Law Commons^™

Quirin Revisited, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Six decades ago, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Ex parte Quirin, in which the Justices determined that President Franklin Delano Roosevelt possessed the requisite constitutional authority to institute and use a military commission.

On November 13, 2001, President George W. Bush promulgated an Executive Order (Bush Order) that authorized the establishment and application of military commissions as well as purported to eliminate whatever jurisdiction federal courts might have by statute and to deny federal court access to individuals prosecuted or detained for terrorism. The Bush administration substantially premised that the Order and jurisdiction-stripping proviso on Ex parte Quirin. It has …

Smoke And Mirrors Or Science? Teaching Law With Computers - A Reply To Cass Sunstein On Artificial Intelligence And Legal Science, Eric Engle

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The application of computer science in the law has largely, and productively, centered on educational programs and programs generating and managing databases and data management. Some limited work, however, has been done in the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) to present models of legal decision-making. The majority of the work involving AI in the law, as the majority of work in AI generally, has focused on developing expert systems. An expert system attempts to solve one problem, or one class of problems well and should be distinguished from general systems, which seek to solve any problem. While databases and didactic …

Appealing A Rejection At The Patent Board Of Appeals: Analysis Of Recent Board Decisions And Non-Appeal Alternatives, Susan Perng Pan

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

This article discusses the merits of appealing rejections to the Board of Patent Appeals in comparison to continued ex parte prosecution before the Examiner. The analysis takes into account recent decisions rendered by several patent panels and recent precedent of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Recommendations are offered to place claims in better condition for appeal and for the types of arguments to be made, as well as to guard against potential pitfalls during prosecution.

Remarks On Food Safety In Dealing With Genetically Modified Foods, Dallas Hoover

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

It’s nice to be here, and I appreciate the opportunity to talk with you all. It’s my first time in a School of Law and you certainly have more wood in your rooms than we do in laboratories, so this is a different experience for me. I’m a food microbiologist by training, so to me, food safety means Salmonella and cantaloupe and viruses in cruise ships. With genetically engineered foods, it’s a little bit different because the effects aren’t as dramatic as far as safety issues as what I see in my daily professional life. Also, it’s different because genetically …

Remarks On Regulating Genetically Modified Foods In The United States, Gregory Jaffe

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Thank you very much for inviting me here today. I’m going to use PowerPoint here, but I will try to keep my comments brief. I’m going to spend just a minute or two introducing my organization to you and our biotech project. Then I’m going to talk a little about the regulatory system and what I see are some of the inadequacies in the current regulatory environment for agricultural biotechnology.

Remarks On Regulating Genetically Modified Foods In The United States, David Hegewood

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

I would like to thank the Richmond Journal of Law & Technology for inviting me this afternoon and for organizing this forum. I’ve never been on Crossfire, and it’s easy to see why Val has, so I probably won’t be quite as entertaining. In fact most of what I wanted to say this afternoon has already been said in one form or another. Val just stole the last one with the Watson and Crick Fiftieth Anniversary. What I want to do is maybe give you more of a sense of perspective and then go over some of the facts.

Panel Remarks On Regulating Genetically Modified Foods In The United States, L. Val Giddings, Gregory Jaffe, David Hegewood, Kathleen Hart

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Thank you all. In my opinion, containment of pharmaceutical GM crops is essential and hard to do. The USDA just recently came up with some new guidelines for genetically modified pharm plants, but how can the public have an input into what’s going on if they don’t even know where the crops are growing, or what’s in the crops, because this is protected as confidential business information? Should the public have a say? How would we accomplish--giving the public a say about whether they want genetically engineered wheat, even aside from the export issues. Third, I understand GE salmon is …

Regulating Genetically Modified Foods: Is Mandatory Labeling The Right Answer?, Gregory Conko

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Thank you. It’s a very common mistake to believe that consumers could only have a choice if the government requires mandatory labeling of genetically engineered food. My question back to you, Jean, is, exactly what kind of information do consumers get if all you do is label the product as “Genetically Engineered?” We can take this up later in the debate part of our panel discussion. I think the one thing that we can all agree on, however, is that the food label is a very important source of information to consumers.

