Law Commons^™

Freeman V. Pitts: A Rethinking Of Public School Desegregation, Frank H. Stubbs Iii

University of Richmond Law Review

On March 31, 1992, the United States Supreme Court unanimously declared that federal district courts have the authority to relinquish supervision and control of a public school desegregation plan in incremental stages, before full compliance has been achieved in every area of school operations. The Court also held that public school districts have no duty to remedy racial imbalance caused by demographic shifts once the vestiges of de jure segregation have been eliminated. Reversing a lower court's ruling, Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority, stated that the decision was consistent with the Court's duties to both remedy constitutional violations and …

Indian Tribal Sovereignty And The Environment, Sarah P. Campbell

University of Richmond Law Review

States and Indian tribes alike have compelling reasons for demanding regulatory jurisdiction over the Indian reservations' environments. Proponents of state regulation argue that "[a] state's ability to coordinate a successful and comprehensive hazardous waste management plan depends at least in part on state control of all hazardous waste activity within its borders." In some states, the reservations are not isolated from the activities and residents of the state. In Washington state, for example, some Indian reservations have a high percentage of non-Indian residents, and others contain cities, municipalities, and heavily industrialized areas. This "checkerboard" reservation developed from the federal government's …

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Civil Practice And Procedure, David D. Hopper

University of Richmond Law Review

Virginia courts and the General Assembly have effected a number of changes in civil practice and procedure during the past year. This article focuses on some significant developments of interest to the general litigation attorney. Matters affecting real property, juveniles, and construction laws are treated elsewhere in this volume.

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Business And Corporate Law, Richard T. Horan Jr., Thomas E. Repke

University of Richmond Law Review

This article reviews recent developments in the law affecting Virginia businesses and corporations. Part II discusses recent judicial decisions in Virginia courts involving businesses and corporations. Part III discusses several acts of the 1993 session of the Virginia General Assembly that amend Virginia's corporate, partnership, limited liability company and securities act statutes.

Products Liability Tort Reform: Why Virginia Should Adopt The Henderson-Twerski Proposed Revision Of Section 402a Restatement (Second) Of Torts, Peter Nash Swisher

University of Richmond Law Review

Over the past three decades, literally thousands of American products liability judicial opinions have explicitly referred to, and analyzed, section 402A of the Second Restatement of Torts. At least thirty-four states have judicially adopted section 402A, and

five other states have passed specific statutes adopting the section.3 Since the landmark products liability case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products,Inc.4 in 1963, at least forty-five states have now adopted some form of strict liability in tort remedy in American products liability actions.5 Only Virginia and four other states do

not recognize a strict liability in tort remedy applied to state prod- …

Child Custody Modification Based On A Parents Non-Marital Cohabitation: Protecting The Best Interests Of The Child In Virginia, Katherine A. Salmon

University of Richmond Law Review

In recent years, courts have been faced with deciding what constitutes "parental fitness" for custody purposes in light of society's changing mores and values. In attempting to define the role that a parent's sexual lifestyle plays in a custody or visitation dispute, courts across the country have lost sight of their ultimate responsibility - to protect the best interests of the child. Instead, courts often seem more concerned with protecting the sexual freedom of unmarried parents than in contemplating the impact cohabitation may have on children. The Court of Appeals of Virginia is no exception.

Abraham, Isaac, And The State: Faith-Healing And Legal Intervention, Henry J. Abraham

University of Richmond Law Review

As a Cambridge magistrate in the England of 1960, Lady Rothschild doubtless considered herself an unlikely candidate for participation in a biblical drama reenactment. Nonetheless, on October 21, 1960, she willingly played the role of the last- minute angel of mercy in a virtual reenactment of the story of Abraham and Isaac -a story which, with unfortunate variations in the outcome for the child, seems destined to be repeated frequently in the future.

The Lemon Test Rears Its Ugly Head Again: Lamb's Chapel V. Center Moriches Union Free School District, Wirt P. Marks Iv

University of Richmond Law Review

Since 1971, Establishment Clause cases have been analyzed under the three-prong test articulated by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman. However, this test has often been criticized for producing inconsistent results. In addition, inconsistent application of the test by the Court, and conflicting philosophies among judges and scholars regarding the separation of church and state, have resulted in considerable objection to the Lemon test. In fact, at least five of the current Supreme Court Justices have expressed their dissatisfaction with the Lemon test as a workable framework for Establishment Clause analysis.

Is The Idea Of Human Rights Ineliminably Religious?, Michael J. Perry

University of Richmond Law Review

The name of the state where I was born and raised-Kentucky-derives from a Native American word meaning "the dark and bloody ground." Were there an Indian word for "the dark and bloody time," it would aptly name this century, a century as unrelentingly dark and bloody as any in human history. In the midst of all the terrible inhumanity of the twentieth century, however, there is a hopeful story: the emergence in international law of the idea of human rights.

