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Richmond Law Magazine: Summer 1996

Richmond Law Magazine

Features:

The Changing Face of the Legal Profession

Still Coming on Strong

Not Just a Business

The Muslim Perspective On The Clergy-Penitent Privilege, Azizah Y. Al-Hibri

Law Faculty Publications

Before Jones confesses his crimes to Imam Ahmad, he should be clear on the duties and role of the imam of a mosque. The imam's duties usually consist of leading prayers and providing advice and assistance to those in the community who seek them. Imams are chosen for their knowledge in matters of religion. It is possible, however, that the community has more knowledgeable persons within it who are not interested in the position of imam. In such cases, when a more knowledgeable person visits the mosque, the Muslims present at that time, including the imam, may choose that visitor …

Studying The Federal Appellate System, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Once Again: What's Fact, What's Law, And Who Decides, John Paul Jones

Law Faculty Publications

Professor Jones critiques a Virginia Circuit opinion, J. W Burress, Inc. v. Department of Motor Vehicles

The Federalism Pendulum, Ronald J. Bacigal

Law Faculty Publications

Following Franklin's example, this essay takes a protracted view of the federalization of criminal procedure. It is important to review how the federalism pendulum has swung over the years to reflect concepts of what the Constitution was meant to mean, what it has come to mean, and what it ought to mean.

Euclid At Threescore Years And Ten: The Twilight Of Environmental And Land-Use Regulation?, Loren A. Smith, Charles M. Haar, James E. Krier, William A. Mcdonough

University of Richmond Law Review Symposium

"Life, Liberty, and Whose Property" lecture given by Loren A. Smith, Chief Judge, United States Court of Federal Claims.

"Is this the Twilight of Land Use Controls?" lecture given by Charles M. Haar, Professor of Law at Harvard University Law.

"Capture and Counteraction: Self-Help and Environmental Zealots" lecture given by James E. Krier, Earl Warren Delano Professor of Law, University of Michigan.

"Ecology and Aesthetics: Our Future and the Making of Things" lecture given by William A. McDonough, Dean and Elson Professor, University of Virginia School of Architecture.

Foreign Policy: Can The President Act Alone?Gaps And Conflicts In The Constitutional Grants Of Power, Dana C. Makielski

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

The Framers did not intend the Constitution to be an all-inclusive "bill of lading," for we cannot forget John Marshall's famous admonition "that it is a constitution we are expounding."' Nonetheless, there are many large gaps and conflicts in the allocation of power among the three branches, most in the area of foreign relations, that have caused serious problems for our nation's leaders and constitutional scholars over the past two centuries. How have our presidents reacted? Certainly the President can and has acted on his own in negotiating, enacting, and implementing foreign policy, despite the lack of any express executive …

Executive/Congressional Liason In A Post Cold War Era, Anthony J. Eksterowicz, Glenn P. Hastedt

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

While it is true that presidents can and will attempt to practice domination of the Congress when making public policy, the nature of the new environment makes it less likely that they will regularly succeed. Because of the complexity of issues, there is a need to revisit the mechanics of executive/legislative liaisons in this new era. This essay represents such an attempt. First, we examine the changes that impact presidential policy-making in the post-Cold War era. Second, we review the ongoing debate in presidential literature concerning executive dominance over the Congress. Third, we briefly examine the modern history of presidential/congressional …

Jones V. Clinton:Reconsidering Presidential Immunity, Amy Marshall

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

Part I sets out the basic concepts of immunity, both absolute and qualified, and proceeds to provide the relevant historical precedent regarding legislative, judicial, and executive immunity. The discussion regarding executive immunity covers Supreme Court precedent from 1895 to the watershed case of Nixon v. Fitzgerald in 1982. Part I focuses on Nixon v. Fitzgerald because both the district court and the court of appeals rely most heavily on this case in their respective opinions in Jones v. Clinton. Part II discusses the district court and the court of appeals opinions in Jones v. Clinton. Part III presents the argument …

Fruits Of The "Impenetrable Jungle": Navigating The Boundary Between Land-Use Planning And Environmental Law, Michael Allan Wolf

Law Faculty Publications

On June 24, 1994, America's local governments, financially strapped and already subject to potential liability in a number of areas, received an unwelcome gift from the United States Supreme Court--Dolan v. City ofTigard. For the third time in seven years, the Justices ended their term by releasing an opinion further extending the reach of the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause. This decision was a cause for celebration in the ranks of private property champions and consternation among Court critics who perceive a return to the bad old days of substantive due process, the Court's second-guessing of government decisionmaking, this time …

"Brownfields Of Dreams?": Challenges And Limits Of Voluntary Cleanup Programs And Incentives, Joel B. Eisen

