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Articles 31 - 60 of 144
Full-Text Articles in Law
Climate Variability, Land Ownership And Migration: Evidence From Thailand About Gender Impacts, Sara R. Curran, Jacqueline Meijer-Irons
Climate Variability, Land Ownership And Migration: Evidence From Thailand About Gender Impacts, Sara R. Curran, Jacqueline Meijer-Irons
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
Scholars point to climate change, often in the form of more frequent and severe drought, as a potential driver of migration in the developing world, particularly for places where populations rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. To date, however, there have been few large-scale, longitudinal studies that explore the relationship between climate change and migration. This study significantly extends current scholarship by evaluating distinctive effects of climatic variation and models these effects on men’s and women’s responsiveness to drought and rainfall. Our study also investigates how land ownership moderates these effects. We find small, but significant, increases in migration above …
Cercla Apportionment Following Burlington Northern: How Joint And Several Liability Still Thrives—To The Surprise Of Many, Ryan Brady
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
Courts have generally held parties who are responsible for hazardous waste jointly and severally liable for that harm under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). On rare occasions, parties have shown a reasonable basis for apportionment of the harm and avoided joint and several liability. However, in 2009, the Supreme Court in Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. United States upheld an apportionment of harm based on a seemingly lower standard of evidence than courts have required in the past, potentially lowering the burden on parties to obtain apportionment. This article briefly summarizes Burlington Northern …
Climate Change: Disappearing States, Migration, And Challenges For International Law, Sumudu Atapattu
Climate Change: Disappearing States, Migration, And Challenges For International Law, Sumudu Atapattu
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
This Article discusses two inter-related issues: the legal implications of climate-induced migration and the phenomenon of ‘disappearing states’ through the lens of four case studies, Kivalina, Inuit, the Maldives, and Tuvalu. As early as 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognized that the greatest single impact of climate change may be on human migration. With sea level rise, Small Island States face the prospect of losing their territory. The Article discusses the challenges that these two issues pose for international law.
The Concept Of Species With Constant Reference To Killer Whales, Thomas Wheeler
The Concept Of Species With Constant Reference To Killer Whales, Thomas Wheeler
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
Watson recognized 182 species, Babington 251, and Bentham only 112. Over 150 years since Darwin’s time, scientists continue to debate what constitutes a species. But while this uncertainty remains unchanged, the law has: the United States has committed to protect individual (endangered) species. What was once merely an academic dispute now carries legal weight under the Endangered Species Act (ESA): recognition of a species can trigger significant economic consequences and non-recognition can doom a species to extinction. This comment examines the scientific roots of taxonomic uncertainty, the legal landscape of the ESA, and the potential unforeseen consequences of the relationship …
Washington's Water Right Impairment Standard: How The Current Interpretation Impedes The State's Policy Of Maximizing Net Benefits, Matthew Rajnus
Washington's Water Right Impairment Standard: How The Current Interpretation Impedes The State's Policy Of Maximizing Net Benefits, Matthew Rajnus
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
Washington manages water rights under conflicting goals—maximizing net benefits while protecting water rights from any impairment. Over time, the state judiciary, often at the request of the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology), has elevated the water right impairment standard to an absolute protection. Initially, Division III of the Washington Court of Appeals held that it was proper for Ecology to require a modeled impact of 0.004 percent in river flows, finding that this was substantial and could not be allowed; then, the Washington Supreme Court concluded that any impact constituted impairment; and most recently, the Court paradoxically declared that instream …
Climate Change, Gender Inequality And Migration In East Africa, Medhanit A. Abebe
Climate Change, Gender Inequality And Migration In East Africa, Medhanit A. Abebe
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
