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Articles 571 - 600 of 3365
Full-Text Articles in Law
Staying Neutral: How Washington State Courts Should Approach Negligent Supervision Claims Against Religious Organizations, Kelly H. Sheridan
Staying Neutral: How Washington State Courts Should Approach Negligent Supervision Claims Against Religious Organizations, Kelly H. Sheridan
Washington Law Review
The torts of negligent hiring, supervision, and retention place a duty on employers to prevent their employees from using the places, things, or tasks entrusted to them to harm foreseeable victims. The negligent employment torts create an independent duty under which plaintiffs may pursue an action when suits brought under a vicarious liability or breach of fiduciary duty theory would fail. For victims of sexual misconduct by religious leaders, negligent supervision claims against religious organizations are a crucial means of remedying serious and lasting injuries. Washington state law recognizes negligent supervision, and Washington courts have applied it to religious organizations, …
Distinguishing Carcieri V. Salazar: Why The Supreme Court Got It Wrong And How Congress And The Courts Should Respond To Preserve Tribal And Federal Interests In The Ira's Trust-Land Provisions, Sarah Washburn
Washington Law Review
Section 5 of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to acquire and hold land in trust for the purpose of providing land for Indians. In 2009, the Supreme Court held in Carcieri v. Salazar that to qualify for the benefits of Section 5, tribes must show they were under federal jurisdiction at the time the IRA was enacted in 1934. The Carcieri Court then determined that the Narragansett tribe, which obtained federal recognition in 1983 under the 25 C.F.R. Part 83 recognition process, had not proven that it was under federal jurisdiction in 1934. Carcieri …
State V. Grier And The Erroneous Adoption Of The "Punishment-Based" Standard Of Review For Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claims Based On All-Or-Nothing Strategies, Jacque St. Romain
State V. Grier And The Erroneous Adoption Of The "Punishment-Based" Standard Of Review For Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claims Based On All-Or-Nothing Strategies, Jacque St. Romain
Washington Law Review
In June 2009, the Washington State Court of Appeals, Division II, reversed Kristina Grier’s second-degree murder conviction in State v. Grier. The court concluded that Grier had received ineffective assistance of counsel because her attorney failed to request jury instructions for any lesser-included offenses, choosing instead to pursue an all-or-nothing defense strategy. That same month, Division I issued a contrary opinion, finding the pursuit of an all-or-nothing strategy reasonable. The Washington State Supreme Court has granted certiorari and will soon hear oral arguments in Grier. This Comment reviews federal and state courts’ approaches to questions of ineffective assistance of …
Staying Neutral: How Washington State Courts Should Approach Negligent Supervision Claims Against Religious Organizations, Kelly H. Sheridan
Staying Neutral: How Washington State Courts Should Approach Negligent Supervision Claims Against Religious Organizations, Kelly H. Sheridan
Washington Law Review
The torts of negligent hiring, supervision, and retention place a duty on employers to prevent their employees from using the places, things, or tasks entrusted to them to harm foreseeable victims. The negligent employment torts create an independent duty under which plaintiffs may pursue an action when suits brought under a vicarious liability or breach of fiduciary duty theory would fail. For victims of sexual misconduct by religious leaders, negligent supervision claims against religious organizations are a crucial means of remedying serious and lasting injuries. Washington state law recognizes negligent supervision, and Washington courts have applied it to religious organizations, …
State V. Grier And The Erroneous Adoption Of The "Punishment-Based" Standard Of Review For Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claims Based On All-Or-Nothing Strategies, Jacque St. Romain
State V. Grier And The Erroneous Adoption Of The "Punishment-Based" Standard Of Review For Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claims Based On All-Or-Nothing Strategies, Jacque St. Romain
Washington Law Review
In June 2009, the Washington State Court of Appeals, Division II, reversed Kristina Grier’s second-degree murder conviction in State v. Grier. The court concluded that Grier had received ineffective assistance of counsel because her attorney failed to request jury instructions for any lesser-included offenses, choosing instead to pursue an all-or-nothing defense strategy. That same month, Division I issued a contrary opinion, finding the pursuit of an all-or-nothing strategy reasonable. The Washington State Supreme Court has granted certiorari and will soon hear oral arguments in Grier. This Comment reviews federal and state courts’ approaches to questions of ineffective assistance of …
Procedural Rules Under Washington's Public Records Act: The Case For Agency Discretion, William D. Richard
Procedural Rules Under Washington's Public Records Act: The Case For Agency Discretion, William D. Richard
Washington Law Review
