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Articles 811 - 840 of 3741
Full-Text Articles in Law
On The Contemporary Meaning Of Korematsu: Liberty Lies In The Hearts Of Men And Women, David A. Harris
On The Contemporary Meaning Of Korematsu: Liberty Lies In The Hearts Of Men And Women, David A. Harris
Missouri Law Review
In just a few years, seven decades will have passed since the United States Supreme Court's decision in Korematsu v. United States, one of the most reviled of all of the Court's cases. However, similarities between the World War II era and our own have instigated a re-evaluation of Korematsu. When the Court decided Korenatsu in 1944, the United States was at war with the Japanese empire, which created considerable suspicion of anyone who shared the ethnicity of these foreign enemies. Since September 11, 2001, America has faced another external threat - from the al Qaeda terrorists - and there …
Walking Out On The Check: How Missouri Abandoned Its Public Defenders And Left The Poor To Foot The Bill, Chris Dandurand
Walking Out On The Check: How Missouri Abandoned Its Public Defenders And Left The Poor To Foot The Bill, Chris Dandurand
Missouri Law Review
This Note looks at the Pratte decision, which arose primarily from the MSPD's most recent effort to cope with its drastically insufficient level of funding. In Missouri, as in many other states, the funding crisis has manifested itself in the form of extremely high caseloads for public defender offices. Straining to prevent a system-wide collapse, the Missouri Public Defender Commission (Commission) enacted regulations that gave each district office of the public defender the power to manage its caseload. These regulations effectively gave each district office the discretion to deny representation to indigent defendants who were otherwise entitled to counsel under …
Swimming Against The Tide: The Eighth Circuit Holds That Fleeing A Police Officer In A Motor Vehicle Is Not A Crime Of Violence, Nichole Walsch
Swimming Against The Tide: The Eighth Circuit Holds That Fleeing A Police Officer In A Motor Vehicle Is Not A Crime Of Violence, Nichole Walsch
Missouri Law Review
In 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit held that the Minnesota offense of fleeing a peace officer in a motor vehicle is not a "crime of violence" for the purposes of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (Sentencing Guidelines), a crime of violence is defined as any state or federal offense "punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year" that involves the use of physical force against another person or that "is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential …
Stimulating School Reform: The American Recovery And Reinvestment Act And The Shifting Federal Role In Education, Benjamin Michael Superfine
Stimulating School Reform: The American Recovery And Reinvestment Act And The Shifting Federal Role In Education, Benjamin Michael Superfine
Missouri Law Review
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), aimed at stimulating and stabilizing the American economy during the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, reflects significant new dimensions of federal action in the area of educational reform. In addition to saving jobs in the educator workforce, the ARRA was designed to spark the implementation of specific reform strategies in states and schools and lay a foundation for the Obama administration's subsequent educational reform efforts, including the impending reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. While the goals of the educational reform provisions of the ARRA are laudable, …
In A Class Of Their Own: The Eighth Circuit Upholds A Credit Card Agreement's Class Action Waiver And Mandatory Arbitration Clause, Lucinda Housley Luetkemeyer
In A Class Of Their Own: The Eighth Circuit Upholds A Credit Card Agreement's Class Action Waiver And Mandatory Arbitration Clause, Lucinda Housley Luetkemeyer
Missouri Law Review
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit recently joined the cadre of courts to uphold class action waivers in arbitration agreements. In Cicle v. Chase Bank USA, the court held that a Missouri woman's putative class action suit against a credit card company was barred due to theclass action waiver in her card agreement's arbitration clause. The Eighth Circuit reversed a sharply worded federal district court order and rejected the plaintiff s contention that the class action waiver was a "de facto immunity provision[]" for the credit card company which would leave her and other similarly situation …
Giving A Voice To The Inanimate: The Right Of A Corporation To Political Free Speech, Alex Osterlind
Giving A Voice To The Inanimate: The Right Of A Corporation To Political Free Speech, Alex Osterlind
Missouri Law Review
This Note examines the concept of corporate personhood and whether the state-created corporate entity is contemplated by the First Amendment. To discuss this controversy in relation to federal election laws constraining corporate financing, this Note first explains the particulars giving rise to the Citizens United case. Next, this Note examines the legislative and judicial treatment of corporate financing laws in regard to elections. Building upon this milieu, this Note presents the viewpoints of both those opposed to unrestricted corporate political speech as well as those championing a broad interpretation of the First Amendment that encompasses the corporate entity. Finally, this …
Eeoc Reinforces Broad Interpretation Of Adaaa Disability Qualification: But What Does Substantially Limits Mean, Carol J. Miller
Eeoc Reinforces Broad Interpretation Of Adaaa Disability Qualification: But What Does Substantially Limits Mean, Carol J. Miller
Missouri Law Review