East Africa, one of the most volatile regions in Africa, has been suffering from enormous problems caused by population growth, weak governance, war, and famine. Recently, the advent of climate change has exacerbated these pre-existing problems. These impacts are not felt equally across populations, and, according to various studies, disproportionately affect women. Despite reforms, rural East African women still struggle to access resources or participate in decision-making processes. As a result, they have a weaker ability to adapt to climate change than men. This weaker adaptive capacity influences migration patterns between the genders, and creates its own set of problems. …
Legal Study On The Climate Change-Induced Migrants In China, Deng Haifeng, Zhao Yumin
Legal Study On The Climate Change-Induced Migrants In China, Deng Haifeng, Zhao Yumin
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
While climate change is a natural phenomenon, it has also caused a series of social problems for human society. One of the most serious repercussions of climate change is the impact on population movements. As the effects of climate change grow exponentially, the number of climate change-induced migrants will also increase. Climate change-induced migrants are individuals who spontaneously or forcibly migrate temporarily or permanently from their hometowns to other regions under the influence of climate policies or climate-related projects. Climate change, either suddenly or gradually, negatively affected these migrants’ living conditions, making it impossible to survive where they were located. …
Exporting Coal, Importing Pollution: Can The Consumption Of Coal Be Ignored Under Nepa And Sepa Analysis When Burned Overseas?, Ross Taylor
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
The Millennium Bulk Terminal in Longview, Washington, is one of several proposed locations along the west coast of the United States for a large export facility, which would allow large-scale exportation of domestic coal to Asia. The Millennium Bulk Terminal proposal has garnered significant opposition, yet attention is only recently turning to the specific concern over greenhouse gas emissions associated with such a project. This concern stems not just from operation of the facility or transportation to and from it but from the possibly damaging amount of emissions that would result from the coal’s ultimate consumption in Asia. Implicated by …
Fixed Perspectives: The Evolving Contours Of The Fixation Requirement In Copyright Law, Evan Brown
Fixed Perspectives: The Evolving Contours Of The Fixation Requirement In Copyright Law, Evan Brown
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
To qualify for copyright protection under the current Copyright Act, a work must, inter alia, be fixed in a tangible medium of expression. This requirement is easily met when a work is embodied in a historical medium of mass expression like a printed book, photograph, or audio recording. However, when an author departs from such established media of fixation, the requirement can create a more significant barrier to copyrightability. Three decades ago, digital media provided one such challenge. Today, authors and lawyers alike are pushing the conceptual boundaries of communicative media, and this has led to some controversial recent …
The Lab's First Year, University Of Washington School Of Law
The Lab's First Year, University Of Washington School Of Law
Tech Policy Lab
The Tech Policy Lab at the University of Washington is off to an energetic start, thanks to a transformative founding gift from Microsoft and the efforts of our staff, students, and colleagues. We have hosted important policy conversations, carefully put into place the methods of procedure for true interdisciplinary research, and completed or initiated a variety of important projects around emerging technology policy.
The Evolving Landscape Of Tcpa Consent Standards And Ways To Minimize Risk, Misa K. Bretschneider
The Evolving Landscape Of Tcpa Consent Standards And Ways To Minimize Risk, Misa K. Bretschneider
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
Given the exponential growth in mobile phone usage, more businesses are adopting mobile communication strategies to engage with existing and potential customers. With 97% of all mobile marketing text messages being opened by their intended recipients, mobile text message marketing is both effective and lucrative. However, businesses must ensure that such messages comply with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), which generally prohibits sending unsolicited commercial text messages. Indeed, TCPA litigation has become the recent darling of class action lawyers due to uncapped statutory damages and is sure to increase with the heightened consent regulations promulgated by the Federal Communications …
Discovering The Undiscoverable: Patent Eligibility Of Dna And The Future Of Biotechnical Patent Claims Post-Myriad, Alex Boguniewicz
Discovering The Undiscoverable: Patent Eligibility Of Dna And The Future Of Biotechnical Patent Claims Post-Myriad, Alex Boguniewicz
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
