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Articles 751 - 780 of 3365
Full-Text Articles in Law
Aboriginal Title Or The Paramountcy Doctrine? Johnson V. Mcintosh Flounders In Federal Waters Off Alsaka In Native Village Of Eyak V. Trawler Diane Marie, Inc., Andrew P. Richards
Aboriginal Title Or The Paramountcy Doctrine? Johnson V. Mcintosh Flounders In Federal Waters Off Alsaka In Native Village Of Eyak V. Trawler Diane Marie, Inc., Andrew P. Richards
Washington Law Review
In Johnson v. McIntosh and its progeny, the United States Supreme Court established the principle that aboriginal title allows Indian tribes to exclusively use and occupy their territories after they come under United States sovereignty. In Native Village of Eyak v. Trawler Diane Marie, Inc., five Alaska Native villages asserted aboriginal title to areas of the seabed and ocean off Alaska. The villages argued that federal fisheries regulations violate their aboriginal title by allowing non-Natives to fish within those areas, while excluding most of the villagers. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected the villages' …
The Bonds Of Joint Tax Liability Should Not Be Stronger Than Marriage: Congressional Intent Behind § 6015(C) Separation Of Liability Relief, Svetlana G. Attestatova
The Bonds Of Joint Tax Liability Should Not Be Stronger Than Marriage: Congressional Intent Behind § 6015(C) Separation Of Liability Relief, Svetlana G. Attestatova
Washington Law Review
Spouses who file joint tax returns are jointly and severally liable for any resulting tax deficiency. In the past, only innocent spouses—those with no knowledge of the tax understatement—could qualify for relief from such liability. In 1998, Congress expanded existing innocent spouse relief and added two new forms of relief—the separation of liability and discretionary relief provisions. Codified at 26 U.S.C. § 6015(c), separation of liability relief allocates items that give rise to a deficiency to each spouse as if they had filed separate returns, and is only available to spouses who are divorced, separated, or living apart. However, a …
Fair And Reasonable Compensation Means Just That: How § 253 Of The Telecommunications Act Preserves Local Government Authority Over Public Rights-Of-Way, Jennifer Amanda Krebs
Fair And Reasonable Compensation Means Just That: How § 253 Of The Telecommunications Act Preserves Local Government Authority Over Public Rights-Of-Way, Jennifer Amanda Krebs
Washington Law Review
Section 253(c) of the 1996 Telecommunications Act expressly preserves local government authority to require fair and reasonable compensation from telecommunications providers for use of public rights-of-way. Although local government authority to require compensation for franchises is based in state law, some courts have overlooked state law when evaluating the validity of franchise fees. In addition, courts have interpreted § 253(c) narrowly, allowing local governments to recover only direct costs. This narrow interpretation of § 253(c) contradicts its text and legislative history, as well as analogous United States Supreme Court precedent. Further, this interpretation could lead to unconstitutional results, by allowing …
The Forseeability Of Transference: Extending Employer Liability Under Washington Law For Therapist Sexual Exploitation Of Patients, Timothy E. Allen
The Forseeability Of Transference: Extending Employer Liability Under Washington Law For Therapist Sexual Exploitation Of Patients, Timothy E. Allen
Washington Law Review
Transference, or the idealization of therapists, is a phenomenon that is foreseeable in every relationship between a therapist and a patient, and makes patients uniquely vulnerable to sexual exploitation by therapists. Transference has been recognized as a basis for finding therapists directly liable for harm resulting from sexual relations with patients. However, limitations on damages directly available from therapists lead patients to seek redress from therapists' employers under theories of employer liability. Washington courts generally deny victimized patients relief from the employers of sexually exploitative therapists. This Comment argues that Washington courts should impose employer liability when therapists sexually exploit …
Does Free Exercise Mean Free State Funding? In Davey V. Locke, The Ninth Circuit Undervalued Washington's Vision Of Religious Liberty, Derek D. Green
Does Free Exercise Mean Free State Funding? In Davey V. Locke, The Ninth Circuit Undervalued Washington's Vision Of Religious Liberty, Derek D. Green
Washington Law Review
In Davey v. Locke, a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that Washington violated the Free Exercise Clause by refusing to allow a scholarship recipient to use state funds to pursue a theology degree. The court held that the state's scholarship requirements facially discriminated against religion, and that the state's interest in not violating its constitution did not serve as a compelling reason for the discrimination. In so holding, the Davey court ignored Ninth Circuit precedent and embraced a theory of the Religion Clauses at odds with United States Supreme Court jurisprudence. …
A Is Not A: Washington's Unconstitutional Law Of Single-Count, Single-Defendant Inconsistent Verdicts In State V. Goins, Natasha Shekdar Black
A Is Not A: Washington's Unconstitutional Law Of Single-Count, Single-Defendant Inconsistent Verdicts In State V. Goins, Natasha Shekdar Black
Washington Law Review
In State v. Goins, Division I of the Washington State Court of Appeals upheld inconsistent general and special verdicts on the same charge, even though the special verdict finding negated an element of the crime. The Goins court reasoned that the United States Supreme Court and the Washington State Supreme Court had previously upheld inconsistent verdicts in various contexts because the verdicts could have been the result of jury lenity. Therefore, overruling existing precedent, the Goins court upheld the inconsistent verdicts on the ground that distinguishing the Goins context would be elevating form over substance. This Note argues that …