Civil Justice Reform In The Fourth Circuit, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Congress passed the Civil Justice Reform Act of 1990 (CJRA) because it was increasingly concerned about litigation and discovery abuse in federal civil cases, growing cost and delay in such suits, and decreasing access to federal courts. The statute requires that all ninety-four federal district courts develop civil justice expense and delay reduction plans by December 1993. Thirty-four districts issued plans by December 1991, and the Judicial Conference of the United States recently designated these districts as Early Implementation District Courts (EIDC).

Three of those EIDCs, the Eastern District of Virginia, the Northern District of West Virginia, and the Southern …

Recalibrating The Civil Justice Reform Act, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

In 1990, Congress enacted the Civil Justice Reform Act ("CJRA"), a measure which could substantially change the nature of federal civil litigation. One aspect of the CJRA that provides evidence respecting the progress of civil justice reform is the civil justice expense and delay reduction plans issued in late 1991 by the thirty-four federal district courts which the Judicial Conference of the United States designated as Early Implementation District Courts ("EIDCs").

Congress is currently attempting to assess the reforms included in these plans, which constitute the initial significant step in implementing the CJRA. By some oversight, Congress has not invited …

Civil Justice Reform In The Western District Of Missouri, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Congress passed the Civil Justice Reform Act (CJRA) of 1990 out of growing concern about litigation abuse in federal civil lawsuits, increasing cost and delay in those cases, and declining federal court access. The legislation commands every federal district court to promulgate a civil justice expense and delay reduction plan by December 1993. The statute also creates a demonstration program and designates the Northern District of California, the Northern District of West Virginia, and the Western District of Missouri as courts that are to "experiment with various methods of reducing cost and delay in civil litigation, including alternative dispute resolution. …

Executive Branch Civil Justice Reform, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

The authors of several papers in this Symposium have justifiably criticized the essay that former Vice President Dan Quayle published in Volume 41 of The American University Law Review. Many knowledgeable observers of the civil justice system have leveled equally legitimate criticism at civil justice reform initiatives that the Bush administration instituted. Questionable data, arguable policy, or overheated political rhetoric supported certain aspects of the Vice President's paper, as well as most of the proposals developed by the Competitiveness Council that the Vice President chaired and numerous efforts of the Republican administration in the area of civil justice reform.

One …

The European Rate Mechanism: It Continues To Function, But ...., Daniel T. Murphy

Law Faculty Publications

The recession from which the United States is just emerging, and in which much of the rest of the industrialized world is still mired, differs from many others preceding it. In part this is so here because some of the classic nostrums appear ineffective. For some time, interest rates in the United States have been at their lowest level in decades. Yet the low interest rates do not appear to be producing the usual effect of spurring capital investment and economic growth as rapidly as might be expected.

One reason that they have not produced the usual rate of growth …

A Road Less Traveled To A Federal Era, John Paul Jones

Law Faculty Publications

Professor Jones examines efforts to ratify the federal Equal Rights Amendment which ended unsuccessfully in 1982. He argues that efforts to use the federal courts to fill in the gaps in protection of rights based on gender are likely to fall far short of what the Amendment would have provided, and that a renewed attempt at ratification would likely meet the same fate as the earlier one. He suggests a third alternative, U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, as the most feasible means of achieving the goals of the ERA without …

The Preclusive Effect Of Unemployment Compensation Determinations In Subsequent Litigation: A Federal Solution, Ann C. Hodges

Law Faculty Publications

This article examines the use of the doctrine of collateral estoppel to preclude litigation of statutory and common law actions challenging employee discharge based on determinations in unemployment compensation proceedings. First, the article reviews the history of the doctrine of collateral estoppel and examines the policies underlying its application. Next, the article reviews unemployment compensation law and analyzes the cases that have considered whether unemployment compensation determinations have preclusive effect in later litigation. After examining the existing law, the article engages in a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of according preclusive effect to unemployment compensation determinations, in light …

Richmond Law Magazine: Spring 1992

Richmond Law Magazine

Features:

On the Future of Legal Education: A Look at the Study Carrels

Asia Watch: An Examination of the Problems of Intellectual Property Law in the Pacific Rim

University Of Richmond Bulletin: Catalog Of The T.C. Williams School Of Law For 1992-1994, University Of Richmond

Law School Catalogues

Method of Instruction

The educational program of the law school is designed to equip its graduates to render the highest quality of legal services, while instilling a sense of professional responsibility. Students are trained in the analysis and solution of legal problems by the application of logical reasoning. The course of study is not designed to teach legal rules, but rather to provide a foundation for the application and analysis of the law and the development of professional skills. The traditional case method of instruction is used in many courses. However, clinical education and courses devoted to various professional skills …

Homicide And History, Edward L. Ayers

History Faculty Publications

Violence seems more threatening today than in the relatively recent past. For centuries, crime was kept out of sight. The "criminal classes" were segregated from the rest of society. Newspapers, police, and courts paid relatively little attention to crimes among the poor. Today, things are different: television news thrives on scenes of flashing lights, distraught parents, and bloody sidewalks. Police continually patrol parts of town they used to ignore. Modern transportation permits members of the "dangerous classes" to range more widely than before. As a result, the general population is far more aware of violence now than in the past.