Law Faculty Publications

As one of the most important current topics in environmental law, the redevelopment of abandoned or underutilized urban properties, better known as brownfields, continues to generate much discussion and debate. Because most agree that abandoned sites located in aging areas and the accompanying exodus of industry to the suburbs are undesirable, the federal government and many state governments have created programs to encourage the redevelopment of these industrial properties. But often overlooked by the advocates of such programs are the difficult political, scientific, and moral questions associated with redevelopment. In this insightful article, Professor Eisen provides the most comprehensive discussion …

Intentional Infliction Of Mental Distress In Montana, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

In several recent opinions, the Montana Supreme Court indicated its willingness to recognize intentional infliction of mental distress as an independent tort, even as the court stated that no plaintiff had presented a factual situation which would satisfy the elements of the cause of action. In the 1995 case of Sacco v. High Country Independent Press, Inc., the Montana Supreme Court held that an "independent cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress will arise under circumstances where serious or severe emotional distress to the plaintiff was the reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant's intentional act or omission. " …

A Sixth Circuit Story, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

At the May 4, 1994 regular meeting of the Judicial Council of the United States Courts for the Sixth Circuit, the Council voted to "suspend further review of local rules until it receives further guidance from Congress, the Judicial Conference of the United States or by case law on the question of whether provisions of the Civil Justice Reform Act take precedence over the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. " By so doing, the Council was ostensibly discharging responsibilities assigned to it by the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act (JIA) of 1988. The JIA requires that every circuit …

Congress Considers Bill To Split Ninth Circuit, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Late last year, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a measure that would divide the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The proposal, Senate Bill 956, would create a new Twelfth Circuit comprised of Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, leaving California, Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Ninth Circuit. The Judiciary Committee vote is significant because no bill to split the Ninth Circuit has ever received floor debate. The second session of the 104th Congress could well divide the court.

The Proposal To Split The Ninth Circuit, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Individuals and organizations concerned about natural resources should be aware of the recent controversial proposal to divide the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. During the first session of the 104th Congress in the fall of 1995, the United States Senate Judiciary Committee approved Senate Bill 956, a measure that would establish a new Twelfth Circuit consisting of Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, and that would leave California, Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Ninth Circuit. The Judiciary Committee vote was important for two reasons: the circuit's division could substantially affect …

Warren Burger And The Administration Of Justice, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Professor Tobias examines the career of Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger, emphasizing his "enormous contribution to improving the administration of Justice in the United States."

The Proposal To Split The Ninth Circuit Court Of Appeals, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Symposium introduction

Judicial Interpretations Of Insurance Contract Disputes: Toward A Realistic Middle Ground Approach,, Peter N. Swisher

Law Faculty Publications

In a previous law review article, this author analyzed the seemingly arbitrary and contradictory decisional patterns in American insurance law cases. The article concluded that these contradictory judicial patterns could be understood and appreciated if one recognized the fundamental impact-and clash-of two competing theories of American jurisprudence: Legal Formalism and Legal Functionalism in an insurance law context.

Broadly speaking, Legal Formalism is based upon the traditional view that correct legal decisions are determined by pre-existing legal rules, and that the courts must reach their decisions in a logical, socially neutral manner. Formalist judges therefore apply the philosophy of judicial restraint …

Dispute Resolution Under The Americans With Disabilities Act: A Report To The Administrative Conference Of The United States, Ann C. Hodges

Law Faculty Publications

Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act ("ADA") in 1990 and it became effective in 1992.The statute prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities by employers, state and local governments, and public accommodations. With more than two years experience under the statute, an assessment of the effectiveness of the dispute resolution procedures is appropriate. This Article begins with a brief overview of the statute, including an analysis of the dispute resolution procedure under each title. The report then discusses the effectiveness of existing dispute resolution procedures. Finally the report makes recommendations for improving the dispute resolution procedures, including a specific recommendation …

Mediation And The Americans With Disabilities Act, Ann C. Hodges

Law Faculty Publications

This Article will analyze the potential uses of mediation in ADA disputes, focusing primarily on employment issues. Part II of the Article provides a description and analysis of the mediation process. Part III provides an overview of the ADA. Part IV examines the dispute resolution provisions of the ADA and both the current and proposed uses of alternative dispute resolution. Finally, Part V analyzes the use of mediation in ADA cases and recommends appropriate uses of mediation that will effectuate the purpose of the statute.

Editorial Notes, Robert D. Gehringer

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

The Editorial Board notes the remarkable evolution of the American Presidency during the twentieth century.