Classes, Persons, Equal Protection, And Village Of Willowbrook V. Olech, Robert C. Farrell
Classes, Persons, Equal Protection, And Village Of Willowbrook V. Olech, Robert C. Farrell
Washington Law Review
In most contexts, the Equal Protection Clause serves as a limitation on government classifications, but it has also been used as a protector of individual rights. These competing versions of equal protection are contradictory, but courts have for the most part ignored this problem. In Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, the United States Supreme Court determined that an individual homeowner had stated a valid equal protection claim when she alleged that she alone, without regard to her membership in any class, had been treated differently from other similarly situated homeowners. The Court's decision in Olech has created a powerful …
What Is The Rule Of Law? Perspectives From Central Europoe And The American Academy, Louis E. Wolcher
What Is The Rule Of Law? Perspectives From Central Europoe And The American Academy, Louis E. Wolcher
Washington Law Review
The title of my talk is "What is the Rule of Law?"—and its subtitle is "Perspectives from Central Europe and the American Academy." I represent the "American Academy" part, and as I will make clear in a little while, the other part comes from my sustained engagement, over the past ten years, with legal theorists and political philosophers in the Republic of Slovenia. Slovenia, by the way, is a nation that was created twelve years ago as the northernmost of those "breakaway" republics of the former Yugoslavia.
Who Owns "The Law"? The Effect On Copyrights When Privately-Authored Works Are Adopted Or Enacted By Reference Into Law, Katie M. Colendich
Who Owns "The Law"? The Effect On Copyrights When Privately-Authored Works Are Adopted Or Enacted By Reference Into Law, Katie M. Colendich
Washington Law Review
The law," including judicial opinions and statutes, is not copyrightable because neither individuals nor organizations own the law. This longstanding principle is supported by the public's due process right to access the law. The United States Supreme Court has never determined the status of a private organization's copyright on model codes or standards when a legislature adopts those materials into law. Federal courts have taken several different approaches to resolving this issue; however, their decisions are in direct conflict with each other. The Second and Ninth Circuits permit private authors to retain copyrights of materials subsequently enacted into law, while …
Conundrums With Penumbras: The Right To Privacy Encompasses Non-Gamete Providers Who Create Preembryos With The Intent To Become Parents, Lainie M.C. Dillon
Conundrums With Penumbras: The Right To Privacy Encompasses Non-Gamete Providers Who Create Preembryos With The Intent To Become Parents, Lainie M.C. Dillon
Washington Law Review
To date, five state high courts have resolved disputes over frozen preembryos. These disputes arose during divorce proceedings between couples who had previously used assisted reproduction and cryopreserved excess preembryos. In each case, one spouse wished to have the preembryos destroyed, while the other wanted to be able to use or donate them in the future. The parties in these cases invoked the constitutional right to privacy to argue for dispositional control over the preembryos; two of the five cases were resolved by relying on this right. The constitutional right to privacy protects intimate decisions involving procreation, marriage, and family …
Traditional Equity And Contemporary Procedure, Thomas O. Main
Traditional Equity And Contemporary Procedure, Thomas O. Main
Washington Law Review
This Article offers extensive background on the development and eventual merger of the regimes of law and equity, and suggests that the procedural infrastructure of a unified system must be sufficiently elastic to accommodate the traditional jurisdiction of equity. As the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure become increasingly more elaborate and technical, strict application of those procedural rules can generate mischievous results and hardship. This Article suggests that equity remains a source of authority for district judges to avoid the application of a procedural rule when technical compliance would produce an inequitable result. A separate system of equity provided a …
Intergovernmental Cooperation, Metropolitan Equity, And The New Regionalism, Laurie Reynolds
Intergovernmental Cooperation, Metropolitan Equity, And The New Regionalism, Laurie Reynolds
Washington Law Review
The economic gap between affluent suburbia and the urban core has recently received widespread attention among state and local government law scholars. Although the underlying normative arguments rest on very different rationales, scholars with a wide range of doctrinal approaches appear to have formed a consensus that the current concentration of wealth and resources in metropolitan areas is unacceptable. Their common goal of reducing regional disparities has made the scholarly dialogue a dispute over how, rather than whether, to achieve a better distribution. For many of what can be described as the "New Regionalist" scholars, voluntary intergovernmental cooperative efforts may …
Water, Property, And The Clean Water Act, Janis Snoey
Water, Property, And The Clean Water Act, Janis Snoey
Washington Law Review
