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2012

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Articles 13021 - 13050 of 13461

Full-Text Articles in Law

Travels Of The Criminal Question: Cultural Embeddedness And Diffusion [Book Review], Mark Findlay Jan 2012

Travels Of The Criminal Question: Cultural Embeddedness And Diffusion [Book Review], Mark Findlay

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

No abstract provided.

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The Northern Arabian Gulf : A Critical Area For Maritime Safety And Security, Sameer A. Marzoq Jan 2012

The Northern Arabian Gulf : A Critical Area For Maritime Safety And Security, Sameer A. Marzoq

World Maritime University Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to look for a solution for the problem on maritime safety and security in The Northern Arabian Gulf (NAG). Due to the absence of an agreement between the countries of the North Arabian Gulf and the existence of cases of instability, which took advantage of the other parties to carry out criminal acts adversely affect the safety and security of the region came this research for the purpose of shedding light on this problem and then propose appropriate solutions in accordance with international laws of the seas and oceans. It also intends to provide …

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Who Bears The Cost Of Excessive Executive Compensation (And Other Corporate Agency Costs)?, David I. Walker Jan 2012

Who Bears The Cost Of Excessive Executive Compensation (And Other Corporate Agency Costs)?, David I. Walker

Faculty Scholarship

Managerial agency costs are ubiquitous in the modern public corporation. Agency costs arise from the separation of ownership and control and reflect the divergence between share-value-maximizing actions of managers and managers’ actual actions, plus the monitoring and bonding expenditures (including contracting costs) undertaken to reduce that divergence. Agency costs vary firm by firm, but regulatory actions and even business practices can have a systematic impact on agency costs. For example, increased or decreased enforcement of insider trading rules can affect agency costs across a wide spectrum of companies. Who bears the burden of corporate agency costs? Who gains or suffers …

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Agents Without Principals: Regulating The Duty Of Loyalty For Non Profit Corporations Through The Intermediate Sanctions Tax Regulations, Carly B. Eisenberg, Kevin Outterson Jan 2012

Agents Without Principals: Regulating The Duty Of Loyalty For Non Profit Corporations Through The Intermediate Sanctions Tax Regulations, Carly B. Eisenberg, Kevin Outterson

Faculty Scholarship

Delaware corporate law imposes a duty of loyalty on officers and directors as a mechanism to regulate and deter self-dealing transactions. In nonprofit corporations, however, there are generally no shareholders with direct financial incentives to monitor against self-dealing. In the absence of shareholders and other principals, Congress and the IRS have articulated duty of loyalty rules for nonprofits that reach far beyond those applied to the for-profit world--most prominently the § 4958 intermediate sanctions. This article identifies the persons who owe a duty of loyalty to a nonprofit corporation, the applicable fiduciary standards for violating the duty of loyalty, and …

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Regulating Compounding Pharmacies After Necc, Kevin Outterson Jan 2012

Regulating Compounding Pharmacies After Necc, Kevin Outterson

Faculty Scholarship

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules are often forged in crisis. After the 1937 sulfanilamide disaster that killed more than 100 people, Congress passed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA),requiring drugs to be safe and properly labeled. In 1962, a requirement was introduced for proof of drug efficacy through “adequate and well-controlled investigations,” partly in response to the thalidomide tragedy. Rules protecting human-research subjects owe a debt to Tuskegee and Nuremberg.

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A Randomized Study Of How Physicians Interpret Research Funding Disclosures, Christopher Robertson Jan 2012

A Randomized Study Of How Physicians Interpret Research Funding Disclosures, Christopher Robertson

Faculty Scholarship

The effects of clinical-trial funding on the interpretation of trial results are poorly understood. We examined how such support affects physicians’ reactions to trials with a high, medium, or low level of methodologic rigor.

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The Affordable Care Act Individual Coverage Requirement: Ways To Frame The Commerce Clause Issue, Wendy K. Mariner Jan 2012

The Affordable Care Act Individual Coverage Requirement: Ways To Frame The Commerce Clause Issue, Wendy K. Mariner

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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Penalty Clauses And The Cisg, Jack Graves Jan 2012

Penalty Clauses And The Cisg, Jack Graves

Scholarly Works

Commercial agreements often provide for “fixed sums” payable upon a specified breach. Such agreements are generally enforced in civil law jurisdictions. In contrast, the common law distinguishes between “liquidated damages” and “penalty” clauses, enforcing the former, while invalidating the latter as a penalty. The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not directly address the payment of “fixed sums” as damages, and the validity of “penalty” clauses has, traditionally, been relegated to otherwise applicable domestic national law under CISG Article 4. This traditional orthodoxy has recently been challenged—suggesting that the fate of a penalty clause …

