Law Commons^™

Judicial Independence In Virginia, W. Hamilton Bryson

University of Richmond Law Review

No abstract provided.

Unleashing “Instant Messaging” From Regulatory Oversight, Fernando R. Laguarda

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

America Online, Inc. (“AOL”) and Time Warner Inc. announced their intention to merge on January 10, 2000. At that time, there was a great deal of excitement about combining these two companies and harnessing the power of an increasingly broadband Internet. In addition to the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), more than one thousand local communities conducted their own reviews of the merger. The FTC identified “open access” to the Time Warner Cable platform as an issue meriting specific relief.

The Federal Framework For Internet Gambling, Jonathan Gottfried

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

As gambling sites proliferate on the Internet and telephone gambling is legalized in more states, an increasingly large fraction of the public can place a bet without ever leaving home at all. Universally available, “round-the-clock” gambling may soon be a reality.... [T]he country has gone very far very fast regarding an activity the consequences of which, frankly, no one really knows much about.

Do Not Call: Abdicating And Ignoring Responsibility, Tim Searcy

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

I am not a lawyer, but for nearly a decade and a half, I have dealt with the issues that gave rise to the Federal Do Not Call Registry. Regardless of what you have read or seen, this issue did not just appear on the scene with the updating of the FTC’s Telemarketing Sales Rule or the subsequent corollary changes made by the FCC in its rules implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”). As a matter of fact, the original regulatory rulemaking by the FCC to implement the TCPA are over a decade old.

The Do-Not-Call List’S Big Hang-Up, Jared Strauss

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

On October 1, 2003, the Federal Trade Commission’s National Do- Not-Call Registry was supposed to go into effect. By forbidding companies and telemarketers from making unsolicited calls to anyone who had registered their phone number on the list three months prior, this program culminated a decade’s worth of efforts to alleviate consumer frustration with unwanted sales calls. However, on September 27, 2003, the District of Colorado derailed the registry, holding that the rule made an unconstitutional distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech by covering commercial calls and exempting calls for charitable, religious, or political organizations.

Defendant’S Reply Brief — Federal Trade Commission

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The do-not-call registry is the product of concerted, measured efforts by Congress and two agencies over more than a decade. When Congress passed the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), it recognized that the nature and volume of unwanted telemarketing had created significant intrusions into residential privacy that individuals were powerless to combat. Congress authorized creation of a do-not-call registry at that time, but gave the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) latitude to consider other options, such as requiring telemarketers to keep their own do-not-call lists.

A Topic Both Timely And Timeless, James Gibson

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The courtroom is the crucible of the law, where the fire of litigation tests the intellectual and political forces that inform social policy. Discovery - the process by which litigants identify and assemble their evidence - provides the fuel for the fire. Indeed, not long ago most of the evidence that the discovery process produced was, quite literally, flammable: boxes upon boxes of paper documents.

“Do I Really Have To Do That?” Rule 26(A)(1) Disclosures And Electronic Information, David J. Waxse

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

When the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) were formally adopted by United States Supreme Court Order on December 20, 1937, the emergence of computers and electronic information and their widespreadusewerehardlycontemplated. AlthoughtheFederalRulesof Civil Procedure have been amended on occasion to accommodate changing technology, the advent of the computer age creates new challenges for litigants, their attorneys, and the courts as they strive to apply traditional rules in an innovative technological environment. This article discusses just one aspect of that challenge: the fact that the vast majority of information now exists in electronic format and the impact of this reality on …

Negotiating The Minefields Of Electronic Discovery, Stephen D. Williger, Robin M. Wilson

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

A company’s employee has sued for sexual harassment, age discrimination, or wrongful termination. Or, as another example, the company has been sued for infringement of intellectual property, breach of contract, fraud, or any number of other business reasons. During the course of discovery, the plaintiff serves discovery requests, including a request for data that has been deleted from the company’s electronic records but may still be contained within the company’s backup systems. The search for this data is time consuming and expensive. Discoverable materials may be found in the company’s backup system, but does that possibility justify the lost productivity …

Introduction: Contains Cover, Table Of Contents, Letter From The Editor, And Masthead, Sean Sullivan Kumar

