung Jawab Notaris Terhadap Akta Wasiat Yang Dibatalkan Oleh Hakim Yang Berisikan Erfstelling Atau Legaat Kepada Cucu (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 295 Pk/Pdt/2020), Devka Octara Putera Akbar Girindrawardhana

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian ini terkait dengan akta wasiat umum yang dibatalkan oleh hakim dengan pertimbangan akta wasiat berbentuk wasiat fidei commis serta melanggar hak para ahli waris. Berdasarkan pada pengertian wasiat ialah surat yang berisikan kehendak yang dibuat oleh pewaris yang merupakan tindakan hukum yang ingin dilakukan apabila yang bersangkutan meninggal dunia dan dalam pembuatan akta wasiat umum ini dilakukan di hadapan seorang notaris yang mengakibatkan notaris juga dijadikan sebagai turut tergugat sebagai pihak yang membuatkan akta yang dianggap tidak sesuai dengan hukum di indoneisa. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai akibat batalnya akta wasiat umum yang dibatalkan oleh hakim …

Pelaksanaan Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Kepentingan Umum Di Atas Objek Tanah Dengan Luasan Kurang Dari 5 Hektar Dan Dibebani Hak Tanggungan (Studi Kasus Pada Pembangunan Gis 150 Kv Grogol Ii), Natasha Meutia Emiliania

Indonesian Notary

This research explains how land acquisition for public interest such electricity energy (GIS 150 kV Grogol II) happened on object under 5 hectar and mortgage rights. Land acquisition for public interest is an activity which provide land to excalating nation welfare and prosperity, country and it citizens, by giving a guaranteed legal interest toward entitled party. The status of land which prepared for acquisition in the public interest were often under collateral security. Thus to solve the problem, writer use normative legal research methods by compare the law on books with the facts. The data analysis was carried out descriptively, …

Establishing A Legitimate Indonesia’S Government Electronic Surveillance Regulation: A Comparison With The U.S. Legal Practices, Citra Yuda Nur Fatihah

Indonesia Law Review

Cybersecurity and privacy have now become a matter of increasing concern for citizens, the private sector, and the Indonesian government. The government is currently struggling to combat cyberattacks and data breaches. Indonesia is, in fact, in the early stages of developing a national cybersecurity strategy. The legal framework for cybersecurity in Indonesia is still weak. The one and only legal basis for regulating cybersecurity, privacy, and security, in Indonesia so far is the Electronic Information and Transactions Law No. 11/2008 and its revised version Law No.19/2016. Furthermore, the government through the Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information has just issued …

Advocating The Temporary Rights To Work For Refugees And Asylum Seekers In Transit In Indonesia, Marupa Hasudungan Sianturi, Nino Viartasiwi

Indonesia Law Review

Refugees and asylum seekers are stuck in three to unknown years of protracted transit in Indonesia in their route to reach a destination country. The status of foreign refugees and asylum seekers has deprived them access to basic human needs such as the right to earn a living, education, and healthcare service. This study focuses on the issue of the prohibition to work for refugees and asylum seekers by reviewing the law and regulation concerning refugee protection, rights to work for foreigners, and fundamental human rights. In addition, a review of international norms and conventions on human rights, as well …

Regulating Data Exclusivity Of Ride-Hailing Service In Indonesian Competition Law, Annisa Rahma Diasti

Indonesia Law Review

The digital ride-hailing service platforms have advanced significantly due to technological development. It resulted in lower consumer costs and better-quality service. Thus, consumers opted for such platforms more than the conventional transportation, resulting in their exponential growth over the years such as Gojek and Grab in Indonesia. Their strong market position was achieved quickly, facilitated by innovation advantages such as indirect network effects and algorithm-based analysis of users’ past data. Ultimately, data has become a barrier for potential competitors to entering the market. Simultaneously, the incumbents or the dominant market holders likely to use a technology-based strategy by keeping access …

Legal Introspection Towards The Development Of Right To Privacy As Fundamental Right In India, Payal Thaorey

Indonesia Law Review

Privacy of the individual is an essential aspect of dignity. The ability of the individual to protect a zone of privacy enables the realization of the full value of life and liberty. Liberty has a broader meaning of which privacy is a subset. All liberties may not be exercised in privacy. Yet others can be fulfilled only within a private space. Privacy enables the individual to retain the autonomy of the body and mind. The autonomy of the individual is the ability to make decisions on vital matters of concern to life. The journey of right to privacy has been …