In PUD No. I of Pend Oreille County v. Department of Ecology, the Supreme Court of Washington held that Washington State has authority under the Clean Water Act to impose a minimum stream flow requirement on a hydroelectric project seeking to amend its federal license, regardless of whether the flow requirement affects an existing water right. A water right is property protected by the U.S. Constitution's prohibition on taking without just compensation. If a state's imposition of a minimum flow requirement under the Clean Water Act restrains a project from diverting the full quantity of an existing water right, …
Back To Prima Paint Corp. V. Flood & Conklin Manufacturing Co.: To Challenge An Arbitration Agreement You Must Challenge The Arbitration Agreement, Andre V. Egle
Washington Law Review
The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) requires courts to order parties in a dispute arising out of a commercial contract containing an arbitration provision to proceed to arbitration unless the formation or performance of the arbitration agreement itself is at issue. In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Manufacturing Co. that under the FAA, courts, instead of arbitrators, should resolve claims for fraudulent inducement of arbitration agreements. However, courts were not permitted to resolve claims for fraud in the inducement of the underlying commercial contracts. The Court also held that when deciding whether …
Researcher Liability For Negligence In Human Subject Research: Informed Consent And Researcher Malpractice Actions, Roger L. Jansson
Researcher Liability For Negligence In Human Subject Research: Informed Consent And Researcher Malpractice Actions, Roger L. Jansson
Washington Law Review
Two sets of federal regulations, the "Common Rule" and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, govern human subject research that is either federally-funded or involves FDA regulated products. These regulations require, inter alia, that: (1) researchers obtain informed consent from human subjects, and (2) that an Institutional Review Board (IRB) independently review and approve the research protocol. Although the federal regulations do not provide an express cause of action against researchers, research subjects should be able to bring informed consent and malpractice actions against researchers by establishing a duty of care and standard of care. Researchers owe human subjects a …
So The Army Hired An Ax-Murderer: The Assault And Battery Exception To The Federal Tort Claims Act Does Not Bar Suits For Negligent Hiring, Retention And Supervision, Rebecca L. Andrews
So The Army Hired An Ax-Murderer: The Assault And Battery Exception To The Federal Tort Claims Act Does Not Bar Suits For Negligent Hiring, Retention And Supervision, Rebecca L. Andrews
Washington Law Review
The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) waives the federal government's sovereign immunity as to claims for injuries caused by an act or omission of a government employee within his or her scope of duty. However, this waiver is not absolute and the government has retained immunity for many claims, including those arising out of an assault or battery. The federal circuit courts are split regarding whether this exception applies to claims for the negligent hiring, retention and supervision of federal employees who commit an assault or battery. While the U.S. Supreme Court has left the question unanswered, the Ninth Circuit …
Recognizing The Societal Value In Information Privacy, James P. Nehf
Recognizing The Societal Value In Information Privacy, James P. Nehf
Washington Law Review
Much has been written about database privacy in the Internet Age, most of it critical of the way in which the American legal system addresses the issue. In this article, Professor Nehf maintains that one of the fundamental difficulties with the public policy debates is that information privacy is often discussed as a typical consumer problem rather than a problem of more general societal concern. As a result, arguments over appropriate resolutions reduce to a balancing of individual rights against more general societal interests, such as increased efficiency in law enforcement, government operations or commercial enterprise. Although privacy scholars discussed …
Is Assent Still A Prerequisite For Contract Formation In Today's E-Conomy?, Melissa Robertson
Is Assent Still A Prerequisite For Contract Formation In Today's E-Conomy?, Melissa Robertson
Washington Law Review
A browse-wrap agreement is an online contract that governs the use of a Web site but does not require users of the site to affirmatively agree to the terms and conditions of the contract. The terms of a browse-wrap agreement are accessible to the user only by clicking on an Internet link, often inconspicuously located at the bottom of a Web page, marked "Terms and Conditions." Browse-wrap agreements purport to bind users to these terms and conditions when the user merely performs a function of the Web site, such as submitting a query on the site's database or downloading software. …
Beggars Can't Be Voters: Why Washington's Felon Re-Enfranchisement Law Violates The Equal Protection Clause, Jill E. Simmons
Beggars Can't Be Voters: Why Washington's Felon Re-Enfranchisement Law Violates The Equal Protection Clause, Jill E. Simmons
Washington Law Review
The Washington State Constitution denies persons convicted of felonies the right to vote until their civil rights have been restored. Civil rights are restored when offenders complete all aspects of their sentence, including paying the legal-financial obligations imposed at sentencing. Payment of legal-financial obligations presents a significant hurdle to offenders trying to reclaim their right to vote. According to the Washington Department of Corrections, roughly 46,500 offenders in Washington have not had their right to vote restored solely because of unpaid legal-financial obligations. The right to vote is a fundamental right secured by the United States Constitution, yet the United …