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

On behalf of the Editorial Board and Staff, I would like to welcome you to Volume XI of the Richmond Journal of Law & Technology. As we look ahead to the coming year, and particularly to our tenth anniversary this April, we would like to thank you for your continued support. The Richmond Journal of Law & Technology would not be what it is today without quality submissions from practitioners, positive feedback from our readers, and the diligent efforts of so many who have worked to make the Journal a success over the past ten years. In this first issue, …

Introduction: Contains Cover, Table Of Contents, Letter From The Editor, And Masthead, Edwin E. Wallis Iii

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

On behalf of the 2003-2004 Editorial Board, I would like to welcome you to the third issue of the Richmond Journal of Law & Technology’s 2003-2004 publication term! This issue includes three articles covering the AOL Instant Messenger restriction before the FCC, online alternative dispute resolution, and a proposal for regulating Internet gambling.

Extracting Oil From Turmoil: The Iraqi Oil Industry And Its Role As A Promising Future Player In The Global Energy Market, Ryan Frei

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

International Control Of Iraqi Oil: How The Oil-For-Food Program Fits In, And Implications For The Future, Dawn Bell

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

The Effect Of The Usa Patroit Act On The Money Laundering And Currency Transaction Laws, Elwood Earl Sanders Jr., George Edward Sanders

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

The War On Terrorism And Its Impact On The Ethical Representation Of Clients, James M. Mccauley

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Terrorism: An Algerian Perspective, Idriss Jazairy

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Global Corporate Reorganization/ Global Corporate Governace: Imperfect Information And Credible Commitment, Bernhard Grossfield

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Indigenous Voices And American Politics, David E. Wilkins

Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications

President [Bush], in a convoluted response to a question on the meaning of tribal sovereignty (essentially the inherent right of indigenous nations to self-governance) posed by a minority journalist on August 6, told the 7,500 assembled journalists that "tribal sovereignty means that it's sovereign. You're a—you've been given sovereignty and you're viewed as a sovereign entity. And therefore the relationship between the federal government and tribes is one between sovereign entities."

Nevertheless, these two statements by the leading presidential candidates are big deals for Indian nations. They provide a measure of overt national political recognition for several of the most …

A Topic Both Timely And Timeless, James Gibson

Law Faculty Publications

Electronic discovery therefore represents one of the most momentous developments in the everyday life of the modern lawyer. Its effect on civil litigators is obvious, but other lawyers need to pay heed to the issue as well. Transactional attorneys, legislative aides, prosecutors, in-house counsel, and anyone else with legal responsibilities must be aware of the consequences of using electronic means of documentation and communication. Even an act as innocuous as sending an e-mail (an act that occurs thirty-one billion times a day7) creates a digital paper trail that is subject to discovery. Delete a client 's e-mails - or close …

Making The Right Gamble: The Odds On Probable Cause, Ronald J. Bacigal

Law Faculty Publications

Again, is there probable cause to detain, arrest or search each passenger? Is there probable cause to search each passenger's luggage, their autos parked at the airport and their residences? This article seeks the answer to the hypotheticals in sources ranging from the judiciary's own pronouncements on probable cause to linguistics, history mathematics and cognitive psychology.

Wills, Trusts And Estates (Annual Survey Of Virginia Law, 2003-2004), J. Rodney Johnson

Law Faculty Publications

The General Assembly enacted legislation dealing with wills, trusts, and estates that added or amended a number of sections of the Virginia Code in its 2004 Session. In addition, there were four opinions from the Supreme Court of Virginia that raised issues of interest to the general practitioner as well as the specialist in wills, trusts, and estates during the period covered by this review. This article reports on all of these legislative and judicial developments.

Aliens, The Internet, And "Purposeful Availment": A Reassessment Of Fifth Amendment Limits On Personal Jurisdiction, Wendy Collins Perdue

Law Faculty Publications

The international community has been struggling with questions of who should regulate the Internet and how, but little consensus has emerged. For the United States, consideration of the pros and cons of the alternative jurisdictional approaches to e-commerce and cyberspace is complicated by an overlay of constitutional law. While the rest of the world considers the policy implications of a country of origin versus a country of destination approach, the United States is wrestling with what constitutes "purposeful availment" under the Due Process Clause.