Sin, Scandal, And Substantive Due Process, Wendy Collins Perdue

Law Faculty Publications

For students of civil procedure, the names Pennoyer and Neff evoke these dry facts: In an initial suit, one J.H. Mitchell sued Neff in Oregon state court. Because Neff could not be found within Oregon, he was served by publication. Neff never appeared, and a default judgment was entered against him. To satisfy the judgment, Mitchell attached Neff's Oregon real estate. The property was sold at auction, and Pennoyer later acquired it. Nearly a decade later, Neff returned to Oregon and brought suit in federal court to evict Pennoyer from the land, claiming that the original judgment was invalid. The …

Amending The Other Party Joinder Amendments, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Comparatively little controversy attended the semi-annual meeting of the Civil Rules Advisory Committee which was held in late November, 1991. During that meeting, however, the Committee preliminarily considered the prospect of amending Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, which governs class actions.

The Advisory Committee is now contemplating possible revision of Rule 23 governing class actions. If that effort proceeds, the Committee should seriously consider reexamining Rules 19 and 24(a)(2), the other two party joinder provisions that were simultaneously changed and integrated with Rule 23 more than a quarter-century ago. This would enable the Committee to propose an integrated package …

The New Supplemental Jurisdiction Statute--Flawed But Fixable, Wendy Collins Perdue

Law Faculty Publications

A critique of the newly enacted 28 U.S.C. § 1367, which delineated the circumstances under which federal courts could rule on additional claims related to the one that is the basis of federal jurisdiction.

Reconsidering Rule 11, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

The Advisory Committee on the Civil Rules recently proposed that the Supreme Court and Congress amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. 1 The Rule, as revised in 1983, has been the most controversial amendment in the half-century history of the Federal Rules. Judges have inconsistently applied the 1983 revision, and it has engendered much expensive satellite litigation. Considerable evidence suggests that Rule 11 activity has chilled civil rights plaintiffs and attorneys. These difficulties led the Advisory Committee to initiate a study of the Rule in August of 1990, to solicit written public comments on its operation which were due …

Civil Rights Conundrum, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

As a case study of the impediments imposed by the revised F.R.C.P. Rule 11 in civil rights litigation, Professor Tobias relates the story of the Robeson County, N.C. prosecution of Eddie Hatcher and Timothy Jacobs, their subsequent civil rights action, and the ensuing Rule 11 sanctions imposed upon their counsel, as reported in In re Kunstler, 914 F.2d 505 (4th Cir. 1990).

Civil Rights Procedural Problems, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1991 primarily to modify numerous Supreme Court opinions of the 1988 Term that jeopardized the rights of minorities and women. Particularly striking about those Supreme Court cases was the number which involved procedural questions and process values. These included the timing of litigation, both when employment discrimination victims must commence actions and when non-parties can reopen civil rights cases resolved through consent decrees; litigant responsibility for the expense of lawsuits; and proof requirements.

Most of the procedural developments in civil rights and employment discrimination litigation of the 1988 Term, however, were only recent …

Islamic Constitutionalism And The Concept Of Democracy, Azizah Y. Al-Hibri

Law Faculty Publications

This article will discuss select, basic principles of Islamic law relating to democratic governance, pointing out in the process certain areas of disagreement surrounding them in the literature and the grounds for such disagreements. Part II of this article presents a brief overview of Islamic law in order to provide a foundation for later discussion. The article then assesses the Islamic system of government in light of two major principles of Western democracies. They are (1) the principle that the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of the government (Principle A) and (2) the principle …

Museletter: January 1992, Muse Law Library Staff

Museletter

Table of Contents:

[New guide to relocated library services]

Circulation Desk; Computers; Carrels; Reading Room; Placement/Martindale-Hubbell

Administrative Law Judges: Past, Present And Future, John Paul Jones

Law Faculty Publications

Prof. Jones' account of the history of administrative law judges. The text of this article is taken from his address at the annual conference and seminar of the National Association of Administrative Law Judges, held October 16-19, 1991 in Richmond, Virginia.

Protecting The Right To Live In Isaiah's Brave New World, Jonathan K. Stubbs

Law Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Dedication, James R. Kibler Jr.

University of Richmond Law Review

September, 1991 saw the passing of A.L. Philpott, loyal alumnus of the University of Richmond and The T.C. Williams School of Law, Speaker of the House of Delegates, and member of the Virginia General Assembly for thirty-three years. He was 72. Advocate, counsellor, legislator, A.L. Philpott embodied the notion of lawyer as public servant. His contributions to the development of Virginia law and public policy are legion. Perhaps chief among these were his commitment to improving codification of the Code of Virginia and his steadfast devotion to constitutional doctrine and individual liberties. In recognition of his many contributions to the …