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Articles 451 - 480 of 3365
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Constitutional Structure Of Voting Rights Enforcement, Franita Tolson
The Constitutional Structure Of Voting Rights Enforcement, Franita Tolson
Washington Law Review
Scholars and courts have hotly debated whether the preclearance regime of the Voting Rights Act is constitutional under the Reconstruction Amendments. In answering this question, this Article is the first to consider the effect of section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment on the scope of Congress’s enforcement authority. Section 2 allows Congress to reduce the size of a state’s delegation in the House of Representatives if the state abridges the right to vote in state and federal elections for any reason, “except for participation in rebellion, or other crime.” This Article contends that section 2 influences the scope of congressional …
The Claim-Centered Approach To Arising-Under Jurisdiction: A Brief Rejoinder To Professor Mulligan, Simona Grossi
The Claim-Centered Approach To Arising-Under Jurisdiction: A Brief Rejoinder To Professor Mulligan, Simona Grossi
Washington Law Review
My claim-centered approach to arising-under jurisdiction fully embraces the three subcategories of jurisdiction that Professor Mulligan identifies. My essential point is that the bifurcation (or trifurcation as Professor Mulligan suggests) into separate doctrines has led to a mechanical jurisprudence that is sometimes inconsistent with the fundamental principles that ought to animate § 1331 jurisdictional analysis. In my view, Gully v. First National Bank illuminates those fundamental principles by focusing on the role of the federal issue in the case before the court. That does not mean that Gully provides an easy answer for all applications of arising-under jurisdiction; it does …
Gully And The Failure To Stake A 28 U.S.C. § 1331 "Claim", Lumen N. Mulligan
Gully And The Failure To Stake A 28 U.S.C. § 1331 "Claim", Lumen N. Mulligan
Washington Law Review
In this piece, I argue that a return to Gully v. First National Bank in Meridian as an approach to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 jurisdiction is ill-conceived. In a recent thoughtful article, Professor Simona Grossi draws heavily upon the traditions of the legal process school’s approach to federal courts jurisprudence to support just such a resurrection of Gully as the lodestar for § 1331 doctrine. While embracing a return to the legal process school, I argue first that the Gully view—read as a call for judges simply to select sufficiently important matters, in relation to plaintiff’s case in chief, for …
Arriving At Clearly Established: The Taser Problem And Reforming Qualified Immunity Analysis In The Ninth Circuit, Kate Seabright
Arriving At Clearly Established: The Taser Problem And Reforming Qualified Immunity Analysis In The Ninth Circuit, Kate Seabright
Washington Law Review
Federal law allows private citizens to bring civil suits against government officials who violate their constitutional rights while acting under the color of state law. The doctrine of qualified immunity shields officials from liability when their conduct does not violate clearly established constitutional rights. When determining whether a right was clearly established at the time of a particular injury, the Ninth Circuit purportedly looks to whatever decisional law is available to inform its analysis. This Comment examines recent Taser-related cases to show that, in practice, courts in the Ninth Circuit actually take two divergent approaches. Some look only to binding, …
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Washington Law Review
Regulatory capture generally evokes negative images of private interests exerting excessive influence on government action to advance their own agendas at the expense of the public interest. There are some cases, however, where this conventional wisdom is exactly backwards. This Article explores the first verifiable case, taken from healthcare cybersecurity, where regulatory capture enabled regulators to harness private expertise to advance exclusively public goals. Comparing this example to other attempts at harnessing industry expertise reveals a set of characteristics under which regulatory capture can be used in the public interest: (1) legislatively mandated adoption of recommendations by an advisory committee …
"Without Good Cause": The Case For A Standard-Based Approach To Determining Worker Qualification For Unemployment Benefits, Emily Toler
Washington Law Review