Part I of this Article recognizes the difficulty in calculating how many workers are disabled. Such difficulties have been used by the courts to justify differing interpretations of what constitutes a disability. This Part also discusses the origin of the ADA and provides a brief overview of the 2008 ADAAA. Part I of the Article examines the United States Supreme Court's interpretations that narrowed the construction of what is a "substantial limitation" and what is an ADA disability. This Part highlights the lack of consensus between the courts, Congress, and the EEOC, as well as the courts' apparent disregard of …
Read-The-Bill Rule For Congress, A, Hanah Metchis Volokh
Read-The-Bill Rule For Congress, A, Hanah Metchis Volokh
Missouri Law Review
In response to recent high-profile instances of rushed legislation, a political movement has formed to urge legislators to read bills before voting on them. In this Article, I argue that legislators have a duty to read the text of proposed legislation before voting to enact it. Putting aside partisan concerns, a rushed legislative process creates real problems because it forces legislators to vote on bills without having time to properly evaluate the new legal rules that are being imposed on citizens. If a rule or norm of reading the bill can slow the legislative process enough to provide for thorough …
When Efficiency Arguments Fail: The Counter-Intuitive Effects Of Amended Rule 78.07(C), Vincenzo Iuppa
When Efficiency Arguments Fail: The Counter-Intuitive Effects Of Amended Rule 78.07(C), Vincenzo Iuppa
Missouri Law Review
In light of the court's miscarriage of justice in Crow v. Crow, this Note will focus on analyzing the supposed efficiency of amended Rule 78.07(c). This Note will begin by explaining the history leading up to Crow v. Crow and then analyzing the decision itself. With the background established, this Note will examine the effect that amended rule 78.07(c) had on the Crow court and the lingering influence it has on the judiciary at large. First, the intended outcome of the rule will be compared and contrasted with several potential outcomes in order to determine whether the amendment actually results …
One Prong, Two Prong, Many Prongs: A Look Into The Economic Substance Doctrine, Amanda L. Yoder
One Prong, Two Prong, Many Prongs: A Look Into The Economic Substance Doctrine, Amanda L. Yoder
Missouri Law Review
Almost every federal circuit, as well as Congress, has weighed in on the economic substance doctrine and attempted to clarify its boundaries. The economic substance doctrine deals with transactions that, although technically in accord with the Internal Revenue Code (the Code or I.R.C.), were originally structured solely for tax avoidance purposes. The Internal Revenue Service and courts dislike these transactions because they thwart the general intent of Congress in enacting certain tax-saving Code provisions. Until recent amendments to the I.R.C., the federal circuits were split between two different approaches to tax avoidance transactions, yet the application of the two approaches …
Strip Searches Of Students: Addressing The Undressing Of Children In Schools And Redressing The Fourth Amendment Violations, Diana R. Donahoe
Strip Searches Of Students: Addressing The Undressing Of Children In Schools And Redressing The Fourth Amendment Violations, Diana R. Donahoe
Missouri Law Review
This Article exposes the problems created by T.L.O. and its progeny, analyzes the Safford decision, and proposes recommendations for lower courts, legislatures, and local school boards to redress the current strip search crisis in public schools. Part II explains the T.L.O. two-prong test and illustrates the problems the T.L.O. Court and lower courts have had in applying it, specifically in strip search cases. Part III analyzes the Safford opinion and its ramifications. Part IV proposes ways in which lower courts, legislatures, and local school boards can redress the problems created by TL.O. and Saf ford so that officials will no …
Cut And Run - Tuition Reimbursement And The 1997 Idea Amendments, Brianna L. Lennon
Cut And Run - Tuition Reimbursement And The 1997 Idea Amendments, Brianna L. Lennon
Missouri Law Review
This Note addresses the challenges that courts face in balancing the legislative purpose of IDEA with its practical application. At its core, IDEA was enacted to preserve the right of all children to a "free appropriate public education" (FAPE), including special needs students who, under the law, have "the right to sit in the same classrooms, to learn the same skills, [and] to dream the same dreams as their fellow Americans." At the same time, IDEA and its amendments emphasize that "parents [need] a greater voice in their children's education." These goals can create a disconnect between what schools must …
Death Of The Challenge To Lethal Injection - Missouri's Protocol Deemed Constitutional Yet Again, Tanya M. Maerz
Death Of The Challenge To Lethal Injection - Missouri's Protocol Deemed Constitutional Yet Again, Tanya M. Maerz
Missouri Law Review
Lethal injection is currently the predominant form of execution nationwide. Most proponents of this method cite the convenience and the humanity of this procedure over past methods of execution. However, lethal injections are fraught with problems such as the specificity and safety of the written procedures themselves, implementation of such procedures, and whether lethal injection and executions in general are constitutional. Most often, prisoners file constitutional challenges to lethal injections under the Eighth Amendment, which prevents imposing cruel and unusual punishment on an American citizen. One of the more recent cases in Missouri cited such a challenge to the implementation …
Constitutional Interpretation Through A Global Lens, Rex D. Glensy
Constitutional Interpretation Through A Global Lens, Rex D. Glensy
Missouri Law Review