Panel Remarks On Regulating Genetically Modified Foods: Is Mandatory Labeling The Right Answer?, Michael Rodemeyer, Jonathan Adler, Greg Conko, Jean Halloran

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Thank you to all of our speakers. I can assure everybody in the audience that you will not be specialists on this topic after today, since we can easily spend a whole afternoon on this topic. Let me ask Jean first of all, do you want to respond to anything you’ve heard from the speakers after you?

Remarks On Genetically Modified Foods And International Regulation, Tony Van Der Haegen

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Thank you. I certainly don’t want to interfere in the American debate about labeling, since I have already enough problems with European consumers, but what I would like to do today is not only to talk about our legislation a bit, because it’s so detailed and complex, but also to talk about the European/ American trade relations, in particular as it relates to biotechnology. First of all, I would like to say there is a strong trans-Atlantic relationship as far as trade is concerned between the EU and the U.S. We have to realize that we have a trade level …

Remarks On Genetically Modified Foods And International Regulation, Mark Mansour

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

First of all, I want to thank you all for having us here for a wonderful program. To start out, I had intended to address some issues that Jean Halloran has raised. The first point regarding the Committee on Food Labeling, why the United States is opposed to regimes and the considerations of the past couple of years, is very simple. It’s not a matter at looking at trade cases rather because the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as Dr. Hoover stated before, does not provide a consumer’s right to know.

It’s not to say the consumer’s right to know …

Remarks On Genetically Modified Foods And International Regulation, Jean Halloran

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

I will try and be brief since everybody has heard from me already. I’m just going to talk about something which probably none of you have heard of. Ten or twenty years ago, people had really not heard of it but after GATT, the general arrangements for tariffs and trade, it acquired special status, which was that if you are using a food safety standard in which you can develop byproducts, then it is assumed that your standard is a legitimate one and you cannot be challenged by the World Trade Organization on that standard.

Panel Remarks On Liability: Liability For Refusing To Use Agricultural Biotechnology, Drew Kershen

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Good afternoon. I’m very pleased to be here. I appreciate the offer and the invitation from the Richmond Journal of Law & Technology to speak at this conference. This final panel is really about liability issues related to genetically modified foods or transgenic crops. Now I just want to quickly introduce these three people, and I’m going to start on my far side with Rachel Lattimore. Rachel Lattimore is a lawyer with the firm of Arent Fox in Washington D.C., and she is going to focus her talk – and we’ve sort of agreed among ourselves so we don’t step …

Panel Remarks On Liability: Liability Issues: Lessons From Starlink, Donald Uchtmann

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. I have an enormous opportunity and challenge. Here I am, the final speaker, on this final panel, on this beautiful Friday afternoon, on this beautiful campus. Stay “tuned” for just a few more minutes to hear my remarks regarding liability issues and then we will adjourn to the great outdoors.

Foreigners At The Gate: Foreign Direct Investment Regulations & Dispute Resolution Mechanisms In The People’S Republic Of China, George O. White Iii

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

The elevation of law over politics is very new in China and the extent to which it is to be taken seriously is not always clear to the Chinese involved. The Chinese official and the Chinese citizen are part of a political structure in which the Party’s will and policies have been the most effective law… Laws and regulations have to be understood in this wider context of a society in which the formal legal position is only one consideration and still often not the most important.

