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Articles 391 - 420 of 5038
Full-Text Articles in Law
Slavery's Constitution: Rethinking The Federal Consensus, Maeve Glass
Slavery's Constitution: Rethinking The Federal Consensus, Maeve Glass
Fordham Law Review
For at least half a century, scholars of the early American Constitution By recovering this genealogy and expanding our map of the founding, this Essay offers a more complete view of the origins of one of the oldest and most consequential rules of constitutional union. In doing so, it allows us to see the institution of racial slavery not simply as one confined to a single section of the South and upheld by its peculiar doctrine of states’ rights but as a fundamentally American institution, one upheld by a rule of federal and state inaction in the face of slavery’s …
The Unwritten Constitution For Admitting States, Roderick M. Hills Jr.
The Unwritten Constitution For Admitting States, Roderick M. Hills Jr.
Fordham Law Review
The United States has experimented with several different constitutions for adding states. Of all of these regimes, the shortest lived was also the one selected by the Federalist drafters of the Constitution. Under this regime, Article IV, Section 3 bestowed on Congress broad power to govern new territories as colonies of the original states, allowing Congress to place any conditions that they pleased on their admissions. This regime was created by Federalists, like Gouvernour Morris, who were suspicious of Scots-Irish frontiersmen and eager to settle western territory using land companies who would insure that new settlers were deferential to Federalist …
Executive Power And The Rule Of Law In The Marshall Court: A Rereading Of Little V. Barreme And Murray V. Schooner Charming Betsy, Jane Manners
Fordham Law Review
This Essay uses two 1804 opinions by Chief Justice John Marshall to explicate a world in which understandings of executive power and the rule of law were very different from those that predominate today. Scholars have misread Little v. Barreme and Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, this Essay argues, because they apply modern assumptions about the balance of power between Congress and the executive that do not fit the Marshall Court’s constitutional vision. Contemporary interpretations read Little for the propositions that the president’s inherent wartime power may be limited by statute and that early American jurists rejected officers’ “good faith” …
Equal Footing And The States "Now Existing" Slavery And State Equality Over Time, James E. Pfander, Elena Joffroy
Equal Footing And The States "Now Existing" Slavery And State Equality Over Time, James E. Pfander, Elena Joffroy
Fordham Law Review
This Essay reexamines the question whether the Constitution empowered Congress to ban slavery in the territories. We explore that question by tracking two proposed additions to the Constitution, one that would empower Congress to ban the migration and importation of enslaved persons to all new states and territories and one that would oblige Congress to admit new states on an equal footing with the old. We show that the Federalists supported and the Convention adopted the migration provision, enabling Congress to restrict slavery to the states “now existing.” But the Federalists opposed and the Convention rejected the equal footing doctrine. …
Reframing Article I, Section 8, Richard Primus
Reframing Article I, Section 8, Richard Primus
Fordham Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Other Madison Problem, David S. Schwartz, John Mikhail
The Other Madison Problem, David S. Schwartz, John Mikhail
Fordham Law Review
The conventional view of legal scholars and historians is that James pursue a fresh and more accurate assessment of Madison and his constitutional legacy, particularly with respect to slavery. Madison was the “father” or “major architect” of the Constitution, whose unrivaled authority entitles his interpretations of the Constitution to special weight and consideration. This view greatly exaggerates Madison’s contribution to the framing of the Constitution and the quality of his insight into the main problem of federalism that the Framers tried to solve. Perhaps most significantly, it obstructs our view of alternative interpretations of the original Constitution with which Madison …
Ignoring Information Quality, Janet Freilich
Ignoring Information Quality, Janet Freilich
Fordham Law Review
Entry into the patent system is guarded by an examination process to screen out applications that impose undue costs on the public without commensurate benefit. To do this, patent examiners rely heavily on various pieces of information—both provided by the patent applicant and independently discovered by the examiner—to assess whether an application should be granted. This Article shows that there are few mechanisms at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for questioning the veracity of this information, even though it may be incorrect. Rather, patent examination often assumes that existence of information equals accuracy of information. Consequently, examiners may rely …
Blind Justice And Just Arbitrators: Understanding The Federal Arbitration Act’S Evident Partiality Standard, Heather Cameron
Blind Justice And Just Arbitrators: Understanding The Federal Arbitration Act’S Evident Partiality Standard, Heather Cameron