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Honey, It’S All The Buzz: Regulating Neighborhood Beehives, Patricia E. Salkin Jan 2012

Honey, It’S All The Buzz: Regulating Neighborhood Beehives, Patricia E. Salkin

Scholarly Works

Beekeeping’s popularity has surged in recent years, perhaps culminating in the introduction of the first ever White House bee hive. Local Apiaries provide a wide variety of benefits to communities, ranging from pollination services for gardens to producing honey that can be used in a wide array of foods and products. Apiaries are not always welcome in a community, however, perhaps because of their potential to cause a nuisance, or to harm crops or people. Although beekeeping regulation implicates both state and federal concerns a number of localities have developed unique and practical regulations that promote backyard beekeeping, while maximizing …

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Government "Green" Requirements And "Leedigation", Patricia E. Salkin, Graham Grady, Nicole Mueller, Susan Herendeen Jan 2012

Government "Green" Requirements And "Leedigation", Patricia E. Salkin, Graham Grady, Nicole Mueller, Susan Herendeen

Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.

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The Quiet Revolution And Federalism: Into The Future, Patricia E. Salkin Jan 2012

The Quiet Revolution And Federalism: Into The Future, Patricia E. Salkin

Scholarly Works

This Article offers an examination of the federal role in land use planning and regulation set in the context of varying theories of federalism by presenting a historical and modern overview of the increasing federal influence in local land use planning and regulation, specifically highlighting how federal statutes and programs impact local municipal decision making in the area of land use planning. Part II provides a brief introduction into theories of federalism and their application to local land use regulation in the United States. Part III provides a brief overview of federal legislation in the United States which affected local …

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A Look At The Establishment Clause Through The Prism Of Religious Perspectives: Religious Majorities, Religious Minorities, And Nonbelievers, Samuel J. Levine Jan 2012

A Look At The Establishment Clause Through The Prism Of Religious Perspectives: Religious Majorities, Religious Minorities, And Nonbelievers, Samuel J. Levine

Scholarly Works

This article traces the Court’s Establishment Clause jurisprudence through several decades, examining a number of landmark cases through the prism of religious minority perspectives. In so doing, the Article aims to demonstrate the significance of religious perspectives in the development of both the doctrine and rhetoric of the Establishment Clause. The Article then turns to the current state of the Establishment Clause, expanding upon these themes through a close look at the 2004 and 2005 cases Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, Van Orden v. Perry, and McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky. The article concludes …

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Court Litigation Over Arbitration Agreements: Is It Time For A New Default Rule?, Jack Graves Jan 2012

Court Litigation Over Arbitration Agreements: Is It Time For A New Default Rule?, Jack Graves

Scholarly Works

Court litigation over the existence or validity of arbitration agreements is a major threat to the efficacy of international commercial arbitration. While New York Convention Article II(3) requires a court to “refer the parties to arbitration” when faced with a valid and effective arbitration agreement, it fails to provide any guidance with respect to the process for answering that question, thus leaving the issue to national law. A recalcitrant respondent may, therefore, have a variety of options for court challenges—based on a disparate array of national laws—in seeking to delay or at least complicate any claims subject to arbitration. This …

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Penalty Clauses And The Cisg, Jack Graves Jan 2012

Penalty Clauses And The Cisg, Jack Graves

Scholarly Works

Commercial agreements often provide for “fixed sums” payable upon a specified breach. Such agreements are generally enforced in civil law jurisdictions. In contrast, the common law distinguishes between “liquidated damages” and “penalty” clauses, enforcing the former, while invalidating the latter as a penalty. The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not directly address the payment of “fixed sums” as damages, and the validity of “penalty” clauses has, traditionally, been relegated to otherwise applicable domestic national law under CISG Article 4. This traditional orthodoxy has recently been challenged—suggesting that the fate of a penalty clause …

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Decoding First Amendment Coverage Of Computer Source Code In The Age Of Youtube, Facebook And The Arab Spring, Jorge Roig Jan 2012

Decoding First Amendment Coverage Of Computer Source Code In The Age Of Youtube, Facebook And The Arab Spring, Jorge Roig

Scholarly Works

Computer source code is the lifeblood of the Internet. It is also the brick and mortar of cyberspace. As such, it has been argued that the degree of control that a government can wield over code can be a powerful tool for controlling new technologies. With the advent and proliferation in the Internet of social networking media and platforms for the publication and sharing of user-generated content, the ability of individuals across the world to communicate with each other has reached truly revolutionary dimensions. The influence of Facebook in the popular revolutions of the Arab Spring has been well documented. …