In June 2013 the Supreme Court held that naturally occurring human DNA cannot be patented, but synthetically created DNA is patent-eligible. Though a major victory for patients’ rights, the holding of Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics appears to be the latest in a series of restrictions on patents and the human body, much to the annoyance of biotechnology companies. However, this case should not be viewed as the final word in patenting “natural phenomena.” Patent claims of genetic material are still viable when the claim details a new and useful improvement on the naturally occurring product or an …
Spying On Americans: At What Point Does The Nsa's Collection And Searching Of Metadata Violate The Fourth Amendment?, Elizabeth Atkins
Spying On Americans: At What Point Does The Nsa's Collection And Searching Of Metadata Violate The Fourth Amendment?, Elizabeth Atkins
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
Edward Snowden became a household name on June 5, 2013, when he leaked highly classified documents revealing that the American Government was spying on its citizens. The information exposed that the National Security Agency (NSA) collected millions of American’s metadata through forced cooperation with telephone-service providers. Metadata contains sensitive and private information about a person’s life. When collected and searched, metadata can reveal a portrait of a person’s intimate activities amounting to a violation of one’s reasonable expectation of privacy. This Article suggests changing the current standard allowing the NSA to collect and search metadata under Section 215 of the …
Introduction. A Remarkable Occurrence: Progress For Civil Society In An "Open" Myanmar, Andrew J. Morgan
Introduction. A Remarkable Occurrence: Progress For Civil Society In An "Open" Myanmar, Andrew J. Morgan
Washington International Law Journal
A remarkable thing happened in Myanmar in the summer of 2013. A government that, in recent decades, enacted and carried out among the most draconian and repressive policies toward civil society organizations in the world sat down with a large, representative body of such organizations to hear criticisms of a recently passed law. Perhaps more remarkably, the government then revised the law in response to these criticisms, fundamentally altering the people’s right to freely associate. This introductory piece to the Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal’s special edition devoted to Myanmar provides context for this seemingly remarkable occurrence. It demonstrates …
Arriving At Clearly Established: The Taser Problem And Reforming Qualified Immunity Analysis In The Ninth Circuit, Kate Seabright
Arriving At Clearly Established: The Taser Problem And Reforming Qualified Immunity Analysis In The Ninth Circuit, Kate Seabright
Washington Law Review
Federal law allows private citizens to bring civil suits against government officials who violate their constitutional rights while acting under the color of state law. The doctrine of qualified immunity shields officials from liability when their conduct does not violate clearly established constitutional rights. When determining whether a right was clearly established at the time of a particular injury, the Ninth Circuit purportedly looks to whatever decisional law is available to inform its analysis. This Comment examines recent Taser-related cases to show that, in practice, courts in the Ninth Circuit actually take two divergent approaches. Some look only to binding, …
Rediscovering "Law" In Myanmar: A Review Of Scholarship On The Legal System Of Myanmar, Melissa Crouch
Rediscovering "Law" In Myanmar: A Review Of Scholarship On The Legal System Of Myanmar, Melissa Crouch
Washington International Law Journal
Myanmar’s legal system is an understudied area in the academic field of Asian Legal Studies. This article aims to provide a map of legal scholarship in Myanmar that can be built on in the future. It identifies the key issues and arguments that have driven research on law in Myanmar, and the central academics whose oeuvre of publications have sustained the field. It is organized around four broad themes: custom, religion, and the law; public law and governance; corporate law; and the politics of law. It suggests that in order to build the next generation of legal scholarship, future research …
Foreigners In Burma: A Framework For Responsible Investment, Rachel E. Ryon
Foreigners In Burma: A Framework For Responsible Investment, Rachel E. Ryon
Washington International Law Journal
Burma is hailed as a great democratic success story: a once-rogue nation holding elections, releasing political prisoners, and promising human rights reforms. The people elected to Parliament Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of the democratic movement who was under house arrest for more than twenty years. The world responded with applause and open pocketbooks. In April of 2012, Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General of the United Nations, asked members to lift their sanctions on the formerly “rogue” nation and begin investing. But for a resource-rich country with a long track record of corruption, this flood of foreign investment will likely …
Finding Justice Scalia In Burma: Constitutional Interpretation And The Impeachment Of Myanmar's Constitutional Tribunal, Dominic J. Nardi Jr.
Finding Justice Scalia In Burma: Constitutional Interpretation And The Impeachment Of Myanmar's Constitutional Tribunal, Dominic J. Nardi Jr.