Under Washington’s Employment Security Act, workers who voluntarily quit their jobs are qualified to receive unemployment benefits only if they establish “good cause” for leaving work. For forty years, the agency that administers the statute and the courts had substantial discretion to find good cause under the statute’s flexible, standard-based approach. However, beginning in 1977, the legislature began to restrict the scope of that discretion by moving toward a rule-based approach. This trend reached its apex in 2009, when the legislature stripped the agency and the courts of all discretion and limited good cause to eleven reasons enumerated in the …
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Enlightened Regulatory Capture, David Thaw
Washington Law Review
Regulatory capture generally evokes negative images of private interests exerting excessive influence on government action to advance their own agendas at the expense of the public interest. There are some cases, however, where this conventional wisdom is exactly backwards. This Article explores the first verifiable case, taken from healthcare cybersecurity, where regulatory capture enabled regulators to harness private expertise to advance exclusively public goals. Comparing this example to other attempts at harnessing industry expertise reveals a set of characteristics under which regulatory capture can be used in the public interest: (1) legislatively mandated adoption of recommendations by an advisory committee …
Loss-Of-Chance Doctrine In Washington: From Herskovits To Mohr And The Need For Clarification, Matthew Wurdeman
Loss-Of-Chance Doctrine In Washington: From Herskovits To Mohr And The Need For Clarification, Matthew Wurdeman
Washington Law Review
Loss of chance is a well-established tort doctrine that seeks to balance traditional tort causation principles with the need to provide a remedy to patients whose injuries or illnesses are seriously exacerbated by physician negligence. In Washington, the doctrine continues to create significant difficulties for judges, juries, and practitioners. Wherever it has been applied, it has often created difficulties. The loss-of-chance doctrine needs clarification—definitive, sensible, and workable guidelines to ensure that loss of chance is consistently and fairly applied. Part of the problem lies in the fact that courts and litigants use the term “loss of chance” as if it …
"All His Sexless Patients": Persons With Mental Disabilities And The Competence To Have Sex, Michael L. Perlin, Alison J. Lynch
"All His Sexless Patients": Persons With Mental Disabilities And The Competence To Have Sex, Michael L. Perlin, Alison J. Lynch
Washington Law Review
In this Article, we consider these attitudes while seeking to answer the following questions: • In this area of law and policy, is there any unitary definition of competence? • Are there certain factors that must be considered in determining “sexual competence”? • How does domestic law and policy relate to issues of sexual competence, and does it impact how we should approach these issues? • What are the international human rights law and therapeutic jurisprudence implications of the answers to these questions? In Part I, we will discuss competence to engage in sexual activity in matters involving persons with …
Arriving At Clearly Established: The Taser Problem And Reforming Qualified Immunity Analysis In The Ninth Circuit, Kate Seabright
Arriving At Clearly Established: The Taser Problem And Reforming Qualified Immunity Analysis In The Ninth Circuit, Kate Seabright
Washington Law Review
Federal law allows private citizens to bring civil suits against government officials who violate their constitutional rights while acting under the color of state law. The doctrine of qualified immunity shields officials from liability when their conduct does not violate clearly established constitutional rights. When determining whether a right was clearly established at the time of a particular injury, the Ninth Circuit purportedly looks to whatever decisional law is available to inform its analysis. This Comment examines recent Taser-related cases to show that, in practice, courts in the Ninth Circuit actually take two divergent approaches. Some look only to binding, …
Loss-Of-Chance Doctrine In Washington: From Herskovits To Mohr And The Need For Clarification, Matthew Wurdeman
Loss-Of-Chance Doctrine In Washington: From Herskovits To Mohr And The Need For Clarification, Matthew Wurdeman
Washington Law Review
Loss of chance is a well-established tort doctrine that seeks to balance traditional tort causation principles with the need to provide a remedy to patients whose injuries or illnesses are seriously exacerbated by physician negligence. In Washington, the doctrine continues to create significant difficulties for judges, juries, and practitioners. Wherever it has been applied, it has often created difficulties. The loss-of-chance doctrine needs clarification—definitive, sensible, and workable guidelines to ensure that loss of chance is consistently and fairly applied. Part of the problem lies in the fact that courts and litigants use the term “loss of chance” as if it …
