Law Commons^™

Introduction To Panel I, Gabriel M. Wilner

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The work of this panel is to sort out the theories and arguments on the obligations of individual states, as distinguished from the international or regional community of states acting under the rules of an international organization, in dealing with internal conflicts in other states. Are states assisted in determining their obligations by existing standards of international law? The panel will wish to address itself to the central question of the content of international law standards on intervention. In doing so it may also wish to offer some definition of "internal conflict" and discuss the ramifications of the passage from …

Gradations Of Intervention In Internal Conflicts, Louis B. Sohn

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I promised to suggest a definition. It is a very modest one, simply trying to apply the language of article 51 of the Charter about self-defense to the problem of military intervention. It might be desirable to have at least a rule which would say: "No military invention by one state in the internal armed conflicts in another state is permissible except in an extreme emergency requiring instant response and subject to imimediate termination of such emergency action on the request of the United Nations or an appropriate regional organization."

Introduction To Panel Iii: Regional And Other International Organizations Responses To Internal Conflict, Louis B. Sohn

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The United Nations has been trying to do three different things. First, the United Nations had to develop the basic principles of intervention. Most of them were borrowed from the Charter of the Organization of American States, especially those on intervention, but they went much further concerning the limitations on help to guerrillas and the problems of interference by various means. The United Nations Declaration on Friendly Relations, the Declaration on Inadmissibility of Intervention, and several other documents have been broadening or clarifying the law on the subject over the last 20 years. Second, as noted previously, the United Nations …

Forrest Lacey: A Tribute From A Colleague, Joseph G. Cook

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No abstract provided.

Medical Dependency In Arizona, Mary E. Berkheiser

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Analysis of In re Cochise County Juvenile Action No. 5666-J, 650 P.2d 459 (Ariz. 1982).

Trial Practice And Procedure (Annual Survey Of Georgia Law), C. Ronald Ellington, T. Bart Gary

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The most significant developments in trial practice and procedure during the survey period occurred in the legislative rather than in the judicial arena. The General Assembly added a "domestic relations" section to the Georgia long arm statute and enacted other legislation to implement some of the changes in the court system brought about by the new Georgia Constitution, which became effective on July 1, 1983. These legislative changes, along with selected Georgia appellate court decisions, will be discussed starting with the topics of subject matter and personal jurisdiction and venue. This discussion will be followed by an analysis of cases …

Lawyers And The Abortion Debate: Presenting A Balanced View, Thomas B. Mcaffee

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The author is pleased to see the publication of A Lawyer Looks at Abortion because legal scholars have much to contribute to the understanding of public questions. Lay readers too often receive distorted impressions of legal issues from the media, and those who understand the system best are frequently too busy writing for the legal community to contribute to popular literature. Yet it is legal scholars who are best equipped to make the intricacies of law accessible to lay persons by defining and explaining legal terms and doctrine and by examining the reasoning found in relevant judicial decisions. Lawyers are …

The Use Of Statistics To Prove Intentional Employment Discrimination, Elaine W. Shoben

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Two decades after the once fiery debate about the meaning of "discrimination" in employment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the issue has recently been rekindled. In simplest form, the question is whether the type of discrimination statutorily prohibited is only purposeful exclusions, or whether it includes unintended exclusions caused by tests or requirements that disproportionately affect a group defined by race, sex, or ethnicity. The Supreme Court's decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Co. resolved the question in one major area, thus causing the issue to lie dormant since 1971. Griggs held that liability under …

Why Lawyers Should Be Allowed To Advertise: A Market Analysis Of Legal Services, Jeffrey W. Stempel

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In Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, a 1977 decision, the United States Supreme Court overturned the American Bar Association's (ABA) sixty-nine-year-old prohibition of advertising by lawyers. The Bates holding invalidated comprehensive bans on lawyer advertising but left unsettled the scope of permissible regulation. While the Bates Court found attorneys' price advertising to be protected speech under the first amendment, it also stated that false and misleading advertising could be prohibited. The majority expressly declined to consider the problems of advertising claims relating to the quality of legal services.

The organized bar's reaction to Bates has been hesitant and inconsistent. …

Administrative Procedures For Resolving Complex Policy Questions: A Proposal For Proof Dissection, Harold I. Abramson

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Many commentaries have charged that the use of conventional trial procedures in the administrative process fails to provide an effective means for resolving complex policy questions. In particular, the excessive use of cross-examination has been cited as needlessly impairing the economy and efficiency of administrative proceedings. Excessive and redundant use of such procedures has also been criticized as undermining the accuracy of results by allowing unfettered attack on adversaries’ witnesses. Clearly, current opinion of the adversary system is that it “rates truth too low among values that institutions of justice are meant to serve.”