This Article seeks to clarify the current debate concerning the use of non-U.S. persuasive authority within the context of constitutional interpretation. It begins by noting that commentary on comparative constitutional law often fails to make any distinction between foreign domestic sources and international law used comparatively, and thus risks evoking parallels between different systems of law that lack context and plausibility. It then draws on various normative theories and underpinnings of both domestic and international legal regimes to show that a proper comparative enterprise must take this distinction into account. The Article concludes by explaining that only when those policy …
Strict In Theory, But Accommodating In Fact, Ozan O. Varol
Strict In Theory, But Accommodating In Fact, Ozan O. Varol
Missouri Law Review
As law students quickly learn, the strict-scrutiny test governs challenges under the Equal Protection Clause to the government's use of suspect classifications and infringement on certain fundamental rights. To survive strict scrutiny, the government bears the heavy burden of showing a compelling interest in drawing a suspect classification or infringing on a fundamental right and narrowly tailored means to achieve that interest. Over the years, strict scrutiny has expanded to serve as a bulwark against government intrusions on many fundamental rights and liberties in the United States Constitution - including the right to vote, marry, access the courts, and freedom …
Employees' Decade: Recent Developments Under The Mhra And The Employers' Potential Rebound, The, Dane C. Martin
Employees' Decade: Recent Developments Under The Mhra And The Employers' Potential Rebound, The, Dane C. Martin
Missouri Law Review
This Note will identify the considerable changes and varying interpretations of the MHRA over the last decade, analyze the optimal balance between the competing, important interests, and determine any potential need for amendment, including consideration of the various proposals currently before the legislature. Part 11 thus analyzes the four major areas of difficulty in the adjudication of MHRA claims in the last decade, including jury trials, available damages, the burden of proof, and individual liability. Next, Part III recognizes the most recent developments under the MHRA. And lastly, Part IV involves a two-part discussion beginning with the policy and effect …
Are You My Mother - Missouri Denies Custodial Rights To Same-Sex Parent, Emmalee M. Miller
Are You My Mother - Missouri Denies Custodial Rights To Same-Sex Parent, Emmalee M. Miller
Missouri Law Review
This Note argues that Missouri should adopt a doctrine of alternative parentage that expands the definition of "parent" to include those in same-sex relationships who are not the biological or adoptive parents.' 0 In Part II, this Note analyzes the facts and holding of White. Next, in Part 111, this Note explores the Uniform Parentage Act and introduces the nontraditional forms of standing created by courts to allow third parties to obtain custody rights. Then, Part IV examines the court's rationale in White. Lastly, Part V explores why the court erred in its decision and why courts should recognize alternative …
Cumulative Subject Index For Volumes 74-75
Cumulative Subject Index For Volumes 74-75
Missouri Law Review
Cumulative Subject Index for Volumes 74-75
Foreword, Rodney Uphoff
Foreword, Rodney Uphoff
Missouri Law Review
Even though almost everyone concedes that the caseload crisis in Missouri is real, the dire state budget situation makes a significant infusion of new resources virtually impossible. So if Missouri, like most other states, is truly broke, then realistically can the state find the funds needed to fix its broken indigent defense system? That was the question at the heart of the Symposium. The Symposium presenters and commentators, most of whom had worked at some point in their career as a public defender, brought a wealth of experience to the discussion. While the presentations and comments made that day, together …
Commentary, Norman Lefstein
Commentary, Norman Lefstein
Missouri Law Review
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. I am delighted to be here and to have the opportunity to comment on my colleagues' remarks. I also welcome the chance to share with you my perspectives about indigent defense in the United States and here in Missouri.
Public Defender Elections And Popular Control Over Criminal Justice, Ronald F. Wright
Public Defender Elections And Popular Control Over Criminal Justice, Ronald F. Wright
Missouri Law Review
Part I of this Article reviews the existing evidence about the election of criminal justice officials and presents new evidence about the campaigns and outcomes in public defender elections. Voters respond to candidates for the public defender's office much in the same way that they react to candidates for the prosecutor's office: they choose the incumbent, even more often than they do for legislators and chief executives.2 The candidates themselves also behave fairly similarly in public defender and prosecutor election campaigns. Both the prosecutor and the defender candidates spend a disappointing amount of time in their campaign speeches discussing the …
Ethical Obligations Of Indigent Defense Attorneys To Their Clients, Phyllis E. Mann
Ethical Obligations Of Indigent Defense Attorneys To Their Clients, Phyllis E. Mann
Missouri Law Review
This Article is a basic introduction to the provision of indigent defense services in state courts throughout the country and the ethical obligations of the attorneys who provide those services. First, the Article briefly quantifies what currently exists in our right to counsel systems - what we know, and what we do not know. The Article then discusses the rules that generally govern the ethics of representation provided by indigent defense attorneys. Third, the Article examines the measures by which attorneys can know whether they are fulfilling and will continue to fulfill their ethical obligations. Finally, the Article discusses the …
Beyond Equality And Adequacy: Equal Protection, Tax Assessments, And The Missouri Public School Funding Dilemma, Ronald K. Rowe Ii.