Fordham Law Review
Arbitral awards are intended to be binding on parties who subject their disputes to arbitration. However, an arbitrator’s bias in favor of one of the parties is one of the few grounds on which a party can object to such an award. The standard used to evaluate such bias is known as “evident partiality.” This Note examines two commonly used standards—referred to in this Note as the “possible impression” standard and the “likely actual bias” standard—deployed by U.S. courts to define evident partiality and determine whether the requirements for vacating an arbitral award have been fulfilled. This Note advocates that …
Seeking A Second Opinion: A Call For Congressional Evaluation Of Anti-Assignment Provisions In Employee Health Plans, Jordan Davis
Seeking A Second Opinion: A Call For Congressional Evaluation Of Anti-Assignment Provisions In Employee Health Plans, Jordan Davis
Fordham Law Review
In the health insurance context, anti-assignment provisions are contractual clauses that restrict an insured individual’s ability to assign rights due under a health plan to another party, such as a medical provider. As these provisions have become increasingly prevalent in employersponsored health plan agreements, they have effectively stripped medical providers of enforcement and litigation rights previously utilized under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)—the relevant federal regulation governing employee benefit plans, including health insurance plans. This Note examines these effects in light of ERISA’s intended protections of employees participating in employer-sponsored benefit plans and considers whether congressional …
“The Rule Of The Strong, Not The Rule Of Law”: Reexamining Implicit Divestiture After Mcgirt V. Oklahoma, Joseph Palandrani
“The Rule Of The Strong, Not The Rule Of Law”: Reexamining Implicit Divestiture After Mcgirt V. Oklahoma, Joseph Palandrani
Fordham Law Review
In McGirt v. Oklahoma, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the boundaries of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, which were set in 1866 and which encompass a large swath of present-day Oklahoma, remain intact. Although non-Indigenous people had settled on the land in droves by the early twentieth century, the Court held that the land remains “Indian Country” until Congress explicitly indicates otherwise. Because Congress never so indicated, the reservation is undiminished. McGirt marked a massive shift in the Court’s approach to the question of whether reservation boundaries remain in force; demographic history had previously figured prominently in the Court’s rulings …
Symposium: Mental Health And The Legal Profession: Foreword And Dedication, Deborah W. Denno, Bruce A. Green
Symposium: Mental Health And The Legal Profession: Foreword And Dedication, Deborah W. Denno, Bruce A. Green
Fordham Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Electoral College: Time For A Change?, John D. Feerick
The Electoral College: Time For A Change?, John D. Feerick
Fordham Law Review
Fifty-three years ago, I wrote an article for the Fordham Law Review advocating for a popular vote for president. My experience serving as staff advisor to an American Bar Association (ABA) commission on Electoral College reform influenced my views. The House of Delegates authorized the commission in February 1966. A year later, after study and consideration, the ABA recommended such a reform, as did Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana, then serving as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee’s subcommittee on constitutional amendments. This Article returns to the subject of reform by examining in Part I the elections of this century …
Caught In The Economic Crosshairs: Secondary Sanctions And The American Sanctions Regime, Daniel Meagher
Caught In The Economic Crosshairs: Secondary Sanctions And The American Sanctions Regime, Daniel Meagher
Fordham Law Review
Economic sanctions have a long tradition of use in American foreign policy. There are many benefits to using economic sanctions, particularly when policymakers employ them as alternatives to military action. Secondary sanctions developed as a relatively new tool intended to extend the reach and potency of economic sanctions. They function in much the same manner as traditional, or primary, sanctions. However, they target individuals and entities who conduct prohibited business with the targets of primary economic sanctions. Secondary sanctions are often accompanied by severe financial penalties and threats of exclusion from U.S. consumer and financial markets. Through secondary sanctions, the …
Time Over Matter: Measuring The Reasonableness Of Officer Conduct In § 1983 Claims, Evelyn Michalos
Time Over Matter: Measuring The Reasonableness Of Officer Conduct In § 1983 Claims, Evelyn Michalos
Fordham Law Review
In the United States, far more police encounters result in civilian and officer deaths than in other democratic countries. When a government actor uses excessive force against an individual during an arrest or investigatory stop in violation of the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizure, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a federal civil remedy for that individual. In Graham v. Connor and Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court held that courts should assess the reasonableness of an officer’s use of force to seize an individual in light of the “totality of the circumstances,” which includes the severity of …