Only The News That's Fit To Print: The Effect Of Hazelwood On The First Amendment Viewpoint-Neutrality Requirement In Public School-Sponsored Forums, Janna J. Annest
Only The News That's Fit To Print: The Effect Of Hazelwood On The First Amendment Viewpoint-Neutrality Requirement In Public School-Sponsored Forums, Janna J. Annest
Washington Law Review
In Hazelwood School District v. Kuhimeier, the U.S. Supreme Court held that public school administrators can restrict expression in school-sponsored forums in a manner reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns. Regulating First Amendment rights in any public forum usually requires that no point of view be suppressed in favor of its counterpoint, but the Hazelwood Court omitted the viewpoint-neutrality requirement from its holding. While the Sixth, Ninth and Eleventh Circuits continue to require viewpoint-neutral regulation of school-sponsored speech, the First and Third Circuits interpret Hazelwood as abrogating the viewpoint-neutrality requirement in school-sponsored forums. This Comment argues in favor of …
Squeezing The Juice® Out Of The Washington Redskins®: Intellectual Property Rights In "Scandalous" And "Disparaging" Trademarks After Harjo V. Pro-Football Inc., Cameron Smith
Washington Law Review
In Harjo v. Pro-Football Inc., the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board cancelled the federally registered trademarks THE WASHINGTON REDSKINS, REDSKINS, and REDSKINETIES after finding them to be disparaging matter under section 2(a) of the Lanham Act. Pro-Football has appealed the Board's decision to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. This Note argues that Harjo's adoption of the "substantial composite" standard for analyzing disparaging trademarks potentially ignores the majority of the implicated group members' viewpoints and promotes section 2(a) trademark cancellations. In addition, the liberal standing requirements for opposition and cancellation proceedings combined with Harlo's disparagement doctrine …
The Attibution Right In The United States: Caught In The Crossfire Between Copyright And Section 43(A), Roberta Rosenthal Kwall
The Attibution Right In The United States: Caught In The Crossfire Between Copyright And Section 43(A), Roberta Rosenthal Kwall
Washington Law Review
The human impulse for attribution symbolizes the linkage between an author and her creative work. In many countries, authors are afforded a right of attribution as part of a broader doctrine known as moral rights. The United States, however, does not adequately protect moral rights. This Article focuses exclusively on the right of attribution as one component of the moral rights doctrine. Initially, it examines the connection between copyright law and the right of attribution and establishes the inadequacy of the current copyright law as a means of safeguarding the right of attribution. Next, it addresses why section 43(a) of …
Political Apportioning Is Not A Zero-Sum Game: The Constitutional Necessity Of Apportioning Districts To Be Equal In Terms Of Both Total Population And Citizen Voter-Age Population, Timothy Mark Mitrovich
Political Apportioning Is Not A Zero-Sum Game: The Constitutional Necessity Of Apportioning Districts To Be Equal In Terms Of Both Total Population And Citizen Voter-Age Population, Timothy Mark Mitrovich
Washington Law Review
After each census, state legislatures must redraw voting districts for state and local elections. Each state legislature must perform this redistricting in a way that protects two important citizen rights. First, each citizen's vote must carry equal weight. Second, each citizen must have equal access to his or her representative. To this end, the U.S. Supreme Court has held that all state and local electoral apportionments must result in districts with equal populations. In Reynolds v. Sims, the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment requires all state and local electoral apportionments to result in districts with equal populations. However, …
The Socio-Legal Acceptance Of New Technologies: A Close Look At Artificial Insemination, Gaia Bernstein
The Socio-Legal Acceptance Of New Technologies: A Close Look At Artificial Insemination, Gaia Bernstein
Washington Law Review
Heated debates often surround the introduction of an important new technology into society, as exemplified by current controversies surrounding human cloning and privacy protection on the Internet. Underlying these controversies are disruptions to central socio-legal values caused by these new technologies. Whether new technologies will eventually be accepted by society is often contingent on the reaction of the legal system. This mandates the formulation of a conceptual framework for understanding and structuring the way the law should react in cases surrounding the adoption of new technologies. By using the case study of artificial insemination this Article develops the tools for …
On Apology And Consilience, Erin Ann O'Hara, Douglas Yarn
On Apology And Consilience, Erin Ann O'Hara, Douglas Yarn
Washington Law Review
This Article joins the current debate about the proper relationship between apology and the law. Several states are considering legislation designed to shield apologies from the courtroom, and mediators are increasing their focus on the importance of apologies. The article develops an evolutionary economic analysis of apology that combines the tools of economics, game theory, and biology to more fully understand its role in dispute resolution. When the analysis is applied to the uses of apology before and at trial, a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between apology and the law emerges.