The problems surrounding the use of …

State Income Taxation Of Multijurisdictional Corporations, Part Ii: Reflections On Asarco And Woolworth, Walter Hellerstein

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The first part of this Article, "State Income Taxation of Multijurisdictional Corporations: Reflections on Mobil, Exxon, and H.R. 5076" [79 Mich. L. Rev. 113], did not contemplate a sequel. The Supreme Court's decisions last term in two state corporate income tax cases, however, created an irresistible opportunity to write one. The Court's opinions in ASARCO and Woolworth picked up where its opinions in Mobil and Exxon left off. Yet the direction taken by these more recent decisions veers sharply from the course ostensibly set by their predecessors. This Article will consider the Court's latest pronouncements in this area in a …

State Income Taxation Of Multijurisdictional Corporations, Part Ii: Reflections On Asarco And Woolworth, Walter Hellerstein

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The first part of this Article, State Income Taxation of Multiurisdictional Corporations: Reflections on Mobil, Exxon, and H A 5076, did not contemplate a sequel. The Supreme Court's decisions last term in two state corporate income tax cases, however, created an irresistible opportunity to write one. The Court's opinions in ASARC0 and Woolworth picked up where its opinions in Mobil and Exxon left off. Yet the direction taken by these more recent decisions veers sharply from the course ostensibly set by their predecessors. This Article will consider the Court's latest pronouncements in this area in a continuing if quixotic effort …

Affirmative Duty And Constitutional Tort, Michael L. Wells, Thomas A. Eaton

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The Constitution ordinarily places only negative restrictions on government and does not require affirmative acts to assist individuals. The statutory vehicle for most constitutional tort litigation, 42 U.S.C. section 1983, echoes this constitutional principle. It extends liability to "[e]very person who ... [under color of state law] subjects, or causes to be subjected, any ... person" to the deprivation of federal rights, and makes no provision for a duty on governmental defendants to stop others from harming the plaintiff.

For some courts this principle disposes of affirmative duty claims forthwith. A noteworthy example is the recent seventh circuit case Bowers …

Trial Practice And Procedure (Annual Survey Of Georgia Law), C. Ronald Ellington, T. Bart Gary

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This survey contains only a handful of the hundreds of decisions rendered last year by the Georgia appellate courts on points of trial practice and procedure. The decisions chosen for review were selected because they resolved previously undecided issues or aptly illustrated some important principle of civil procedure. Three fairly technical legislative amendments to the Civil Practice Act (CPA) dealing with the applicability of the CPA, the requirement of filing discovery documents, and the effect of a dismissal for failure to prosecute are also noted. This survey will follow the format used in the past by beginning with cases dealing …

Res Ipsa Loquitur And Medical Malpractice In Georgia: A Reassessment, Thomas A. Eaton

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Part II of this Article addresses the threshold issue of when a court may consider a medical accident as one that ordinarily does not occur in the absence of negligence. This part criticizes the blanket rejection of res ipsa loquitur in Georgia malpractice opinions. Judicial hostility toward res ipsa loquitur in these cases is based in large part on a misunderstanding of the so-called presumption of due care. This part then explains how an inference of negligence may be harmonized with traditional fault-based malpractice doctrine. Finally, this part addresses judicial concerns about the sufficiency of evidence. It is argued that …

The Tva Air Pollution Conflict: The Dynamics Of Public Law Advocacy, Dean Rivkin

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No abstract provided.

Legal Advocacy, Performance, And Affection, D. Robert Lohn, Milner S. Ball

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Professor Geoffrey Hazard's lecture addresses appellate advocacy. That advocate's brief is best, he says, that, short of surrender, concedes most to the opposing party. We assume that Professor Hazard would scarcely have ventured out of New Haven to participate in the distinguished Sibley Lectureship merely to commend to the consideration of the audience an interesting but minor rhetorical ploy. Therefore we read his comments as surely implying more. We interpret his lecture as an invitation to rethink the nature of the courtroom event. The textual openings to our examination of fundamentals are found in various of Professor Hazard's comments--for instance, …

Reflections On Commonwealth Edison Co. V. Montana, Mike Mcgrath, Walter Hellerstein

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On the final day of its 1980-81 term, the United States Supreme Court handed down its long-awaited decision in Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana, which sustained Montana's coal severance tax over commerce and supremacy clause objections. In a six-to-three decision, the Court upheld the right of the states to set their own tax rates without fear of judicial interference. The Court's conclusion was rooted in its recognition that the determination of the rate or amount of a state tax is fundamentally a political question, which "must be resolved through the political process . . . by state legislatures in …

Landlord's Remedies When The Tenant Abandons: Property, Contract, And Leases, Sarajane N. Love

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Because the current remedial scheme represents a blend of property and contract Law, an adequate assessment requires delving into the property framework that existed before its revamping by contract. In part II, therefore, the focus will be on the remedial options traditionally associated with property law.... Part III will examine the significant contract doctrines in this area of the law -- breach by anticipatory repudiation and the avoidable consequences rule. An important concern is whether the contract and property rules have been or can be melded together in an overall remedial scheme that is conceptually understandable and practically consistent in …

Defamation In Georgia Local Government Law: A Brief History, R. Perry Sentell Jr.