Voters adopted Washington’s Public Records Act (PRA) in 1972 as part of a broader ballot measure to enhance openness in state government. The PRA requires state government agencies, including statewide agencies and municipalities, to establish procedures so that the public can request copies of records agencies generate. The PRA exempts certain records from disclosure, and other statutes and case law supply additional exemptions. When an agency refuses to disclose records, the requester may ask a court to determine whether an exemption applies. If no exemption applies, the court may compel disclosure of the records and impose monetary penalties against the …
Distinguishing Carcieri V. Salazar: Why The Supreme Court Got It Wrong And How Congress And The Courts Should Respond To Preserve Tribal And Federal Interests In The Ira's Trust-Land Provisions, Sarah Washburn
Washington Law Review
Section 5 of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to acquire and hold land in trust for the purpose of providing land for Indians. In 2009, the Supreme Court held in Carcieri v. Salazar that to qualify for the benefits of Section 5, tribes must show they were under federal jurisdiction at the time the IRA was enacted in 1934. The Carcieri Court then determined that the Narragansett tribe, which obtained federal recognition in 1983 under the 25 C.F.R. Part 83 recognition process, had not proven that it was under federal jurisdiction in 1934. Carcieri …
The Racial Geography Of The Federal Death Penalty, G. Ben Cohen, Robert J. Smith
The Racial Geography Of The Federal Death Penalty, G. Ben Cohen, Robert J. Smith
Washington Law Review
Scholars have devoted substantial attention to both the overrepresentation of black defendants on federal death row and the disproportionate number of federal defendants charged capitally for the murder of white victims. This attention has not explained (much less resolved) these disquieting racial disparities. Little research has addressed the unusual geography of the federal death penalty, in which a small number of jurisdictions are responsible for the vast majority of federal death sentences. By addressing the unique geography, we identify a possible explanation for the racial distortions in the federal death penalty: that federal death sentences are sought disproportionately where the …
State V. Grier And The Erroneous Adoption Of The "Punishment-Based" Standard Of Review For Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claims Based On All-Or-Nothing Strategies, Jacque St. Romain
State V. Grier And The Erroneous Adoption Of The "Punishment-Based" Standard Of Review For Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claims Based On All-Or-Nothing Strategies, Jacque St. Romain
Washington Law Review
In June 2009, the Washington State Court of Appeals, Division II, reversed Kristina Grier’s second-degree murder conviction in State v. Grier. The court concluded that Grier had received ineffective assistance of counsel because her attorney failed to request jury instructions for any lesser-included offenses, choosing instead to pursue an all-or-nothing defense strategy. That same month, Division I issued a contrary opinion, finding the pursuit of an all-or-nothing strategy reasonable. The Washington State Supreme Court has granted certiorari and will soon hear oral arguments in Grier. This Comment reviews federal and state courts’ approaches to questions of ineffective assistance of …
Washington State's Duty To Fund K-12 Schools: Where The Legislature Went Wrong And What It Should Do To Meet Its Constitutional Obligation, Daniel C. Stallings
Washington State's Duty To Fund K-12 Schools: Where The Legislature Went Wrong And What It Should Do To Meet Its Constitutional Obligation, Daniel C. Stallings
Washington Law Review
The Washington State Constitution makes education Washington State’s top priority. Article IX, section 1 proclaims that “[i]t is the paramount duty of the state to make ample provision for the education of all children residing within its borders . . . .” In the 1978 case of Seattle School District v. State, the Washington State Supreme Court interpreted this language as a command to the state legislature. The Court ordered the legislature to fulfill its constitutional duty by defining and fully funding “basic education” and a “basic program of education.” The legislature attempted to comply by passing and subsequently …
Distinguishing Carcieri V. Salazar: Why The Supreme Court Got It Wrong And How Congress And The Courts Should Respond To Preserve Tribal And Federal Interests In The Ira's Trust-Land Provisions, Sarah Washburn
Washington Law Review
Section 5 of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to acquire and hold land in trust for the purpose of providing land for Indians. In 2009, the Supreme Court held in Carcieri v. Salazar that to qualify for the benefits of Section 5, tribes must show they were under federal jurisdiction at the time the IRA was enacted in 1934. The Carcieri Court then determined that the Narragansett tribe, which obtained federal recognition in 1983 under the 25 C.F.R. Part 83 recognition process, had not proven that it was under federal jurisdiction in 1934. Carcieri …
Washington State's Duty To Fund K-12 Schools: Where The Legislature Went Wrong And What It Should Do To Meet Its Constitutional Obligation, Daniel C. Stallings
Washington State's Duty To Fund K-12 Schools: Where The Legislature Went Wrong And What It Should Do To Meet Its Constitutional Obligation, Daniel C. Stallings
Washington Law Review