Corporate Responsibility And The Regulation Of Corporate Lawyers, James M. Mccauley

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

On July 30, 2002, in an effort to demonstrate to the American public a resolve to crack down on corporate scandals such as Enron, Adelphia, WorldCom, and Global Crossing, President Bush signed into law the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002”. Proclaiming that the new law will restore investor confidence, reform the oversight of public accounting and increase the transparency of corporate financial statements…

Emergence Of A Private Banking Sector In The Czech Republic, Phillip M. Stupak

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

A Constitutional Confession: The Permanent If Malleable Status Of Indigenous Nations, David E. Wilkins

Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications

I appreciate the opportunity to address such an august group of students and faculty. When Amy invited me to join you, and she certainly is a very persuasive person, I debated long and hard on what kind of talk to give since I study politics comparatively. Although much of my work is infused with law and history, and a smidgen of culture, economics, and geography, I work largely at the intersection of politics, history and law, and have coined the awkward though accurate term, "Polegalorian," to describe what I do. My research is concerned broadly with how indigenous peoples generate, …

Indigenous Nations As Reserved Sovereigns, David E. Wilkins

Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications

Some adhere to the idea that the federal government, as a democratic state founded on the rule of law, contains within its legal and political institutions and ideologies a framework that provides the necessary vaccines that will eventually cure the various and sundry indigenous ailments generated throughout American society by its social, economic, political and legal institutions.

By contrast, there are others who vigorously argue that the prevailing institutions of governance and law of the United States are incapable of providing justice to First Nations because they entail systems, ideologies, and values that represent non-Indians and thus they cannot possibly …

The Indigenous Vote: Protecting Or Endangering Sovereignty?, David E. Wilkins

Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications

Much ado has been made about the 2002 mid-term congressional and gubernatorial elections. Democrats are bemoaning the Republican's treble triumph—congressional control, an invigorated Bush administration, and conservative rule on the supreme court. Republicans are exulting in their perceived conservative mandate—to address the War on Terror, privatize Social Security, and roll back environmental regulations that are deemed overly restrictive of private and public property development. And the inconsistent American voter, depending on race, socio-economic status, and issue salience, seems either unenthusiastic, ambivalent, or wildly animated about politics.

First Nations And States: Contesting Polities, David E. Wilkins

Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications

The U.S. Supreme Court in an historic case in 1886, U.S. v. Kagama, which devastated tribal sovereignty by affirming the legality of the 1885 Major Crimes Act that problematically extended federal criminal jurisdiction over "all" Indians for seven major crimes—murder, manslaughter, rape, etc., (today that number has increased to 14 crimes)—more accurately declared in that same case that state governments could be characterized as the "deadliest enemies" of indigenous nations.

Native State Lawmakers: Minimizing The Tribal Disadvantage, David E. Wilkins

Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications

Not surprisingly, most of these lawmakers are serving in western states where more than 80 percent of indigenous peoples live—Alaska is home to 11 Native lawmakers; Montana has elected seven; New Mexico's legislature now has five Indian legislators; Oklahoma, Arizona, and South Dakota each have three Indian representatives; Washington has two; and Colorado and North Dakota have one each. Eastern states also have indigenous representation: Maine has two representatives—a Penobscot and a Passamaquoddy; North Carolina's Lumbee tribe has a member in the state legislature; and Vermont has a lone Native member.

Our preliminary results give us reason to be moderately …

Can Compulsory Arbitration Be Reconciled With Section 7 Rights?, Ann C. Hodges

Law Faculty Publications

Employers are increasingly imposing arbitration agreements on their employees as a condition of employment. These agreements force the employees to arbitrate, rather than litigate, any legal claims arising out of their employment. For employees covered by the National Labor Relations Act, such agreements may impair their rights to engage in concerted activity, since litigation of employment claims is protected by Section 7. Employee rights to file class actions, consolidate claims, and seek broad injunctive relief are concerted actions that are particularly threatened by the move to compelled arbitration. The Article analyzes the impact of arbitration agreements on various forms of …