No Fare: Remedying The Member Business Loan Loophole, Leili A. Saber
No Fare: Remedying The Member Business Loan Loophole, Leili A. Saber
Fordham Law Review
The member business loan exemption of the Federal Credit Union Act was the driving force behind the New York City taxi medallion loan crisis that led to over 950 bankrupt taxi drivers and eight suicides. This Note analyzes the exemption as the legislature’s balancing act to reconcile two competing policy aims: keeping lenders safe while encouraging them to lend to risky borrowers. Viewed through the lens of the taxi medallion crisis, this Note demonstrates the severe harm that this loophole creates. Exempting credit unions from regulatory limits has left vulnerable borrowers subject to the adverse designs of powerful actors. Ultimately, …
Who Decides?: Civil Consent Jurisdiction Of U.S. Magistrate Judges And Third-Party Intervention, Eric Lim
Who Decides?: Civil Consent Jurisdiction Of U.S. Magistrate Judges And Third-Party Intervention, Eric Lim
Fordham Law Review
The Federal Magistrates Act permits a U.S. magistrate judge to preside over and enter final judgment in a civil case as a district judge would if all parties to the case have consented to the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction. Parties must consent voluntarily and affirmatively—although consent can be implied from the circumstances—to protect the parties’ constitutional right to have their case heard by an Article III judge. To vindicate this right, a body of jurisprudence has developed distinguishing dispositive matters, for which a magistrate judge requires the consent of all the parties in a case to rule on the matter, and …
A Common Law Of Choice Of Law, Lea Brilmayer, Daniel B. Listwa
A Common Law Of Choice Of Law, Lea Brilmayer, Daniel B. Listwa
Fordham Law Review
For more than a generation, choice of law has been the victim of a historical contingency. The “conflicts revolution” of the mid-twentieth century and its legal realist leaders bundled together three concepts that, although all typifying the traditional approach, are not inherently connected: the “scientific formalism” of Bealean territorialism, attention to “system values” like uniformity and predictability, and judicial activism. The revolutionaries tied an anchor to formalism, sinking the regard for system values and judge-led decision-making in the process. This Essay argues that the rejection of system values and judicial lawmaking in the choice-of-law context was a mistake—and it offers …
Local Offenses, Brenner M. Fissell
Local Offenses, Brenner M. Fissell
Fordham Law Review
Criminal law is generally thought to exist within two jurisdictional levels: federal and state. Neglected in the legal mind, and in legal scholarship, is the vast body of criminal law promulgated by local governments. While one should ask “what” is being criminalized by cities, towns, and villages, one should also ask “how” these offenses are written. The offense-drafting practices reflected in state criminal law have been extensively studied, but this has never been attempted for local offenses. This Article undertakes that task. After surveying a large number of local criminal codes, this Article concludes that local offenses routinely fail to …
State Criminal Procedure Rights: How Much Should The U.S. Supreme Court Influence, Kendra Kumor
State Criminal Procedure Rights: How Much Should The U.S. Supreme Court Influence, Kendra Kumor
Fordham Law Review
This Note is about state court interpretation of state constitutional provisions that relate to prosecutorial summation arguments. This Note finds that when the U.S. Supreme Court rules on a prosecutorial summation issue, state court interpretations of their state constitutional provisions are less diverse than when the Supreme Court does not issue an opinion. When state courts interpret their own constitutional provisions after Supreme Court precedent has been disseminated, they give more interpretative weight to the Supreme Court opinion than any other sister state precedent. This Note uses prosecutorial summation arguments to illustrate why state courts should refrain from placing greater …
Measuring The Impact Of Sec Enforcement Decisions, Stephen J. Choi
Measuring The Impact Of Sec Enforcement Decisions, Stephen J. Choi
Fordham Law Review
This Article examines several metrics of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) decision-making that may be updated on a regular basis using publicly available data to give a picture of how SEC decision-making changes. This Article focuses on SEC actions against public companies and subsidiaries of public companies, using data from 2005 to 2018. The metrics include: the number of SEC actions per year and per month, the ratio of SEC actions to securities class actions by year, the mean abnormal return from an event study of the first public announcement of the problem that led to the eventual SEC enforcement …
Unwaivable: Public Enforcement Claims And Mandatory Arbitration, Myriam Giles, Gary Friedman
Unwaivable: Public Enforcement Claims And Mandatory Arbitration, Myriam Giles, Gary Friedman
Fordham Law Review
No abstract provided.
