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Articles 31 - 56 of 56
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Public's Right To Fair Use: Amending Section 107 To Avoid The 'Fared Use' Fallacy, Wendy J. Gordon, Daniel Bahls
The Public's Right To Fair Use: Amending Section 107 To Avoid The 'Fared Use' Fallacy, Wendy J. Gordon, Daniel Bahls
Faculty Scholarship
Under provocative titles like "Fared Use"1 and "The End of Friction,"2 commentators argue about whether or not the copyright doctrine of fair use3 should exist in a world of instantaneous transactions. As collecting societies such as the Copyright Clearance Center have become more powerful, and technologies like cellular phones and the internet have made it possible to purchase digital copies by dialing a number or clicking a mouse, the suggestion is sometimes made that fair use could or should disappear. The Second and Sixth Circuits have flirted with foreclosing fair use if a licensing market is present …
Intelligent Design And The First Amendment: A Response, Jay D. Wexler
Intelligent Design And The First Amendment: A Response, Jay D. Wexler
Faculty Scholarship
In September 2005, a federal district judge in Pennsylvania began presiding over the nation's first trial regarding the constitutionality of introducing the concept of "intelligent design" (ID), a purportedly scientific alternative to the theory of evolution, into the public schools. My previous work has argued that teaching ID in the public schools would raise serious constitutional problems. In a series of writings, including a full length book and several articles, Baylor University professor Francis Beckwith has argued that public schools may constitutionally teach ID. In doing so, Beckwith has critiqued a number of arguments I have previously advanced in my …
Fire, Metaphor, And Constitutional Myth-Making, Robert L. Tsai
Fire, Metaphor, And Constitutional Myth-Making, Robert L. Tsai
Faculty Scholarship
From the standpoint of traditional legal thought, metaphor is at best a dash of poetry adorning lawyerly analysis, and at worst an unjustifiable distraction from what is actually at stake in a legal contest. By contrast, in the eyes of those who view law as a close relative of ordinary language, metaphor is a basic building block of human understanding. This article accepts that metaphor helps us to comprehend a court's decision. At the same time, it argues that metaphor plays a special role in the realm of constitutional discourse. Metaphor in constitutional law not only reinforces doctrinal categories, but …
Darwin, Design, And Disestablishment: Teaching The Evolution Controversy In Public Schools, Jay D. Wexler
Darwin, Design, And Disestablishment: Teaching The Evolution Controversy In Public Schools, Jay D. Wexler
Faculty Scholarship
The controversy over teaching evolution in public schools is once again hot news. Ever since the Supreme Court decided in 1987 that Louisiana could not constitutionally require teachers to give equal time to teaching creation science and evolution, critics of evolution have adopted a variety of new strategies to change the way in which public schools present the subject to their students. These strategies have included teaching evolution as a "theory" rather than as a fact, disclaiming the truth of evolutionary theory, teaching arguments against evolution, teaching the allegedly nontheistic theory of intelligent design instead of creationism, removing evolution from …
Conceptualizing Constitutional Litigation As Anti-Government Expression: A Speech-Centered Theory Of Court Access, Robert L. Tsai
Conceptualizing Constitutional Litigation As Anti-Government Expression: A Speech-Centered Theory Of Court Access, Robert L. Tsai
Faculty Scholarship
This Article proposes a speech-based right of court access. First, it finds the traditional due process approach to be analytically incoherent and of limited practical value. Second, it contends that history, constitutional structure, and theory all support conceiving of the right of access as the modern analogue to the right to petition government for redress. Third, the Article explores the ways in which the civil rights plaintiff's lawsuit tracks the behavior of the traditional dissident. Fourth, by way of a case study, the essay argues that recent restrictions - notably, a congressional limitation on the amount of fees counsel for …
Rendering Unto Caesar Or Electioneering For Caesar--Loss Of Church Tax Exemption For Participation In Electoral Politics, Alan L. Feld
Rendering Unto Caesar Or Electioneering For Caesar--Loss Of Church Tax Exemption For Participation In Electoral Politics, Alan L. Feld
Faculty Scholarship
The restriction on church participation in political campaigns contained in the Internal Revenue Code operates uneasily. It appears to serve the useful purpose of separating the spheres of religion and electoral politics. But the separation often is only apparent, as churches in practice signal support for a particular candidate in a variety of rays that historically have not cost them their exemptions. Although the limited enforcement by the Internal Revenue Service has reflected the sensitive nature of the First Amendment values present, the federal government should provide more formal elaboration by statute or regulation. Focus on the use of funds …
Classroom Lecture For Copyright Law, Wendy J. Gordon
Classroom Lecture For Copyright Law, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
The differences between direct, vicarious and contributory liability, Section 512 in related matters. Alright, now let's move on to the next question, which is criminal liability. You read some material on that. And the basic lessons that I want you to take from the material are the following. First, notice that federal copyright law does not impose criminal liability easily as ordinary laws of tangible property do. And I think that that's a good thing. Remember that guy in Les Miserables who's pursued for stealing a loaf of bread. Stealing in the sense of copying one song would not make …