The Supreme Court has never squarely considered what limits the Fifth Amendment imposes on assertions of …

Retooling The Intent Requirement Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Henry L. Chambers Jr.

Law Faculty Publications

Racial classifications carry the largest taint and require the most justification. Strict scrutiny-the level of scrutiny with which the remainder of the article will be concerned-requires that race-based differentiation serve a compelling state interest and be narrowly tailored to serve that interest, guaranteeing that the reason for the differentiation is extremely important and that the link between the means chosen to meet the ends is extremely tight. Though strict scrutiny is difficult to survive, it is triggered only when a state actor engages in intentional or purposeful racial discrimination. Controversy surrounds whether such a trigger is necessary. However, rather than …

The Effect Of Eliminating Distinctions Among Title Vii Disparate Treatment Cases, Henry L. Chambers Jr.

Law Faculty Publications

St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks eliminated the effect of the pretext test and the distinction between standard and pretext cases. Desert Palace interpreted the motivating-factor test in a way that eliminates the distinction between mixed-motives and non-mixed-motives cases. The point is not that the Court has decided the cases incorrectly or with an inappropriate bias. Rather, it is that eliminating the distinctions between the different types of cases suggests that all disparate treatment cases should be treated the same. The result of these decisions will likely be a reversion to an older litigation model in which trial judges are …

Raiding Islam: Searches That Target Religious Institutions, John G. Douglass

Law Faculty Publications

On the morning of March 20, 2002, while television cameras recorded the events for the evening news, dozens of federal agents entered and searched the offices of several Islamic educational and religious organizations in Northern Virginia. The agents were searching, it appears, for evidence that those organizations contributed money to international groups known to have sponsored terrorist acts. By most public accounts, the targeted institutions were regarded as moderate and progressive voices in American Islam. For that reason, the searches sent shock waves through the American Muslim community. Muslims who had supported the Administration's domestic war on terrorism began to …

More Proposals To Simplify Modern Federal Procedure, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Response to Edward H. Cooper, Simplified Rules of Federal Procedure1, 100 Mich. L. Rev. 1794 (2002)

Doing Right By Charles Alan Wright, Carl W. Tobias

Law Faculty Publications

Review of Charles Alan Wright & Mary Kay Kane, Law of Federal Courts (6th ed. 2002)

Insurance Binders Revisited, Peter N. Swisher

Law Faculty Publications

Temporary contracts of insurance-binders-protect the insured during the time between completion of the application and issuance of the policy. They are an accepted and necessary part of the insurance business, used in connection with a wide variety of insurance P7:oducts. But when alleged coverage under a binder is the subject of litigation, the results are often inconsistent and, sometimes, indefensible. This article provides a comprehensive discussion of binders, including the differences between standard form and manuscript binders, binding receipts in property and casualty insurance and conditional receipts in life insurance policies, the various kinds of conditional receipts, and otherwise. The …

Brief Of Professors Francesco Berlingieri Et Al. A S Amici Curiae In Norfolk Southern Railway Co. V. James N. Kirby Pty . Ltd., John Paul Jones

Law Faculty Publications

From the Summary of Argument:

In the twelve major commercial maritime nations represented by amici, a transport intermediary acts either as an agent or as a principal--depending on the facts of the case--and no legal rule requires an intermediary to act as an agent when it has not agreed to do so. When an intermediary acts as an "agent" to contract on behalf of its customer, the customer is bound by the contract between the intermediary agent and a third-party carrier, but when the intermediary assumes for itself the carrier's role in a contract with its customer, the customer will …

Congress, Public Values, And The Financing Of Private Choice, Mary L. Heen

Law Faculty Publications

This Article examines the financing dimension of private choice, with a focus on Congress’s taxing and spending decision-making processes. The Article begins with an overview of the financing and performance dimensions of privatization decisions, followed by an analysis of how taxation relates to both dimensions. Private choice can be financed individually, that is, paid for by an individual’s own resources, facilitated by general tax reduction. Alternatively, private choice can be financed collectively by using tax revenues (or borrowed funds) to pay for privately provided goods and services. The tendency in political debate to conflate those two forms of financing, as …