Law Commons^™

Crashing The Party- The Supreme Court Subjects Political Parties To Preclearance Under Section 5 Of The Voting Rights Act Of 1965 In Morse V. Republican Party Of Virginia, Matthew M. Farley

University of Richmond Law Review

If someone told you that whenever a particular "State or political subdivision" attempts to change its voting laws or regulations, they must first receive approval from the Department of Justice or a federal court in the District of Columbia, would you consider this requirement applicable to political parties? Asked in isolation, the question appears too obvious to warrant serious consideration. An understanding of the history of discrimination denying America's blacks full and complete franchise and an understanding of the adoption and evolution of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, however, may give you pause before answering.

Adea Doctrinal Impediments To The Fulfillment Of The Wirtz Report Agenda, Michael C. Harper

University of Richmond Law Review

Ideally, this symposium marking the three-decade anniversary of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) would present an opportunity to assess how well the ADEA has achieved its plausible goals. However, I recognize that any definitive assessment of the success of a statute like the ADEA, which requires the modification of the behavior of social actors, must depend on the kind of sophisticated empirical study for which I have neither the time, resources or capability. I also recognize that defending my identification of the goals of the ADEA might itself require an entire essay.

The Adea In The Wake Of Seminole, Edward P. Noonan

University of Richmond Law Review

Everyone, regardless of their sex or race, has at least one thing in common, we all get older. Nonetheless, attitudes about our elders in society differ depending on the context. Sometimes the aged are considered wise; other times they are considered incompetent. In 1967, Congress attempted to combat age discrimination in the workplace with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA or the Act). Congress found that older Americans faced "disadvantages in their efforts to retain employment" which consisted of arbitrary age limits on employment notwithstanding that person's skill and job performance. Further, Congress prohibited arbitrary age discrimination in a …

University Of Richmond Law Review

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Administrative Procedure, Patricia L. Mckenney

University of Richmond Law Review

This article reviews recent developments in the law affecting administrative procedure in Virginia. The 1997 General Assembly made no substantive changes to the Commonwealth's fundamental law of administrative procedure, but it did make numerous amendments to agency law affecting administrative case decisions. Among the major changes to agency procedures include authorizing the Commissioner of Social Services to review local board eligibility decisions, extending the powers of health regulatory boards that govern the licensing of health professionals, and permitting the air, water and waste boards to implement mediation and voluntary dispute resolution proceedings.

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Antitrust And Trade Regulation Law, Michael F. Urbanski, Francis H. Casola, James R. Creekmore

University of Richmond Law Review

Consistent with the recent national trend, antitrust claims in Virginia met with little success in Virginia's courts over the past two years. Not only have the number of antitrust complaints dwindled, but those that are filed are routinely dismissed on the pleadings or by means of summary judgment after discovery. Recent antitrust conspiracy actions have failed for a variety of fundamental reasons, including a lack of standing to bring the action and a lack of a multiplicity of actors capable of engaging in a conspiracy. On the whole, monopolization claims fared no better, and have been dismissed largely because of …

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Property Law, Susan M. Pesner, Martin C. Conway

University of Richmond Law Review

The year 1997 proved to be exceptional in the relatively quiet area of property law. After a number of failed attempts, bills addressing the unauthorized practice of law were finally presented to the General Assembly and passed. Effective July 1, 1997, the Commonwealth of Virginia will regulate residential real estate settlements for the first time in its 390-year history.

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Wills, Trusts, And Estates, J. Rodney Johnson

University of Richmond Law Review

The General Assembly enacted legislation dealing with wills, trusts, and estates that added, amended, or repealed a number of sections of the Code of Virginia in the 1996 and 1997 sessions. In addition, there were eleven Supreme Court of Virginia opinions in the two-year period ending April 18, 1997, that involved issues of interest to the general practitioner as well as the specialist in wills, trusts, and estates. This article reports on all of these legislative and judicial developments.

Medicaid Eligibility Planning For Aged Clients In Virginia, Jonathan D. Frieden

University of Richmond Law Review

The Medicaid program is a jointly financed federal and state assistance program established under Title XIX of the Social Security Act of 1965. The purpose of the program is to provide "federal financial assistance to States that choose to reimburse certain costs of medical treatment for needy persons." The Medicaid program's federal statutory and regulatory framework was described by Justice Powell of the United States Supreme Court as "among the most intricate ever drafted by Congress." Justice Powell added that the Act's "Byzantine construction... makes [it] 'almost unintelligible to the uninitiated." To add to these already significant difficulties, each state …

The American Corporation In The Twenty-First Century: Future Forms Of Structure And Governance, Azizah Y. Al-Hibri

University of Richmond Law Review

The last few decades have ushered in many changes and challenges to the American corporation. Foremost among these is the Technetronic or Information Revolution, which paradoxically not only shrank the world (the macrocosm) into a "global village,"' but at the same time expanded the individual human experience (the microcosm) exponentially. This dual action has created the new Global Economic Order, as well as the sphere of customized industrial production.