Defending The Middle Way: Intermediate Scrutiny As Judicial Minimalism, Jay D. Wexler
Defending The Middle Way: Intermediate Scrutiny As Judicial Minimalism, Jay D. Wexler
Faculty Scholarship
In the last few years, Court-watchers have been particularly busy critiquing the constitutional decisions of the splintered Rehnquist Court. Two of the recurring critiques have posited that the Justices are overly activist and that their opinions are needlessly confusing. American Lawyer's Stuart Taylor, for example, has decried both the "jurisprudential mess" of the Court's recent redistricting decisions' as well as the disturbing activism that Taylor believes marks each of the Equal Protection decisions of the 1995-96 Terman activism that has led him to wonder "whether there is any life at all left in the idea of judicial restraint."' Eva Rodriguez …
Fencing Cyberspace: Drawing Borders In A Virtual World, Maureen A. O'Rourke
Fencing Cyberspace: Drawing Borders In A Virtual World, Maureen A. O'Rourke
Faculty Scholarship
In the last few years, the Internet has increasingly become a source of information even for the historically computer illiterate. The growing popularity of the Internet has been driven in large part by the World Wide Web (web). The web is a system that facilitates use of the Internet by helping users sort through the great mass of information available on it. The web uses software that allows one document to link to and access another, and so on, despite the fact that the documents may reside on different machines in physically remote locations. The dispersion of data that is …
Of Pandas, People, And The First Amendment: The Constitutionality Of Teaching Intelligent Design In The Public Schools, Jay D. Wexler
Of Pandas, People, And The First Amendment: The Constitutionality Of Teaching Intelligent Design In The Public Schools, Jay D. Wexler
Faculty Scholarship
Despite the Supreme Court's 1987 decision in Edwards v. Aguillard, striking down Arkansas' statute requiring equal time for the teaching of creationism and evolution, the debate over whether some form of creationism should be taught in public schools has recently enjoyed a resurgence. In this note, Jay Wexler applies the Supreme Court's Establishment Clause to a new variant of creationism that posits the existence of an intelligent designer as an alternative to evolution. Wexler argues that teaching intelligent design theory in the public schools violates the Establishment Clause. After explaining that the Supreme Court has always applied the Establishment Clause …
Implications Of Mill's Theory Of Liberty For The Regulation Of Hate Speech And Hate Crimes, Keith N. Hylton
Implications Of Mill's Theory Of Liberty For The Regulation Of Hate Speech And Hate Crimes, Keith N. Hylton
Faculty Scholarship
The notion that utilitarianism cannot support a theory of fundamental rights is a recurring source of conflict in law and philosophy.' Those who adhere to this view argue that a utilitarian or consequentialist approach cannot provide a stable, permanent justification for rights: at any moment, the utilitarian calculus might conclude that what it considered a right yesterday, actually reduces total welfare, and therefore is not a right today. Perhaps no one has gone further in attempting to refute this claim than John Stuart Mill.' As a result, any effort to construct a consequentialist theory of fundamental rights must draw at …
Cowboys, Camels, And The First Amendment: The Fda's Restrictions On Tobacco Advertising, George J. Annas
Cowboys, Camels, And The First Amendment: The Fda's Restrictions On Tobacco Advertising, George J. Annas
Faculty Scholarship
The Marlboro Man and Joe Camel have become public health enemies number one and two, and removing their familiar faces from the gaze of young people has become a goal of President Bill Clinton and his health care officials. The strategy of limiting the exposure of children to tobacco advertisements is based on the fact that almost all regular smokers begin smoking in their teens. This approach is politically possible because most Americans believe that tobacco companies should be prohibited from targeting children in their advertising.
Letter To Ken Yalowitz, Esq., Wendy J. Gordon
Letter To Ken Yalowitz, Esq., Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
I hope you received the fax I sent with the material by Mark Rose discussing the linkages between paper money and art.
Blackmail: Dde-Type Inquiries - 1993, Wendy J. Gordon
Blackmail: Dde-Type Inquiries - 1993, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
DDE-type inquiries usually emerge from a particular brand of intuitionistically-applied deontology which one might call a "theory of side-constraints". From the deontologic notion that "persons are ends, not means," philosophers of this stripe have intuited a number of constraints that should constrain moral actors regardless of the cost. The science of side-constraints is obviously inconsistent with theories such as utilitarianism and economic wealth-maximization, where assessing the costs and benefits of an action constitute the primary guide for action. By contrast side-constraint philosophers tell us that one may not kill another person even to save a large number of other persons; …
Aals Speech, Wendy J. Gordon
Aals Speech, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
Marshall has also said I can speak as long as I want, so scream when you've had enough.
Blackmail And Transactional Structure - 1992, Wendy J. Gordon
Blackmail And Transactional Structure - 1992, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
The Coase Theorem operates in a world where mistaken allocations can be cured by trade. But blackmail involves two areas where mistaken allocations are likely to be permanent: free speech and reputation.
Cd-Rom Symposium Transcript Two - 1992, Wendy J. Gordon
Cd-Rom Symposium Transcript Two - 1992, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
MR. METALITZ: I think the point there is that amputation of authorship is really kind of an artifact of the registration process. You wouldn't be that concerned.