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Sprawl In Canada And The United States, Michael Lewyn Jan 2012

Sprawl In Canada And The United States, Michael Lewyn

Scholarly Works

The purpose of this Article is to ascertain whether (1) suburban sprawl is as widespread in Canadian metropolitan areas as in their American counterparts, and (2) Canadian government policies, and in particular Canadian zoning law and transportation policies, encourage sprawl. The article concludes that Canadian metropolitan areas are in fact somewhat less sprawling than most of their American counterparts, but that in Canada, as in the United States, government land use regulation and government transportation policy do favor sprawl to some extent. For example, in both nations municipal zoning regulations, by limiting density and forcing landowners to build parking lots, …

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It's Not Just A Writing Problem, Suzanne Darrow Kleinhaus Jan 2012

It's Not Just A Writing Problem, Suzanne Darrow Kleinhaus

Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.

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A Heretical View Of Teaching: A Contrarian Looks At Teaching, The Carnegie Report And Best Practices, Gary Shaw Jan 2012

A Heretical View Of Teaching: A Contrarian Looks At Teaching, The Carnegie Report And Best Practices, Gary Shaw

Scholarly Works

This article takes a position contrary to those of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Report, Educating Lawyers and Best Practices for Legal Education. It argues that much of the harm those reports attribute to Socratic dialogue is misguided— that the problems that arise are a result ofbad teaching technique rather than any flaw intrinsic in Socratic dialogue. It then goes on to argue that because many of the problems the two reports are trying to address are due to poor teaching rather than the Socratic dialogue, the reports’ recommendations cannot achieve the results hoped for. Current law …

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Superheroes, Bandits, And Cyber-Nerds: Exploring The History And Contemporary Development Of The Vigilante, Stephanie Juliano Jan 2012

Superheroes, Bandits, And Cyber-Nerds: Exploring The History And Contemporary Development Of The Vigilante, Stephanie Juliano

Scholarly Works

This article will first discuss what defines a vigilante, the history of vigilantes, and the contemporary vigilante's effect on the legal system as a whole. Also, this article will focus on those scenarios that bring an ordinary person to react in an illegal way to a perceived injustice. In focusing on these scenarios, this article will examine a little more closely the answers of deeper questions about the nature of law and justice, and their roles in the accelerating world of new media.

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Rights, Reservations, And Religion; International Human Rights Law And The Status Of Women, Mark Goldfeder Jan 2012

Rights, Reservations, And Religion; International Human Rights Law And The Status Of Women, Mark Goldfeder

Scholarly Works

While human rights law in its current form is less than fifty years old, the issues that it grapples with are much, much older. People oftentimes dismiss religion or religious norms as being out of date, close-minded, or old-fashioned, and label religious views as discriminatory in theory or even in practice. In reality, religions have been dealing with human rights issues since ancient times, and in some ways have laid the groundwork for the very modern discussions that have supplanted them. The answers that religions give, therefore, deserve at the very least a careful and respectful analysis before they are …

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Go White, Young Man, Alfred Brophy Jan 2012

Go White, Young Man, Alfred Brophy

Vanderbilt Law Review

No abstract provided.

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The Legal Regulation Of Gay And Lesbian Families As Interstate Immigration Law, Sarah Abramowicz Jan 2012

The Legal Regulation Of Gay And Lesbian Families As Interstate Immigration Law, Sarah Abramowicz

Vanderbilt Law Review

No abstract provided.

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American Legal History Revisited, James W. Ely Jr. Jan 2012

American Legal History Revisited, James W. Ely Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Blowing Hot Air: An Analysis Of State Involvement In Greenhouse Gas Litigation, Caroline Cecot Jan 2012

Blowing Hot Air: An Analysis Of State Involvement In Greenhouse Gas Litigation, Caroline Cecot

Vanderbilt Law Review

In Massachusetts v. EPA (2007), the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the Clean Air Act ("CAA") to require the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") to regulate greenhouse gas emissions1 from motor vehicles if the EPA Administrator finds that the emissions endanger public health and welfare ("Endangerment Finding"). In December 2009, the Administrator made such an Endangerment Finding, obligating the EPA to work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") to develop average fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards for new light-duty vehicles. After issuing proposals and reviewing comments from the public, the two agencies announced their groundbreaking final regulation ("Tailpipe …

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Contingent Compensation Of Post-Conviction Counsel: A Modest Proposal To Identify Meritorious Claims And Reduce Wasteful Government Spending, Christopher Robertson Jan 2012