On Being A Muslim Corporate Lawyer, Azizah Y. Al-Hibri

Law Faculty Publications

It appears to me that religion subconsciously informs our individual professional practice and that a non-humanitarian form of secularism has quietly shaped our corporate laws. The attendant dissonance causes severe dissatisfaction, and at times even disfunction, in our society. The claim that our present corporate laws are imbued with a non-humanist secularist perspective deserves closer examination from a religious vantage point. Given our constitutional guarantees, our present legal structure appears to place undue burdens on persons of faith in this country. A more just balance between religious and various forms of secular perspectives is, I submit, a worthy goal for …

An Analysis Of Federal Appellate Court Study Commissions, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

During the 104th Congress, senators representing Pacific Northwest states mounted the fourth serious effort to split the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit since 1983. The Senate Judiciary Committee approved a bill that would have divided the court; however, the Senate eventually passed a measure which would have created a national study commission to analyze the federal appellate system. This compromise was only one of several study proposals that Congress considered in 1995 and 1996. For example, California Governor Pete Wilson and Ninth Circuit Judge Diarmuid O'Scannlain recommended the establishment of commissions which would have assessed the …

The Aall And Its Government Relations Program: Part I And Ii, Timothy L. Coggins

Law Faculty Publications

The Government Relations Policy [hereinafter Policy] of the AALL outlines the objectives of its government relations program. The Policy emphasizes that a primary goal of this Association's program is to ensure timely and equitable access to government and legal information. This Policy represents the views of an association with more than 5,000 members who provide law library services to government officials, the bench, the bar, legal scholars and the public in nearly 1,900 libraries. AALL, its members and its users are affected by a broad span of public policy concerns "ranging from the development of the National Information Infrastructure and …

An Evidentiary Framework For Diversity As A Compelling Interest In Higher Education, Kimberly J. Robinson

Law Faculty Publications

This Note argues that if courts choose to reexamine evidence on the value of diversity in higher education, they should not apply the evidentiary requirements that the Supreme Court has applied to cases involving questions of past discrimination. Rather, courts should consider the unique nature of diversity in higher education and the protection afforded the academic context in which the evidence is considered and modify their review of the evidence presented accordingly. Furthermore, this Note argues that the interest of an institution of higher education16 in diversity is "compelling" in light of the evidence that a racially diverse student body …

Motions For Sanctions Annual Survey Of Virginia Law, William Hamilton Bryson

Law Faculty Publications

For centuries, the legal profession has had rules of professional conduct. Although they were unwritten, they were well known. The rules covered honesty in pleading and practice and also required the general politeness expected of decent people. These rules were not always followed, nor were they always enforced when not followed. Sadly, in modern times, these rules are being disregarded more frequently and the costs to others, both within and outside the profession, are increasing dramatically. This deplorable situation has caught the attention of the organized bar, and codes of professional civility have been issued in recent times. The Virginia …

Table Of Contents

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

The American Presidency in the Twenty-First Century

Foreign Policy: Can The President Act Alone?Gaps And Conflicts In The Constitutional Grants Of Power, Dana C. Makielski

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

The Framers did not intend the Constitution to be an all-inclusive "bill of lading," for we cannot forget John Marshall's famous admonition "that it is a constitution we are expounding."' Nonetheless, there are many large gaps and conflicts in the allocation of power among the three branches, most in the area of foreign relations, that have caused serious problems for our nation's leaders and constitutional scholars over the past two centuries. How have our presidents reacted? Certainly the President can and has acted on his own in negotiating, enacting, and implementing foreign policy, despite the lack of any express executive …

The U.S. Presidency: Fostering Global Free Trade Through Minilateral Free Trade Agreeements With Germany And Japan, J.R. Smith

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

The U.S. Presidency: Fostering Global Free Trade Through Minilateral Free Trade Agreements with Germany and Japan argues that global free trade will be better served by agreements of substance among fewer countries than by agreements of form among many countries. Specifically, the article addresses problems with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and argues that the goal of global free trade is more easily achieved through bilateral agreements between the United States and Germany, and the United States and Japan. The article concludes that such bilateral agreements, and the ultimate goal of global free trade, can be realized …

Jones V. Clinton:Reconsidering Presidential Immunity, Amy Marshall

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

Part I sets out the basic concepts of immunity, both absolute and qualified, and proceeds to provide the relevant historical precedent regarding legislative, judicial, and executive immunity. The discussion regarding executive immunity covers Supreme Court precedent from 1895 to the watershed case of Nixon v. Fitzgerald in 1982. Part I focuses on Nixon v. Fitzgerald because both the district court and the court of appeals rely most heavily on this case in their respective opinions in Jones v. Clinton. Part II discusses the district court and the court of appeals opinions in Jones v. Clinton. Part III presents the argument …