Washington International Law Journal
While the comparative courts literature has yielded valuable insights into confrontations between political elites and judges, we still know relatively little about if and how jurisprudential methodology affects the ability of constitutional courts to survive such crises. How does the choice between originalism versus living constitutionalism affect a court’s relationship with the other branches of government? Do political elites tend to be more hostile towards certain methods of interpretation? The 2012 impeachment of Myanmar’s Constitutional Tribunal presents an interesting example of the interplay between jurisprudence and politics. After fifty years of military rule, Myanmar’s 2008 Constitution produced a new civilian …
Myanmar's Democracy Struggle: The Impact Of Communal Violence Upon Rohingya Women And Youth, Engy Abdelkader
Myanmar's Democracy Struggle: The Impact Of Communal Violence Upon Rohingya Women And Youth, Engy Abdelkader
Washington International Law Journal
Since the end of its military rule in 2011, the international community has rewarded Myanmar for perceived political and economic reforms. Still, Burma’s transition to democratic governance is beset by an unfortunate human rights record and marred by state-sanctioned violence against members of its minority Rohingya Muslim population. This article explores the conflict’s impact upon Muslim women and children. It argues that the group is experiencing human rights violations that are specific to its identity and have yet to be adequately recognized and addressed. These violations emanate from discriminatory population control regulations, gender based violence, human trafficking, hard labor, and …
The New Class Actions In Japan, Michael J. Madderra
The New Class Actions In Japan, Michael J. Madderra
Washington International Law Journal
This comment provides the first journal publication on Japan’s new class action law, promulgated on December 11, 2013. In the past, Japanese attorneys used rules of joinder and other alternatives to form de facto class action lawsuits. This comment provides insight into the development of Japan’s new class action law through a discussion of the historical context in which it was created. After discussing the law and its development, this comment argues that Japan should examine U.S. jurisprudence to prepare for challenges to the new class action system. Comparing Japanese and U.S. class action systems is appropriate because of similarities …
Repeating The Failures Of Carbon Trading, Brittany A. Harris
Repeating The Failures Of Carbon Trading, Brittany A. Harris
Washington International Law Journal
Carbon emissions trading, or cap-and-trade, is increasingly in vogue among Pacific Rim countries as a means of combating climate change. In theory, cap-and-trade promises to solve climate change by capping and gradually reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions, and to do so with maximum economic efficiency. In reality, environmentally effective and economically efficient carbon emission trading systems have eluded both the international community and the European Union, and in practice have arguably increased emissions by artificially prolonging and legitimizing reliance on fossil fuels. In spite of this poor track record, five countries on the Pacific Rim …
Killing A Chicken To Scare The Monkey: The Unequal Administration Of Death In China, Jessica J. Shen
Killing A Chicken To Scare The Monkey: The Unequal Administration Of Death In China, Jessica J. Shen
Washington International Law Journal
China’s frequent usage of the death penalty in order to achieve deterrence of crime is well known to the international community; however, China also has a strong tradition of legal mercy stemming from imperial rule. In turn, imperial legal mercy originated from Confucian values of benevolence and humaneness. Although modern China emerged as a rejection of Imperial China’s Confucian hierarchal social structures, these cultural traditions have endured. For example, Confucianism’s humane influence can be seen in statutory and procedural mechanisms demonstrating benevolence towards criminals. However, only applying this benevolence to a select group of people betrays modern China’s statutory and …
Much Ado About Something: The First Amendment And Mandatory Labeling Of Genetically Engineered Foods, Stephen Tan, Brian Epley
Much Ado About Something: The First Amendment And Mandatory Labeling Of Genetically Engineered Foods, Stephen Tan, Brian Epley
Washington Law Review
This Article evaluates the free speech implications of laws requiring that GE foods be labeled and concludes that such regulations would meet all First Amendment requirements for compelled commercial speech. Part I traces the history of food labeling in the United States, the advent of genetic engineering, and the application of that technology in agriculture and the food industry. Part II evaluates the scope of commercial free speech and the appropriate test to be applied in determining whether a GE food labeling law would violate the First Amendment. Part III examines the impacts of an agricultural and food system increasingly …
The Claim-Centered Approach To Arising-Under Jurisdiction: A Brief Rejoinder To Professor Mulligan, Simona Grossi
The Claim-Centered Approach To Arising-Under Jurisdiction: A Brief Rejoinder To Professor Mulligan, Simona Grossi
Washington Law Review