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Whether it be contact between local government officers themselves, or between officer and citizen, or between officer and news media, or between media and government itself, the potential for defamatory publications is awesome. Historically, therefore, in the defamation law of any state, a considerable number of the cases typically arise out of the local government process. Indeed, no less a case than New York Times v. Sullivan itself is but modern confirmation of a traditional setting for defamation controversy. Georgia local government law likewise contains its share of defamation disagreements. At an early date, many of the state's common law …

The County Spending Power: An Abbreviated Audit Of The Account, R. Perry Sentell Jr.

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In Georgia the spending power of the county enjoys a distinctive history. The subject can by no means be relegated to history alone, however, for it currently stands as one of the most perplexing issues in local government law. That further developments in dealing with the issue may occur, indeed unquestionably will occur, does not detract from the account itself.

Causation In Constitutional Torts, Thomas A. Eaton

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The issue of causation is fundamental to every constitutional tort action. Money damages are not recoverable unless the defendant is found to have caused the plaintiff to be deprived of a constitutional right and that deprivation is the cause of some harm. In several recent decisions the Supreme Court has seized upon the language of causation as a means of restricting constitutional tort liability. In Monell v. Department of Social Services, for example, the Court based its rejection of respondeat superior on the implicit meaning of the term "causes." The concept of causation in a constitutional tort context thus requires …

Electoral Folklore: An Empirical Examination Of The Abortion Issue, Jeffrey W. Stempel

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Though partisans on both sides claim credit for electoral victories and defeats, and politicians treat both groups with deference, few studies have attempted to gauge the impact of the abortion issue in more than an anecdotal manner. In 1976, NARAL noted that of the 13 members of the U.S. Representatives that lost re-election bids, nine were pro-life, and four were pro-choice. A study conducted by the Alan Guttmacher Institute of the 1974 House races found that, in “competitive” districts, 92 percent of the pro-choice candidates studied were re-elected while only 61 percent of the pro-life candidates were returned to Congress, …

United States Jurisdiction Over Extraterritorial Crime, Christopher L. Blakesley

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The term jurisdiction may be defined as the authority to affect legal interests -- to prescribe rules of law (legislative jurisdiction), to adjudicate legal questions (judicial jurisdiction) and to enforce judgments the judiciary made (enforcement jurisdiction). The definition, nature and scope of jurisdiction vary depending on the context in which it is to be applied. United States domestic law, for example, defines and applies notions of jurisdiction pursuant to the United States constitutional provisions relating to the separation of powers. Within the United States, jurisdiction is defined and applied in a variegated fashion depending on whether a legal problem is …

Norris V. Arizona Governing Committee: Titile Vii's Applicability To Arizona's Deferred Compensation Plan, Mary E. Berkheiser

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Analysis of Norris v. Arizona Governing Comm., 671 F.2d 330 (9^th Cir. 1982).

The Rule Against Perpetuities As Applied To Georgia Wills And Trusts: A Survey And Suggestions For Reform, Verner F. Chaffin

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The prevalent criticism seems to be that the Rule Against Perpetuities, as presently applied, does not further the best interests of society and therefore should be changed to make it work better. To determine how well the Rule is operating, a critical examination will be made of Georgia statutory law and decisions involving its application to class gifts, private trusts, charitable gifts, commercial transactions, powers of appointment, and to various types of future interests including reverters, rights of entry, and executory interests. This Article will also explore techniques for avoiding the lethal effect of the Rule through draftsmanship, judicial construction, …

A Lawyer’S Lawyer, A Judge’S Judge: Justice Potter Stewart And The Fourth Amendment, Jeffrey B. Morris

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No abstract provided.

Duties And Powers Respecting Foreign Crimes, Daniel H. Derby

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No abstract provided.

The Application Of The Sherman Act Antiboycott Law To Industry Self-Regulation: An Analysis Integrating Nonboyocott Sherman Act Principles, James F. Ponsoldt

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Entry into and competition within professions and many industries is commonly restricted by private regulation among competitors. These restrictions are often effectuated, without direct government participation, through rules, procedures, or standards established by trade or professional organizations. Sometimes, however, the restrictions are made through less formalized concerted decisionmaking procedures by persons potentially in competition with new entrants. Such privately imposed restraints on competition have recently been the focus of an increasing number of private treble damages actions under section 1 of the Sherman Act. In these cases, the plaintiffs have alleged that the defendants were engaged in illegal boycotts, and …

Trial Practice And Procedure (Annual Survey Of Georgia Law), C. Ronald Ellington, T. Bart Gary

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This survey covers only a handful of the hundreds of decisions rendered last year by the Georgia appellate courts on points of trial practice and procedure. Those decisions selected were chosen because they resolved significant new issues or illustrated important principles of civil procedure. Using the format established in the past, the survey begins with cases dealing with personal jurisdiction, subject-matter jurisdiction, and venue, followed by cases concerned with the Civil Practice Act arranged under each section in numerical order.