The Scored Society: Due Process For Automated Predictions, Danielle Keats Citron, Frank Pasquale
The Scored Society: Due Process For Automated Predictions, Danielle Keats Citron, Frank Pasquale
Washington Law Review
Big Data is increasingly mined to rank and rate individuals. Predictive algorithms assess whether we are good credit risks, desirable employees, reliable tenants, valuable customers—or deadbeats, shirkers, menaces, and “wastes of time.” Crucial opportunities are on the line, including the ability to obtain loans, work, housing, and insurance. Though automated scoring is pervasive and consequential, it is also opaque and lacking oversight. In one area where regulation does prevail—credit—the law focuses on credit history, not the derivation of scores from data. Procedural regularity is essential for those stigmatized by “artificially intelligent” scoring systems. The American due process tradition should inform …
The Parcel As A Whole: Defining The Relevant Parcel In Temporary Regulatory Takings Cases, Laura J. Powell
The Parcel As A Whole: Defining The Relevant Parcel In Temporary Regulatory Takings Cases, Laura J. Powell
Washington Law Review
In regulatory takings cases, courts must look at the “parcel as a whole” rather than individual property interests to determine whether a taking has occurred. The Supreme Court, however, has not clarified how exactly the relevant parcel should be defined. The Federal Circuit’s recent decision in CCA Associates v. United States highlights the confusion surrounding the parcel as a whole. It also highlights the continuing need to clarify how the relevant parcel should be defined in temporary regulatory takings cases. This Comment analyzes the parcel as a whole in temporary regulatory takings cases, specifically those involving lost income. It argues …
The Undersigned Attorney Hereby Certifies: Ensuring Reasonable Caseloads For Washington Defenders And Clients, Andrea Woods
The Undersigned Attorney Hereby Certifies: Ensuring Reasonable Caseloads For Washington Defenders And Clients, Andrea Woods
Washington Law Review
The Standards governing Washington’s public defenders represent a significant reform aimed at protecting an important constitutional right for our state’s vulnerable citizens. This Comment provides the necessary introduction to the Standards and addresses skepticism on the part of current practitioners and elected officials. Cooperation among defense attorneys, local governments, and the courts could ensure the Standards’ success and—in turn—a better system of public defense for attorneys and defendants alike. Part I of this Comment introduces the reader to the new Standards. Part II offers an overview of common critiques of the Washington State Supreme Court Standards that were voiced by …
Policing By Numbers: Big Data And The Fourth Amendment, Elizabeth E. Joh
Policing By Numbers: Big Data And The Fourth Amendment, Elizabeth E. Joh
Washington Law Review
This article identifies three uses of big data that hint at the future of policing and the questions these tools raise about conventional Fourth Amendment analysis. Two of these examples, predictive policing and mass surveillance systems, have already been adopted by a small number of police departments around the country. A third example—the potential use of DNA databank samples—presents an untapped source of big data analysis. Whether any of these three examples of big data policing attract more widespread adoption by the police is yet unknown, but it likely that the prospect of being able to analyze large amounts of …
Machine Learning And Law, Harry Surden
Machine Learning And Law, Harry Surden
Washington Law Review
Part I of this Article explains the basic concepts underlying machine learning. Part II will convey a more general principle: non-intelligent computer algorithms can sometimes produce intelligent results in complex tasks through the use of suitable proxies detected in data. Part III will explore how certain legal tasks might be amenable to partial automation under this principle by employing machine learning techniques. This Part will also emphasize the significant limitations of these automated methods as compared to the capabilities of similarly situated attorneys.
Machines Without Principals: Liability Rules And Artificial Intelligence, David C. Vladeck
Machines Without Principals: Liability Rules And Artificial Intelligence, David C. Vladeck
Washington Law Review
No abstract provided.