Watching Insider Trading Law Wobble: Obus, Newman, Salman, Two Martomas , And A Blaszcak , Donald C. Langevoort
Watching Insider Trading Law Wobble: Obus, Newman, Salman, Two Martomas , And A Blaszcak , Donald C. Langevoort
Fordham Law Review
No abstract provided.
Class Action Objectors: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly, Robert Klonoff
Class Action Objectors: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly, Robert Klonoff
Fordham Law Review
No abstract provided.
Congressional Overspeech, Josh Chafetz
Congressional Overspeech, Josh Chafetz
Fordham Law Review
Political theater. Spectacle. Circus. Reality show. We are constantly told that, whatever good congressional oversight is, it certainly is not those things. Observers and participants across the ideological and partisan spectrums use those descriptions as pejorative attempts to delegitimize oversight conducted by their political opponents or as cautions to their own allies of what is to be avoided. Real oversight, on this consensus view, is about fact-finding, not about performing for an audience. As a result, when oversight is done right, it is both civil and consensus-building. While plenty of oversight activity does indeed involve bipartisan attempts to collect information …
Programmed Defamation: Applying § 230, Michael R. Bartels
Programmed Defamation: Applying § 230, Michael R. Bartels
Fordham Law Review
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act was originally intended to promote online innovation for the good faith moderation of interactive computer services. Since Congress enacted the statute, innovators, flourishing under statutory immunity, have been able to master the technological frontier, with most web traffic now consumed through highly curated and specialized feeds resembling a personal newspaper. The resulting free market of information is stronger than at any point in human history. The new technological regime, however, has created another problem. Most of the content shared on these platforms originates from third parties, often anonymous or judgment-proof. Section 230, meanwhile, …
Th Executive Branch Anticanon, Deborah Pearlstein
Th Executive Branch Anticanon, Deborah Pearlstein
Fordham Law Review
Donald Trump’s presidency has given rise to a raft of concerns not just about the wisdom of particular policy decisions but also about the prospect that executive actions might have troubling longer term “precedential” effects. While critics tend to leave undefined what “precedent” in this context means, existing constitutional structures provide multiple mechanisms by which presidential practice can influence future executive branch conduct: judicial actors rely on practice as gloss on constitutional meaning, executive branch officials rely on past practice in guiding institutional norms of behavior, and elected officials outside the executive branch and the people themselves draw on past …
Whitman And The Fiduciary Relationship Conundrum, Lisa M. Fairfax
Whitman And The Fiduciary Relationship Conundrum, Lisa M. Fairfax
Fordham Law Review
No abstract provided.
Objector Blackmail Update: What Have The 2018 Amendments Done, Brian T. Fitzpatrick
Objector Blackmail Update: What Have The 2018 Amendments Done, Brian T. Fitzpatrick
Fordham Law Review
No abstract provided.
Proactive Regulation Of Prosectors' Offices: Strengthening Disciplinary Committees' Oversight Of Prosecutors' Offices Across The United States With Aba Model Rule 5.1, Caitlyn B. Holuta
Proactive Regulation Of Prosectors' Offices: Strengthening Disciplinary Committees' Oversight Of Prosecutors' Offices Across The United States With Aba Model Rule 5.1, Caitlyn B. Holuta
Fordham Law Review
In the United States, there are currently several mechanisms to deter prosecutorial misconduct, including judicial orders, civil litigation by defendants, enforcement actions by disciplinary authorities, and internal discipline within a prosecutor’s office. Despite these many avenues of oversight, none have successfully prevented misconduct to the degree society demands. Several international legal systems have adopted regulatory frameworks based on the theory of proactive management-based regulation, which mitigates against unethical conduct by requiring attorneys to selfassess their internal ethics policies against a rubric of ethics goals set by ethics and disciplinary authorities. While most U.S. jurisdictions have not adopted proactive management-based regulations, …
Does The Patent Trial And Appeals Board's Precedential Opinion Comport With Due Process?, Patrick Lavery
Does The Patent Trial And Appeals Board's Precedential Opinion Comport With Due Process?, Patrick Lavery
Fordham Law Review
Inter partes review is an adversarial post-grant proceeding conducted at the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office that allows third parties to petition for reexamination of patents. Normally, a panel of three administrative patent judges decides an inter partes review, but occasionally the director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has expanded panels on rehearing to find against the decision of the original panel. The director has expanded panels on rehearing when the original panel found against agency policy. This practice is known as panel stacking. Parties to cases, judges, and scholars have …