Cd-Rom Symposium Transcript One - 1992, Wendy J. Gordon
Cd-Rom Symposium Transcript One - 1992, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
Enclosed are the corrected pages of the transcript. The article itself will follow shortly.
Draft Of From Privacy To Publicity - 1991, Wendy J. Gordon
Draft Of From Privacy To Publicity - 1991, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
In defense of a "right 'to be let alone'", Warren and Brandeis published their landmark article, The Right to Privacy, approximately one hundred years ago. Over seventy years later, the American Law Institute endorsed a tort right in defense of privacy, and also included in its section on privacy rights a cause of action to redress "appropriation" of one's "name or likeness". Since then courts have used various bases to grant celebrities rights to protect their commercial identities from commercial exploitation by others. Although most states now recognize a right of publicity either by judicial decision or statute, the cause …
The First Amendment At Home And Abroad, Pnina Lahav
The First Amendment At Home And Abroad, Pnina Lahav
Faculty Scholarship
The powerful appeal of the First Amendment flows from the rhetoric it has inspired. Holmes's "[W]hen men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths, they may come to believe ... that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market"; Brandeis's " ... the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people; ... order cannot be secured merely through fear of punishment for its infraction; ... it is hazardous to discourage thought, hope and imagination; fear breeds repression; ... repression breeds hate; ... hate menaces stable …
Holmes And Brandeis: Libertarian And Republican Justifications For Free Speech, Pnina Lahav
Holmes And Brandeis: Libertarian And Republican Justifications For Free Speech, Pnina Lahav
Faculty Scholarship
Writing The Name of the Rose, observed Umberto Eco, made him aware of the "echoes of intertextuality." He discovered what "Homer, Rabelais and Cervantes have always known: . . .books always speak of other books, and every story tells a story that has already been told."' The same applies to political and legal theories: they weave the past into the present. Thus, in articulating justifications for freedom of speech, one may look to modern works such as Milton or John Stuart Mill, or one may reach farther back to Aristotle, Plato or Pericles. The choice of intellectual sources as …
Notes On Natural Rights Of Intellectual Property - 1985, Wendy J. Gordon
Notes On Natural Rights Of Intellectual Property - 1985, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
In many areas courts are giving new intellectual property rights for reasons they largely leave unarticulated. Noncopyrightable stock averages are being protected by state law. Merchandising emblems and symbols are being protected in non-trademark contexts by trademark law. The right of publicity has expanded to such an extent that judges and commentators al iKe bewail the imminent dangers to the First Amendment caused by the imprecision of the new right’s boundaries. Even in federal copyright law, which explicitly says that facts and ideas should be free of protection, and where inadvertent copying is supposed to be as actionable as intentional …
Conversation With Lee Bollinger - 1985, Wendy J. Gordon
Conversation With Lee Bollinger - 1985, Wendy J. Gordon
Scholarship Chronologically
First, Lee Bollinger (and others) seem to feel that the misappropriation "urge" makes sense when seen against a background where most things one creates DO get property treatment. Lee therefore says it's my burden as a writer to explain why this area is different--both to succeed in making a case clear, AND to create barriers between this area and others. Essentially, he argues, people will be afraid that less-than-complete property here will erode property elsewhere.
American Influence On Israel's Jurisprudence Of Free Speech, Pnina Lahav
American Influence On Israel's Jurisprudence Of Free Speech, Pnina Lahav
Faculty Scholarship
This is a study of the role played by judicial development of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution in shaping the jurisprudence of free speech in Israel - a country without a bill of rights. Rivalry and contrast between opposing modes of legal thought, judicial styles, doctrines, and finally, models of democracy within Israel's Supreme Court are major themes. Most of the adversarial elements reflect competing ideas in the intellectual history of American free speech law. Thus, the tension within Israel's Supreme Court reflects the tension between American free speech jurisprudence as it now is and as it …
Trustees Of Self-Interest?, Pnina Lahav
Trustees Of Self-Interest?, Pnina Lahav
Faculty Scholarship
Unconventional approaches to frequently addressed issues can be particularly illuminating, and John Lofton's discussion of the press and the first amendment takes a decidedly unconventional tack. Rather than focusing on the theme of governmental suppression of speech, Lofton attempts to highlight another angle: the reaction of the press to both political dissent and the official suppression of that dissent from the colonial period to the present day. His purpose, he notes, is "to examine how the American press has performed when confronted with the application of the amendment to practical events."
Confessions Of A Horizontalist: A Dialogue On The First Amendment, Larry Yackle
Confessions Of A Horizontalist: A Dialogue On The First Amendment, Larry Yackle
Faculty Scholarship
It is hardly surprising that the Supreme Court has never developed a satisfying theory of the first amendment. Free speech and press problems are many and varied, demanding the most delicate balance of interests in order to preserve a system of freedom of expression and at the same time afford proper respect for competing governmental objectives. Doctrine adapted to one medium of expression may not sit well when applied to others. With the passage of time, changes in technology, economic conditions, and the very nature of expression tend to outstrip the Court's ability to keep pace with doctrinal innovations. There …