The Washington State Constitution makes education Washington State’s top priority. Article IX, section 1 proclaims that “[i]t is the paramount duty of the state to make ample provision for the education of all children residing within its borders . . . .” In the 1978 case of Seattle School District v. State, the Washington State Supreme Court interpreted this language as a command to the state legislature. The Court ordered the legislature to fulfill its constitutional duty by defining and fully funding “basic education” and a “basic program of education.” The legislature attempted to comply by passing and subsequently …
Procedural Rules Under Washington's Public Records Act: The Case For Agency Discretion, William D. Richard
Procedural Rules Under Washington's Public Records Act: The Case For Agency Discretion, William D. Richard
Washington Law Review
Voters adopted Washington’s Public Records Act (PRA) in 1972 as part of a broader ballot measure to enhance openness in state government. The PRA requires state government agencies, including statewide agencies and municipalities, to establish procedures so that the public can request copies of records agencies generate. The PRA exempts certain records from disclosure, and other statutes and case law supply additional exemptions. When an agency refuses to disclose records, the requester may ask a court to determine whether an exemption applies. If no exemption applies, the court may compel disclosure of the records and impose monetary penalties against the …
Washington State's Duty To Fund K-12 Schools: Where The Legislature Went Wrong And What It Should Do To Meet Its Constitutional Obligation, Daniel C. Stallings
Washington State's Duty To Fund K-12 Schools: Where The Legislature Went Wrong And What It Should Do To Meet Its Constitutional Obligation, Daniel C. Stallings
Washington Law Review
The Washington State Constitution makes education Washington State’s top priority. Article IX, section 1 proclaims that “[i]t is the paramount duty of the state to make ample provision for the education of all children residing within its borders . . . .” In the 1978 case of Seattle School District v. State, the Washington State Supreme Court interpreted this language as a command to the state legislature. The Court ordered the legislature to fulfill its constitutional duty by defining and fully funding “basic education” and a “basic program of education.” The legislature attempted to comply by passing and subsequently …
The Racial Geography Of The Federal Death Penalty, G. Ben Cohen, Robert J. Smith
The Racial Geography Of The Federal Death Penalty, G. Ben Cohen, Robert J. Smith
Washington Law Review
Scholars have devoted substantial attention to both the overrepresentation of black defendants on federal death row and the disproportionate number of federal defendants charged capitally for the murder of white victims. This attention has not explained (much less resolved) these disquieting racial disparities. Little research has addressed the unusual geography of the federal death penalty, in which a small number of jurisdictions are responsible for the vast majority of federal death sentences. By addressing the unique geography, we identify a possible explanation for the racial distortions in the federal death penalty: that federal death sentences are sought disproportionately where the …
The Racial Geography Of The Federal Death Penalty, G. Ben Cohen, Robert J. Smith
The Racial Geography Of The Federal Death Penalty, G. Ben Cohen, Robert J. Smith
Washington Law Review
Scholars have devoted substantial attention to both the overrepresentation of black defendants on federal death row and the disproportionate number of federal defendants charged capitally for the murder of white victims. This attention has not explained (much less resolved) these disquieting racial disparities. Little research has addressed the unusual geography of the federal death penalty, in which a small number of jurisdictions are responsible for the vast majority of federal death sentences. By addressing the unique geography, we identify a possible explanation for the racial distortions in the federal death penalty: that federal death sentences are sought disproportionately where the …
The Three Degrees Conference: One Year Later, Jennifer K. Barcelos, Gregory A. Hicks, Jennifer Marlow
The Three Degrees Conference: One Year Later, Jennifer K. Barcelos, Gregory A. Hicks, Jennifer Marlow
Washington Law Review
This edition of the Washington Law Review features scholarship emanating from the 2009 Three Degrees Conference, and is a testament to the University of Washington School of Law’s continuing exploration of the connection between climate change and human rights through its larger Three Degrees project. Three Degrees is building on an agenda that began to take shape in late 2007 with the Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change, an initiative of the Association of Small Island States. It was the Malé Declaration that led to a call for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human …
Public Nuisance Suits For The Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing And The Right Time, Randall S. Abate
Public Nuisance Suits For The Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing And The Right Time, Randall S. Abate
Washington Law Review
The climate justice movement seeks to provide relief to vulnerable communities that have been disproportionately affected by climate change impacts. Public nuisance litigation for climate change impacts is a new and growing field that could provide the legal and policy underpinnings to help secure a viable foundation for climate justice in the United States and internationally. By securing victories in the court system, these suits may succeed where the domestic environmental justice movement failed in seeking to merge environmental protection and human rights concerns into an actionable legal theory. This Article first examines the nature and scope of the climate …