University Of Richmond Law Review Index

University of Richmond Law Review

This is the index for Volume XXXI of the University or Richmond Law Review.

Religious Technology Center V. Netcom On-Line Communications Services, Inc.: The Knowledge Standard For Contributory Copyright Infringement And The Fair Use Doctrine, Eugene A. Burcher, Anna M. Hughes

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

With 30 million people connected worldwide and the ability to rapidly transfer large amounts of data, the Internet poses a great threat to owners of intellectual property. The Internet's rapid growth has led to substantial speculation about how courts will apply intellectual property law concepts to conduct in cyberspace. On November 21, 1995, U.S. District Judge Ronald Whyte ruled that an Internet Service Provider (ISP) could be liable for contributory copyright infringement when a subscribing member directly infringes a copyright.

Welfare Reform: An Historical Overview, Richard K. Caputo

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

This essay provides an historical overview of welfare reform efforts prior to enactment of The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 by the 104th Congress. The author argues that the 1996 Act reaffirmed the labor market as the major arbiter of economic well-being of American citizens. In so doing, passage of the Act signified the formal end of income maintenance for able-bodied parents and released the federal government from assuming major responsibility for reducing poverty per se.

Keynote Address: Social Justice Week 1997, Peter Edelman

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

I am pleased to be here not just to talk about the question of what happens to poor people under the new welfare legislation, but also because you have asked me to speak as part of your Social Justice Week. It is very important that you have Social Justice Week and that so many people are so interested in participating. As I will say in more detail later, it is urgent that we get beyond the debate over welfare at the same time as we pay careful attention to the implementation of the new welfare legislation. Our real effort has …

Corporate Welfare:If Business Location Incentives Do Not Work, Why Do Localities Continue To Offer Them?, Katja Hamel

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

State and local governments provide a variety of inducements to persuade private industries to locate in their areas. Corporate welfare takes the form of property and sales tax abatements or exemptions, low interest loans, grants, utility credits, and other financial incentives given to companies by states and localities with the expectation that these companies will bring with them more jobs and increased revenue for the residents of those communities. Because these programs are largely promise- based rather than performance based, they often fail to meet expectations. Despite the overall inefficiencies of business location incentives, other factors assure their continued use.

Welfare Reform, Work-Related Child Care, And Tax Policy: The "Family Values" Double Standard, Mary L. Heen

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

The welfare reform legislation signed into law last year repeals the entitlement to welfare and imposes strict time limits on the receipt of benefits. Although federal work requirements have been in effect for nearly thirty years, the new law requires the states to meet more stringent work participation levels and makes the work requirements applicable to mothers with younger children.The shift in the welfare paradigm toward mandatory wage work for mothers with young children has not been accompanied, however, by a corresponding policy shift toward universal or affordable child care.

Welfare Reform And Unitended Consequences: Its Impact On A Local Child Protection Program, Larry Nackerud, Nicole Deets, Curtis Kleem, Alicia Isaac

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

On August 22, 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. The Act represents a fundamental shift in the relationship between the federal government, the fifty states, and persons living in poverty. A shift of this magnitude cannot be analyzed properly without considering the significant impact of unintended consequences that may result from the new policy. Often, unintended consequences occur when two different policies, in this case, public welfare and child protective services, collide. One such possible unintended consequence of this policy shift may be to reduce the effectiveness of a successful child protection …

Reinventing Human Services In America, David Stoesz

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

Passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) of 1996 presents an opportunity to reinvent human services in America. For more than a decade, the welfare bureaucracy and public assistance programs of state welfare have been in crisis. The clients who depend on welfare detest it, finding and keeping qualified professionals to work in the public social services has become an administrative headache, and taxpayers perceive welfare as a fiscal black hole that perpetuates immorality. The recent decision to "devolve" welfare in a block grant to states underscores the urgency to rethink public assistance to poor families. There …

Rethinking Welfare In The Age Of Devolution, David Tuerck Ph.D., William F. O'Brien Jr., Ph.D.

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

In August 1996, President Clinton signed the "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), landmark welfare-reform legislation that curtails benefits and shifts the responsibility for distributing welfare benefits from the federal government to the states. The new law reflects the public's dissatisfaction with the federal administration of welfare entitlements and, indeed, with the very idea of welfare entitlements. PRWORA embodies the concept of devolution: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families and child care block grants replace Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) entitlements and a host of other aid programs. Under the law, "[e]xcept as expressly provided …

Charitable Choice: Will This Provision Of Welfare Reform Survive Constitutional Scrutiny?, Joel Weaver

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

This article explores the controversy that may arise as states and local governments begin to forge business relationships with religious organizations. Specifically, this article analyzes the continuing attempt by the Supreme Court to define policy concerning these relationships. Section II begins with a discussion of Establishment Clause jurisprudence. This part traces the Supreme Court s movement from a policy of strict separation of church and state towards one based more on neutrality. Section III examines the impact of this standard on interpretation of the "charitable choice" provision. Section IV concludes by suggesting that state legislatures proceed cautiously when enacting laws …