Researching Bankruptcy Law On The Internet, Timothy L. Coggins

Law Faculty Publications

Attorneys researching bankruptcy law use a diverse collection of print resources to locate bankruptcy primary and secondary sources. Bankruptcy code provisions appear in Title 11 of the codified federal statutes, available either in the official U.S. Code (published by the U.S. Government Printing Office) or one of the two commercially published unofficial codes, U.S.C.A. (Thomson-West) and the U.S.C.S. (LexisNexis). Attorneys find bankruptcy rules and official forms (Rules 1-9036; Forms 1-35) in the same three sets. Researchers often find the unofficial codes preferable because they are annotated with case summaries and references to other materials and are supplemented more frequently than …

Public Health And The Built Environment: Historical, Empirical, And Theoretical Foundations For An Expanded Role, Wendy Collins Perdue, Lawrence O. Gostin, Lesley A. Stone

Law Faculty Publications

In 2000, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Environmental Health issued a report that explored some of the ways in which "sprawl" impacts public health. The report has generated great interest, and state health officials are beginning to discuss the relationship between land use and public health. The CDC report has also produced a backlash. For example, the Southern California Building Industry Association labeled the report "a ludicrous sham" and argued that the CDC should stick to "fighting physical diseases, not defending political ones."

In this environment, it is understandable if the CDC looks to such …

Wills, Trusts And Estates (Annual Survey Of Virginia Law, 2002-2003), J. Rodney Johnson

Law Faculty Publications

The General Assembly of Virginia enacted legislation dealing with wills, trusts, and estates that added or amended a number of sections of the Virginia Code in its 2003 Session. In addition, there were three opinions and one order from the Supreme Court of Virginia, and one Virginia Circuit Court opinion, that raised issues of interest to the general practitioner as well as the specialist in wills, trusts, and estates during the period covered by this review. This article reports on all of these legislative and judicial developments.

Edmund Pendleton, William Hamilton Bryson

Law Faculty Publications

Judge Edmund Pendleton, was the head of the Virginia judiciary from its professionalization upon independence from Great Britain until his death. It was in his court and under his eye that John Marshall, Bushrod Washington, St. George Tucker, Spencer Roane, and the other lawyers of the first period of republican Virginia refined their legal skills. His steady example influenced in one way or another a remarkable generation of lawyers and judges.

The Winchester Law School, 1824-1831, William Hamilton Bryson

Law Faculty Publications

On March 5, 1824, Henry St. George Tucker was elected by the General Assembly of Virginia to be the judge of the circuit superior court of chancery to sit in Winchester and Clarksburg. Tucker had built up a very successful law practice in Winchester, where he had settled in 1802 upon his admission to the bar. He had also built up a large family; he had six sons and two daughters as well as three children who died young. The elevation to the bench resulted in an increase in professional status, but it also resulted in a substantial decrease in …

Admissibility As Cause And Effect: Considering Affirmative Rights Under The Confrontation Clause, John G. Douglass

Law Faculty Publications

In this essay, I first examine some of the strategic choices spawned by the Supreme Court's "microscopic" focus on reliability in confrontation-hearsay cases. Rather than promoting the value at the core of the Confrontation Clause-the adversarial testing of prosecution evidence-the Court's approach leads to choices that ignore that value. While the Court scrutinizes hearsay under the microscope of reliability, it leaves the parties free to ignore and even to avoid available opportunities for effective confrontation of the hearsay declarant. At the same time, the Court's constitutional definition of reliability-which it equates with "firmly rooted" hearsay exceptions -has encouraged prosecutors to …

Virtual Cross-Examination: The Art Of Impeaching Hearsay, John G. Douglass

Law Faculty Publications

Trial lawyers and judges are quite accustomed to courtroom battles over the admissibility of hearsay. But relatively few have much experience at challenging the credibility of hearsay. Once hearsay is admitted in evidence, even the ablest advocates typically proceed as if the hearsay battle were over, at least until the appeal. Few lawyers take advantage of the opportunities available to impeach the hearsay declarant. Consider the perspective of one experienced trial judge: I sometimes wonder at what seems to me the passing up of golden opportunities by the able advocate. Foremost among these lost opportunities is the virtual total neglect …