Leading A Judge To Water: In Search Of A More Fully Formed Washington Public Trust Doctrine, Ivan M. Stoner
Leading A Judge To Water: In Search Of A More Fully Formed Washington Public Trust Doctrine, Ivan M. Stoner
Washington Law Review
Under the public trust doctrine, a state must hold certain types of natural resources, most particularly navigable waters and shorelands, in trust for the benefit of the public. For that reason, courts closely scrutinize state actions impacting these public trust resources. In Caminiti v. Boyle, the Washington State Supreme Court developed a test that addresses situations where the State transfers control of public trust resources to private parties. But no firm rule guides Washington courts where a state action impacts the public trust without an alienation. This Comment examines the review Washington courts have applied in such situations, and …
Allocating The Costs Of The Climate Crisis: Efficiency Versus Justice, Amy Sinden
Allocating The Costs Of The Climate Crisis: Efficiency Versus Justice, Amy Sinden
Washington Law Review
In the international negotiations aimed at reaching an agreement to reduce the greenhouse-gas emissions that are driving global warming, the developed and developing countries are talking past each other. The developed world is speaking the language of efficiency, while the developing world speaks the language of justice. Economic theory and the concept of efficiency are fine for answering the question of who should reduce, but that is not the contentious issue. When it comes to the hotly contested issue of who should pay, economic theory offers no guidance, and the developing world is right to insist that we look to …
Arrested Development: Arizona V. Gant And Article I, Section 7 Of The Washington State Constitution, Jacob R. Brown
Arrested Development: Arizona V. Gant And Article I, Section 7 Of The Washington State Constitution, Jacob R. Brown
Washington Law Review
In Arizona v. Gant, the United States Supreme Court held that the search of a vehicle incident to arrest is permissible in only two situations: (1) when the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger compartment; or (2) when it is reasonable to believe that evidence relevant to the crime of arrest may be found in the vehicle. Because Gant expressed a standard more protective than that established by the Washington State Supreme Court, Gant induced a state of confusion in Washington, where it has long been maintained that article I, section 7 of the Washington …
Global Warming: A Second Coming For International Law?, Deepa Badrinarayana
Global Warming: A Second Coming For International Law?, Deepa Badrinarayana
Washington Law Review
Currently, there are no adequate mechanisms under international law to balance the competing tensions climate change presents to state sovereignty. On one hand, climate change threatens state sovereignty because the catastrophic loss of life and property of millions of people would deprive states of control over their domestic territories. Yet, other states rely on claims of their sovereignty to reject international legal obligations to mitigate climate change. This Article attributes the inadequacy of international law in the climate context to the evolution of the international community into an economic union that has historically privileged material interests over legal rights. It …
Finality, Habeas, Innocence, And The Death Penalty: Can Justice Be Done?, Ellyde Roko
Finality, Habeas, Innocence, And The Death Penalty: Can Justice Be Done?, Ellyde Roko
Washington Law Review
In 1995, Judge Betty Binns Fletcher posed a question: In the context of the death penalty, can justice be done? She did not answer the question at the time. However, an examination of the procedural hurdles now facing condemned inmates seeking review of claims of constitutional violations suggests the answer is no. Too often courts, including the Supreme Court, have favored finality over fairness, elevating strict adherence to procedural rules over the responsibility to make sure justice is done. Nowhere is the problem clearer than in the arena of actual innocence, where the failure to consider a condemned inmate’s claim …
What's Past Is Prologue? Why The Prison Litigation Reform Act Does Not—And Should Not—Classify Punitive Damages As Prospective Relief, Lisa Benedetti
What's Past Is Prologue? Why The Prison Litigation Reform Act Does Not—And Should Not—Classify Punitive Damages As Prospective Relief, Lisa Benedetti
Washington Law Review
The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA) arose from Congress’s intent to curb frivolous and institutionally invasive prisoner civil rights litigation. In furtherance of its goals, the PLRA limits the prospective relief prisoners can receive to such relief that is narrowly tailored to the federal rights violation at issue and the least intrusive means necessary to correct the violation, otherwise known as the need-narrownessintrusiveness standard. Under the PLRA, prospective relief includes all relief other than compensatory monetary damages. However, while the courts have frequently applied and interpreted the PLRA over the past decade, only one circuit has addressed whether …
All Rise! Standing In Judge Betty Fletcher's Court, Thomas D. Rowe Jr.