The Earned Income Tax Credit And Welfare Reform, James Williams

Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest

The focus of this paper is the EITC and its important role in welfare reform. The current welfare system has been criticized on the grounds that it does not promote and encourage work. Critics also claim that welfare welfare is ineffective in reducing poverty, especially among children. The EITC addresses several of these complaints. First, the EITC "[i]s strongly pro-work. Only working families qualify for it. In addition, unlike welfare benefits, EITC payments rise rather than fall with earnings across that critical low-income range where we want to encourage work effort." Proponents of the EITC, such as Senator Bill Bradley …

Austin Owen Lecture: Reassessment Should Not Lead To Wholesale Rejection Of The Juvenile Justice System, Lawrence L. Koontz Jr.

University of Richmond Law Review

While coming into the twenty-first century will be a new experience for all of us, we should be conscious of the intersections of the past, present, and future as we near the year 2000.

Does Lack Of An Insurable Interest Preclude An Insurance Agent From Taking An Absolute Assignment Of His Client's Life Policy?, Johnny C. Parker

University of Richmond Law Review

To understand any concept it helps to know the purposes it serves and the objectives it seeks to achieve. The maxim that one "must have an insurable interest in the life or property insured" has haunted insurance law for centuries. This doctrine conditions both the validity and enforceability of insurance contracts upon the existence of an insurable interest in the person who purchases the policy. The considerations which underlie the insurable interest requirement are generally expressed in terms of public policy: (1) against allowing wagering contracts; (2) against fostering temptation to destroy the insured property or life in an effort …

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Domestic Relations, Deanna D. Cook, Player B. Michelsen

University of Richmond Law Review

The General Assembly did not take any action regarding the Family Court issue in 1997. In 1996, funding for the family court was delayed until June 1, 1998, subject to state funds being "sufficient to provide adequate resources ... for the court to carry out the purposes of [Virginia Code section 20-96] and to fulfill its mission to serve children and families of the Commonwealth."

Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: Civil Practice And Procedure, David D. Hopper

University of Richmond Law Review

Virginia courts and the General Assembly have effected several changes in civil practice and procedure during the past year. This article focuses on some significant developments and interests to the general litigation attorney.

Foreword, Churchill G. Bowles

University of Richmond Law Review

The University of Richmond Law Review is pleased to present the fifth annual Allen ChairSymposium issue. This special issue is intended as the literary culmination of the efforts of national legal scholars and students alike during the 1997 Allen Chair Symposium conducted by the University of Richmond School of Law. The symposium is held each Spring to create a forum for discourse on legal issues of national and international interest.

The Innocent Owner Defense To Civil Forfeiture Proceedings, Peter David Houtz

University of Richmond Law Review

The Constitution of the United States prohibits the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." The Constitution also expressly states that private property may not be "taken" by the government without "just compensation." Seizures and forfeitures of personal and real property without notification or hearing and without compensation have, however, become a powerful tool used by the government to deter crime.

Finding The Pearl In The Oyster: Strategies For A More Effective Implementation Of Virginia's Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act, Patrick J. Skelley Ii

University of Richmond Law Review

Since our nation's infancy, the Chesapeake Bay ("Bay") has been one of Virginia's natural treasures. The Bay is America's largest and historically most productive estuary, valued today as an economic resource, a wilderness sanctuary, and an aesthetic asset. Every year, commercial fishermen harvest blue crabs, oysters, and a multitude of fish species in mass quantities to satiate our desire for seafood. Nature aficionados can observe ospreys, laughing gulls, and other shorebirds taking their share of the Bay's bounty. From the -shoreline, quiet vacation homes overlook the waters across coves and inlets. Despite these idyllic images, the Bay has been facing …

The Age Discrimination In Employment Act At Thirty: Where It's Been, Where It Is Today, Where It's Going, Howard C. Eglit

University of Richmond Law Review

Thirty-three years ago, in the course of debating the legislation that eventually was enacted into law as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress began-albeit very tentatively-to address age discrimination in the workplace. While it rejected attempts to amend the 1964 bill to include age within the then-pending menu of proscribed bases for workplace decision-making, i.e., race, color, national origin, religion, and sex, Congress did direct the Secretary of Labor to undertake a study to ascertain the nature and extent of age bias in employment and to make recommendations for dealing with this discrimination, if it in fact existed.

[Introduction To] American Indian Sovereignty And The U.S. Supreme Court: The Masking Of Justice, David E. Wilkins

Bookshelf

"Like the miner's canary, the Indian marks the shift from fresh air to poison gas in our political atmosphere and our treatment of Indians, even more than our treatment of other minorities, reflects the rise and fall in our democratic faith, wrote Felix S. Cohen, an early expert in Indian legal affairs.

In this book, David Wilkins charts the "fall in our democratic faith" through fifteen landmark cases in which the Supreme Court significantly curtailed Indian rights. He offers compelling evidence that Supreme Court justices selectively used precedents and facts, both historical and contemporary, to arrive at decisions that have …