Reexamining Crawford: Poll Worker Error As A Burden On Voters, Lauren Watts
Reexamining Crawford: Poll Worker Error As A Burden On Voters, Lauren Watts
Washington Law Review
American elections are administered by poll workers—individuals who are recruited and trained by states and localities for the particular task of helping people vote on Election Day. Several layers of law govern poll workers, including federal constitutional law, federal statutory law, state constitutional law, state statutory law, and local law. Among these laws are voter photo identification laws, or voter ID laws. Nineteen states have passed voter ID laws in the last ten years. With some variation, these laws require a person to present photo identification before he or she is allowed to vote. In 2008, the United States Supreme …
Artificial Meaning, Lawrence B. Solum
Artificial Meaning, Lawrence B. Solum
Washington Law Review
This Essay investigates the concept of artificial meaning, meanings produced by entities other than individual natural persons. That investigation begins in Part I with a preliminary inquiry in the meaning of “meaning,” in which the concept of meaning is disambiguated. The relevant sense of “meaning” for the purpose of this inquiry is captured by the idea of communicative content, although the phrase “linguistic meaning” is also a rough equivalent. Part II presents a thought experiment, The Chinese Intersection, which investigates the creation of artificial meaning produced by an AI that creates legal rules for the regulation of a hyper-complex conflux …
Contract Texts, Contract Teaching, Contract Law: Comment On Lawrence Cunningham, Contracts In The Real World, Brian H. Bix
Contract Texts, Contract Teaching, Contract Law: Comment On Lawrence Cunningham, Contracts In The Real World, Brian H. Bix
Washington Law Review
Lawrence Cunningham’s Contracts in the Real World offers a good starting place for necessary conversations about how contract law should be taught, and, more generally, for when and how cases—in summary form or in longer excerpts—are useful in teaching the law. This Article tries to offer some reasons for thinking that their prevalence may reflect important truths about contract law in particular and law and legal education in general.
Unilateral Reordering In The Reel World, Jake Linford
Unilateral Reordering In The Reel World, Jake Linford
Washington Law Review
Professor Larry Cunningham’s new book, Contracts in the Real World, demonstrates that there is much to learn about contract law from a few well-chosen stories. The goal of this Essay is to provide a similar service, relying on stories gleaned from movies and television—contracts in the “reel world,” so to speak—to illustrate and then undermine the traditional stories told about contract formation and modification. We can learn much from the scenes discussed herein about how consumers might be led to think contracts are formed, and perhaps misled about the certainty contracts provide.
Reflections On Contracts In The Real World: History, Currency, Context, And Other Values, Lawrence A. Cunningham
Reflections On Contracts In The Real World: History, Currency, Context, And Other Values, Lawrence A. Cunningham
Washington Law Review
It is gratifying to read that this symposium issue of the Washington Law Review was stimulated by Contracts in the Real World. Thanks to the editors for the opportunity to ruminate on the place of the book’s approach—stressing context through stories—in the tradition of contracts pedagogy. To that end, Part I first pinpoints relevant historical milestones in the field of contracts casebooks. Building on that historical grounding, Part II then highlights the values of currency and context that the stories approach epitomizes. Turning more speculative, Part III considers the value of this approach from the perspective of the purpose …
The Perspective Of Law On Contract, Aditi Bagchi
The Perspective Of Law On Contract, Aditi Bagchi
Washington Law Review
What is the perspective of law on contract? This Article will consider two dimensions of the perspective we offer students. Part I will consider how we present the nature of contract law. That is, it will explore the extent to which traditional methods of teaching unduly underplay indeterminacy and disagreement. In that Part I distinguish between inductive and deductive legal reasoning and suggest we may give short shrift to the former in teaching. Part II will consider the attitude of the law toward contract as a social practice. Here I distinguish between internal and external perspectives on law and suggest …
Cases And Controversies: Some Things To Do With Contracts Cases, Charles L. Knapp
Cases And Controversies: Some Things To Do With Contracts Cases, Charles L. Knapp
Washington Law Review
As a co-author of one of the two dozen or more currently-in-print Contracts casebooks, I obviously have both a point of view about, and a personal stake in, the survival of this particular method of instruction. Whether the legal casebook—or any other book, in the form of bound sheets of paper—will remain a part of our academic culture much longer is clearly up for grabs, however. Electronic records have so many advantages over the printed page that, at least for many purposes, they will surely become the dominant form of preserving, retrieving, and transmitting information, if indeed they are not …