Contingent Compensation Of Post-Conviction Counsel: A Modest Proposal To Identify Meritorious Claims And Reduce Wasteful Government Spending, Christopher Robertson

Faculty Scholarship

This contribution to a symposium on post-conviction litigation argues that the lack of properly-incentivized counsel is a primary problem with our failing system of habeas litigation. The lack of counsel causes a great flood of frivolous petitions by pro se prisoners, while also preventing prisoners with meritorious claims from getting relief. The lack of counsel, and more fundamentally, the lack of funding therefor, thus perpetuates the problem of incarceration waste. Government-funded contingent compensation of post-conviction counsel may be the most promising way to help courts identify the bona fide cases deserving of relief, providing more accurate justice and saving money …

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With Child, Without Rights?: Restoring A Pregnant Woman's Right To Refuse Medical Treatment Through The Hiv Lens, Michael Ulrich Jan 2012

With Child, Without Rights?: Restoring A Pregnant Woman's Right To Refuse Medical Treatment Through The Hiv Lens, Michael Ulrich

Faculty Scholarship

In Doe v. Division of Youth & Family Services , a hospital employee sought state intervention when an HIV-positive woman refused to comply with treatment recommendations during her pregnancy to drastically reduce the chances of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT), eventually triggering a lawsuit against the hospital. With an increase in the number of HIV-positive women becoming pregnant and the court avoiding constitutional analysis of the woman’s right to refuse medical treatment, there is a clear void where legal analysis is surely needed. This Article fills this void for the inevitable case where an HIV-positive pregnant woman’s right to refuse medical treatment is …

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The Emerging Enforcement Practice Of The International Criminal Court, Hirad Abtahi, Steven Arrigg Koh Jan 2012

The Emerging Enforcement Practice Of The International Criminal Court, Hirad Abtahi, Steven Arrigg Koh

Faculty Scholarship

The dual enforcement regime of the International Criminal Court constitutes a fundamental pillar of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and represents a novel system within the history of international criminal law. This article is the first to focus on the emerging practice of the Court as it begins developing and implementing this unique enforcement regime. Drawing directly from the recent history within the Presidency and focusing on the current activities of the Trust Fund for Victims, this Article explains how, why, and in what direction the Court’s enforcement practice is evolving.

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The Private And Social Costs Of Patent Trolls, James Bessen, Jennifer Ford, Michael J. Meurer Jan 2012

The Private And Social Costs Of Patent Trolls, James Bessen, Jennifer Ford, Michael J. Meurer

Faculty Scholarship

The emergence of nonpracticing entities (NPEs) — firms that purchase and hold patent rights but neither innovate themselves nor use the patents in the production of goods — is supposed to incentivize innovation by providing a ready market for innovators. We test this idea empirically and find that NPEs produce little returns for innovators or for their own shareholders, but they place significant costs on productive firms that violate patents inadvertently. Indeed, it appears that NPEs — often disparagingly called “patent trolls” — discourage productive firms from innovating for fear that they will then be subject to a patent troll …

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Cost-Benefit Federalism: Reconciling Collective Action Federalism And Libertarian Federalism In The Obamacare Litigation And Beyond, Abigail Moncrieff Jan 2012

Cost-Benefit Federalism: Reconciling Collective Action Federalism And Libertarian Federalism In The Obamacare Litigation And Beyond, Abigail Moncrieff

Faculty Scholarship

The lawsuits challenging Obamacare's individual mandate have exposed a rift in federalism theory. On one side of the divide is a view that the national government ought to intervene - and ought to be constitutionally permitted to intervene - whenever the states are "separately incompetent" to regulate. This is the view that Robert Cooter and Neil Siegel recently theorized as "collective action federalism." On the other side of the divide is a view that federalism exists for reasons other than efficiency of regulation and particularly that the Founders created the federal structure for the protection of individual liberty. According to …

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Statistical Knowledge Deconstructed, Kenneth Simons Jan 2012

Statistical Knowledge Deconstructed, Kenneth Simons

Faculty Scholarship

The law frequently distinguishes between individualized knowledge (awareness that one’s act will harm a particular victim, e.g., driving through an intersection while aware that one’s automobile is likely to injure a pedestrian) and statistical knowledge (awareness that one’s activity or multiple acts will, to a high statistical likelihood, harm one or more potential victims, e.g., proceeding with a large construction project that one confidently predicts will result in worker injuries). Under tort and criminal law doctrine, acting with individualized knowledge is ordinarily much more difficult to justify, and, if unjustified, much more culpable, than acting with statistical knowledge. Yet the …

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