Extending Winters To Water Quality: Allowing Groundwater For Hatcheries, Amy Choyce Allison
Extending Winters To Water Quality: Allowing Groundwater For Hatcheries, Amy Choyce Allison
Washington Law Review
The Winters Doctrine of federally reserved water rights applies to groundwater and water quality. Because most Indian tribes would have no water rights under state law, the reserved water rights doctrine, known as the Winters Doctrine, emerged to establish a federal right to water on Indian reservations sufficient to fulfill the purposes of the reservation. The reserved water rights doctrine originated in Winters v. United States, which was preceded by two cases upholding the federal government's right to reserve certain water rights. Winters rested on one of the Canons of Construction for Indian treaties that require agreements involving Indians …
Reverse Presumptions: Guillen V. Pierce County Disregards Reasonable Constitutional Interpretations Of 23 U.S.C. § 409, Megan Walseth
Reverse Presumptions: Guillen V. Pierce County Disregards Reasonable Constitutional Interpretations Of 23 U.S.C. § 409, Megan Walseth
Washington Law Review
To prove that dangerous roadways caused their traffic accidents, plaintiffs often seek discovery of highway information from state and local governments. Title 23 U.S.C. § 409 bars discovery of some of that information; it creates an evidentiary privilege for materials and data collected for certain federal highway safety funding programs. For example, state and local governments receiving funds through the federal hazard elimination program codified at 23 U.S.C. § 152 must maintain an engineering survey of all state public roads. Section 409, in turn, makes certain data and materials compiled or collected for § 152 exempt from discovery and inadmissible …
Law Reviews And Academic Debate, Erik M. Jensen
Law Reviews And Academic Debate, Erik M. Jensen
Washington Law Review
This essay makes a simple point: When a law review publishes an article, the editors should be willing both to publish responses to that article and to give the author a chance to reply to critics. This shouldn't be a controversial principle, but, for far too many reviews today, it's not standard procedure.
Failure To Accommodate, Discriminatory Intent, And The Mcdonnell Douglas Framework: Distinguishing The Analyses Of Claims Arising From Subparts (A) And (B) Of § 12112(B)(5) Of The Ada, Aaron Matthew Laing
Failure To Accommodate, Discriminatory Intent, And The Mcdonnell Douglas Framework: Distinguishing The Analyses Of Claims Arising From Subparts (A) And (B) Of § 12112(B)(5) Of The Ada, Aaron Matthew Laing
Washington Law Review
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) creates and protects employment opportunities for disabled persons by prohibiting adverse employment actions in the form of disparate treatment and disparate impact. Additionally, subparts (A) and (B) of § 12112(b)(5) of the ADA place distinct duties on employers to accommodate disabled persons, protecting, respectively, existing and future employment opportunities. Because the ADA protects both existing and future opportunities, the duty to accommodate may be breached in two distinct manners. When a plaintiff alleges failure to accommodate, a court must determine which section of the ADA applies and select an appropriate analytical framework for the …
Least Restrictive Environments: Assessing Classroom Placement Of Students With Disabilities Under The Idea, Sarah E. Farley
Least Restrictive Environments: Assessing Classroom Placement Of Students With Disabilities Under The Idea, Sarah E. Farley
Washington Law Review
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires school districts to educate all students receiving special education in the "least restrictive environment" appropriate for each student's needs. This provision reflects Congress' preference that children with disabilities be educated alongside their non-disabled peers to the maximum extent possible. The U.S. Supreme Court has never determined how to test whether a school district has complied with this provision, so the federal circuits have developed several different tests. However, these circuit tests all arose prior to the most recent 1997 Amendments to the IDEA. This Comment explores the development and subsequent application of …