All Rise! Standing In Judge Betty Fletcher's Court, Thomas D. Rowe Jr.
Washington Law Review
In this essay, based on a talk given at the Washington Law Review’s March 2009 symposium in honor of Senior Ninth Circuit Judge Betty Binns Fletcher and her three decades of service on that court, I selectively survey her opinions on justiciability issues: standing, ripeness, mootness, and political questions. A significant starting point for this survey is Professor Richard Pierce’s 1999 law review article, Is Standing Law or Politics?, arguing that many Supreme Court votes in standing cases generally, and appellate judges’ votes in environmental-standing cases specifically, can be explained better on the basis of politics than by reference …
Perfectionism And Maximum Consciousness In Anti-Discrimination Law: A Tribute To Judge Betty B. Fletcher, Norman W. Spaulding
Perfectionism And Maximum Consciousness In Anti-Discrimination Law: A Tribute To Judge Betty B. Fletcher, Norman W. Spaulding
Washington Law Review
What follows is a speech on the significance of Judge Betty Binns Fletcher’s opinions in the area of race and anti-discrimination law delivered at the University of Washington School of Law’s symposium, A Tribute to the Honorable Betty Binns Fletcher, honoring Judge Fletcher’s thirtieth year on the bench. I argue that, in an era when the Supreme Court has increasingly refused to recognize anti-discrimination claims, Judge Fletcher’s intensely fact-sensitive method of deciding such cases is as important as the results she has reached. Against the Supreme Court’s perfectionist jurisprudence, predicated on the assumption that by excising race from law, …
Freedom Of Speech In School And Prison, Aaron H. Caplan
Freedom Of Speech In School And Prison, Aaron H. Caplan
Washington Law Review
Students often compare their schools unfavorably to prisons, most often in a tone of rueful irony. By contrast, judicial opinions about freedom of speech within government-run institutions compare schools and prisons without irony or even hesitation. This Article considers whether the analogy between school and prison in free speech cases is evidence that the two institutions share a joint mission. At a macro level, there is an undeniable structural similarity between the constitutional speech rules for schools and prisons. At a micro level, however, there are subtle but significant differences between the two. These arise primarily from the judiciary’s belief …
Accountability For Mitigation Through Procedural Review: The Nepa Jurisprudence Of Judge Betty B. Fletcher, A Trustee Of The Environment And Woman Of Substance, Kenneth S. Weiner
Accountability For Mitigation Through Procedural Review: The Nepa Jurisprudence Of Judge Betty B. Fletcher, A Trustee Of The Environment And Woman Of Substance, Kenneth S. Weiner
Washington Law Review
In the past thirty years, as judges who first required compliance with the mandates of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 retired or died, the First and Ninth Circuits became the most stalwart keepers of NEPA’s flame. This article explores how, despite the procedural characterization of NEPA, Judge Betty B. Fletcher of the Ninth Circuit has been able to focus attention on NEPA’s substantive goal of achieving productive harmony between people and nature, while respecting the limits of judicial review of executive action. Judge Fletcher insists public officials answer a simple question: If you are not well-informed about whether …
Finding The Least Restrictive Environment For Preschoolers Under The Idea: An Analysis And Proposed Framework, Theresa M. Demonte
Finding The Least Restrictive Environment For Preschoolers Under The Idea: An Analysis And Proposed Framework, Theresa M. Demonte
Washington Law Review
Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, both school- and preschool-age children who qualify for special education services are entitled to education in the least restrictive environments appropriate to their needs. For school-age children, the presumptive least restrictive environment is the regular class where their nondisabled peers participate. By contrast, defining an analogous environment for preschool children is difficult, because public schools rarely provide preschool for children without disabilities. This Comment argues that the Act’s language, principles, purposes, and implementing regulations suggest that the settings where a preschool child’s nondisabled peers learn should be identified as that child’s presumptive least …
Rape, Feminism, And The War On Crime, Aya Gruber
Rape, Feminism, And The War On Crime, Aya Gruber
Washington Law Review
Over the past several years, feminism has been increasingly associated with crime control and the incarceration of men. In apparent lock step with the movement of the American penal system, feminists have advocated a host of reforms to strengthen state power to punish gender-based crimes. In the rape context, this effort has produced mixed results. Sexual assault laws that adopt prevailing views of criminality and victimhood, such as predator laws, enjoy great popularity. However, reforms that target the difficulties of date rape prosecutions and seek to counter gender norms, such as rape shield and affirmative consent laws, are controversial, sporadically-implemented, …