My claim-centered approach to arising-under jurisdiction fully embraces the three subcategories of jurisdiction that Professor Mulligan identifies. My essential point is that the bifurcation (or trifurcation as Professor Mulligan suggests) into separate doctrines has led to a mechanical jurisprudence that is sometimes inconsistent with the fundamental principles that ought to animate § 1331 jurisdictional analysis. In my view, Gully v. First National Bank illuminates those fundamental principles by focusing on the role of the federal issue in the case before the court. That does not mean that Gully provides an easy answer for all applications of arising-under jurisdiction; it does …
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Washington Law Review
Regulatory capture generally evokes negative images of private interests exerting excessive influence on government action to advance their own agendas at the expense of the public interest. There are some cases, however, where this conventional wisdom is exactly backwards. This Article explores the first verifiable case, taken from healthcare cybersecurity, where regulatory capture enabled regulators to harness private expertise to advance exclusively public goals. Comparing this example to other attempts at harnessing industry expertise reveals a set of characteristics under which regulatory capture can be used in the public interest: (1) legislatively mandated adoption of recommendations by an advisory committee …
Much Ado About Something: The First Amendment And Mandatory Labeling Of Genetically Engineered Foods, Stephen Tan, Brian Epley
Much Ado About Something: The First Amendment And Mandatory Labeling Of Genetically Engineered Foods, Stephen Tan, Brian Epley
Washington Law Review
This Article evaluates the free speech implications of laws requiring that GE foods be labeled and concludes that such regulations would meet all First Amendment requirements for compelled commercial speech. Part I traces the history of food labeling in the United States, the advent of genetic engineering, and the application of that technology in agriculture and the food industry. Part II evaluates the scope of commercial free speech and the appropriate test to be applied in determining whether a GE food labeling law would violate the First Amendment. Part III examines the impacts of an agricultural and food system increasingly …
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Washington Law Review
Regulatory capture generally evokes negative images of private interests exerting excessive influence on government action to advance their own agendas at the expense of the public interest. There are some cases, however, where this conventional wisdom is exactly backwards. This Article explores the first verifiable case, taken from healthcare cybersecurity, where regulatory capture enabled regulators to harness private expertise to advance exclusively public goals. Comparing this example to other attempts at harnessing industry expertise reveals a set of characteristics under which regulatory capture can be used in the public interest: (1) legislatively mandated adoption of recommendations by an advisory committee …
Gully And The Failure To Stake A 28 U.S.C. § 1331 "Claim", Lumen N. Mulligan
Gully And The Failure To Stake A 28 U.S.C. § 1331 "Claim", Lumen N. Mulligan
Washington Law Review
In this piece, I argue that a return to Gully v. First National Bank in Meridian as an approach to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 jurisdiction is ill-conceived. In a recent thoughtful article, Professor Simona Grossi draws heavily upon the traditions of the legal process school’s approach to federal courts jurisprudence to support just such a resurrection of Gully as the lodestar for § 1331 doctrine. While embracing a return to the legal process school, I argue first that the Gully view—read as a call for judges simply to select sufficiently important matters, in relation to plaintiff’s case in chief, for …
Loss-Of-Chance Doctrine In Washington: From Herskovits To Mohr And The Need For Clarification, Matthew Wurdeman
Loss-Of-Chance Doctrine In Washington: From Herskovits To Mohr And The Need For Clarification, Matthew Wurdeman
Washington Law Review
Loss of chance is a well-established tort doctrine that seeks to balance traditional tort causation principles with the need to provide a remedy to patients whose injuries or illnesses are seriously exacerbated by physician negligence. In Washington, the doctrine continues to create significant difficulties for judges, juries, and practitioners. Wherever it has been applied, it has often created difficulties. The loss-of-chance doctrine needs clarification—definitive, sensible, and workable guidelines to ensure that loss of chance is consistently and fairly applied. Part of the problem lies in the fact that courts and litigants use the term “loss of chance” as if it …
The Slow-Burning Genocide Of Myanmar's Rohingya, Maung Zarni, Alice Cowley
The Slow-Burning Genocide Of Myanmar's Rohingya, Maung Zarni, Alice Cowley
Washington International Law Journal
Since 1978, the Rohingya, a Muslim minority of Western Burma, have been subject to a state-sponsored process of destruction. The Rohingya have deep historical roots in the borderlands of Rakhine State, Myanmar, and were recognized officially both as citizens and as an ethnic group by three successive governments of post-independence Burma. In 1978, General Ne Win’s socialist military dictatorship launched the first large-scale campaign against the Rohingya in Rakhine State with the intent first of expelling them en masse from Western Burma and subsequently legalizing the systematic erasure of Rohingya group identity and legitimizing their physical destruction. This on-going process …