Beyond Equality And Adequacy: Equal Protection, Tax Assessments, And The Missouri Public School Funding Dilemma, Ronald K. Rowe Ii.
Missouri Law Review
This Note focuses on the 2009 challenge to the SB287 formula and specifically the arguments that should have been accepted by the Supreme Court of Missouri. Central to the rejected challenges were two arguments not sufficiently considered by the court in its opinion: (1) the new school funding formula violates equal protection provisions of the Missouri Constitution because it does not adequately provide equal treatment under the law with respect to the fundamental right of education, and (2) the tax assessment procedures prescribed by the new formula and implemented by the State Tax Commission do not comply with the Missouri …
Raising The Bar: Standards-Based Training, Supervision, And Evaluation, Adele Bernhard
Raising The Bar: Standards-Based Training, Supervision, And Evaluation, Adele Bernhard
Missouri Law Review
In this short Article, I sketch the methodology my colleagues and I at Pace Law School use to incorporate practice standards into our clinical teaching and reflect on how a standards-based teaching paradigm could be adapted to the training, supervision, and evaluation of public defenders. Then, I briefly consider how standards and standards-based teaching assist in the administration of assigned counsel plans and in the evaluation of the performance of public defender organizations. Although this Article does not cover any of these topics in depth, my goal is to introduce the reader to a standards-based approach to teaching and suggest …
Role Of Individuals Discrimination In Free Exercise Claims: Putting Iqbal In Its Place, The, Leila Mcneill
Role Of Individuals Discrimination In Free Exercise Claims: Putting Iqbal In Its Place, The, Leila Mcneill
Missouri Law Review
Ashcroft v. Iqbal has been widely discussed for three reasons: (1) its extension of Twombly's pleading standard to cases outside the realm of antitrust suits, (2) its application of the collateral order doctrine to a district court order denying an official's motion to dismiss on the basis of qualified immunity in a Bivens claim, and (3) its implication for national security and postSeptember 11th terrorist detainments and investigations. However, Iqbal also implicates the nature of what constitutes unconstitutional religious discrimination under the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause. Therefore, the Iqbal Court's discussion of religious liberty will present problems of interpretation …
Resurrection Of A Dead Remedy: Bringing Common Law Negligence Back Into Employment Law, Amanda Yoder
Resurrection Of A Dead Remedy: Bringing Common Law Negligence Back Into Employment Law, Amanda Yoder
Missouri Law Review
Prior to the enactment of workers' compensation laws' across the United States and in Missouri, many employees injured on the job were left with no redress. In 1921, less than 3,000 of the nearly 50,000 employees injured in Missouri received compensation.2 During this time, an estimated 25,000 employees died on the job in industrial accidents but less than twenty percent of their families received compensation.3 Those families that were compen- sated still had to bear the cost and delay of litigation.4 In response, legislatures sought to protect employees from the risks of the workplace and transfer the burden of recovery …
State Constitutional Challenges To Indigent Defense Systems, Stephen F. Hanlon
State Constitutional Challenges To Indigent Defense Systems, Stephen F. Hanlon
Missouri Law Review
For many years, the primary vehicle that advocates used to protect the fundamental right of the accused to the effective assistance of counsel was the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as incorporated to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment. For some time, most obviously during the Warren Court years, this federal strategy proved fruitful; indeed, it resulted in a series of landmark decisions by the United States Supreme Court that impact indigent defense systems to this day. A subsequent sea change in the Court's jurisprudence, however, which placed great emphasis on federalism, particularly the doctrines of justiciability and …
Legal Representation For The Poor: Can Society Afford This Much Injustice, Stephen B. Bright
Legal Representation For The Poor: Can Society Afford This Much Injustice, Stephen B. Bright
Missouri Law Review
A New Yorker cartoon depicts a lawyer facing his client, asking the critical question: "You've got a pretty good case, how much justice can you afford?" Of course, the promise is equal justice for all. But that is an aspiration, not reality. The poor person accused of a crime cannot afford any justice. So how much justice is society going to provide? Competent counsel for the accused, with the resources needed for investigation and consultation with experts, is essential for the proper working of our adversary system of justice. States can afford to provide high quality representation for the accused …