Copyrights In Faculty-Created Works: How Licensing Can Solve The Academic Work-For-Hire Dilemma, Glenda A. Gertz
Copyrights In Faculty-Created Works: How Licensing Can Solve The Academic Work-For-Hire Dilemma, Glenda A. Gertz
Washington Law Review
Many copyrightable works of university faculty members may be works-for-hire as defined under current U.S. copyright laws. Copyrights in works-for-hire are treated differently than copyrights in other works with respect to ownership, duration, termination rights, and requirements for transfer. Ambiguity over whether a specific faculty-created work is a work-for-hire creates legal uncertainties and potential future litigation about the initial ownership of the copyright, length of the copyright term, and termination rights which could impact all future transfers and licensing. Many universities have attempted to define ownership of faculty-created works through university policies. These policies are ineffective to alter the presumption …
Contract Stories: Importance Of The Contextual Approach To Law, Larry A. Dimatteo
Contract Stories: Importance Of The Contextual Approach To Law, Larry A. Dimatteo
Washington Law Review
How law is taught is at the center of the debate over the need to change legal education to better prepare students for a difficult and changing marketplace for legal services. This Article analyzes the benefits of using “stories” to teach law. The stories to be discussed relate to contract law: this Article asks whether they can be used to improve the method and content of teaching law. The ruminations offered on teaching contract law, however, are also relevant to teaching other core, first-year law courses.
Unpopular Contracts And Why They Matter: Burying Langdell And Enlivening Students, Jennifer S. Taub
Unpopular Contracts And Why They Matter: Burying Langdell And Enlivening Students, Jennifer S. Taub
Washington Law Review
Thus, the purpose of this piece is to provide an alternative: a transformation of how Contracts is taught in law schools so that we meet a variety of educational objectives. This is less of a prescription than it is a resolution made in the public sphere: a promise to shake things up in my own classroom and thus hopefully do better by students in the long run. It is also the beginning of a search to benchmark against the practices of others, and to seek input from those who have already begun to transform their Contracts teaching materials and methods. …
Contract As Pattern Language, Erik F. Gerding
Contract As Pattern Language, Erik F. Gerding
Washington Law Review
This essay examines how patterns enable the transformation of contractual provisions into contracts, contracts into transactions, and transactions into markets. Although contract design patterns are broader than contract boilerplate (as described in Part II.C. below), some of the extensive legal scholarship on boilerplate19 helps explain how contract patterns generate agreements, transactions, and markets. The work of Henry Smith on the modularity of contract boilerplate proves particularly useful in this regard. Contract patterns perform several functions. Contract patterns break complex problems and bargains into components. Attorneys can then repeatedly apply these particular solutions to similar problems. Patterns also serve as heuristics …
The Collateral Consequences Of Ex Post Judicial Review, Brianne J. Gorod
The Collateral Consequences Of Ex Post Judicial Review, Brianne J. Gorod
Washington Law Review
Judicial review produces disruptions to democratic preferences that are not constitutionally required. Judicial review produces these disruptions because the law the Court declares unconstitutional is not automatically replaced with the laws that policymakers would have enacted had they known their preferred policy was unconstitutional. The Court is institutionally ill-equipped to address these disruptions, and the coordinate branches are often unwilling or unable to do so—unwilling because their membership has changed since the law was enacted, or unable because of institutional features that make quick response difficult. Under either scenario, these disruptions are cause for concern. Yet they are virtually inevitable …
The Confusion Trap: Rethinking Parody In Trademark Law, David A. Simon
The Confusion Trap: Rethinking Parody In Trademark Law, David A. Simon
Washington Law Review
This Article suggests using existing doctrinal levers in trademark law to accommodate parodies in a more balanced fashion. To reach this conclusion, this Article examines the parody doctrine in U.S. trademark law using two lenses. The first lens is trademark doctrine itself. Here I explore the various approaches courts use to resolve trademark disputes involving parody. The other lens is copyright law. Through this lens I examine how courts deciding trademark parody disputes employ the Supreme Court’s most recent decision on parody in copyright, Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994). I also use this decision to examine the relationship …