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Articles 31 - 52 of 52
Full-Text Articles in Law
Private Discrimination Actions Filed In Federal Court: Nonsubstantive Matters Affecting Liability And Relief, Gary J. Spahn, David E. Boone
Private Discrimination Actions Filed In Federal Court: Nonsubstantive Matters Affecting Liability And Relief, Gary J. Spahn, David E. Boone
University of Richmond Law Review
Confusion regarding who may be held liable and what relief may be sought is evident in the inconsistent and conflicting decisions of the federal courts in private actions which charge unlawful discrimination under color of state law. The cause of the confusion has little to do with whether in fact the plaintiff has been the victim of discrimination but may be attributed to the piecemeal development of what may be termed nonsubstantive matters which nevertheless substantially affect the issues of liability and relief.
Prisoners' Rights Litigation- 42 U.S.C. §1983- Litigation: Plaintiff's View, John D. Grad, Philip J. Hirschkop
Prisoners' Rights Litigation- 42 U.S.C. §1983- Litigation: Plaintiff's View, John D. Grad, Philip J. Hirschkop
University of Richmond Law Review
During the years of the Warren Court, much social progress was achieved in this country through litigation. In the areas of civil liberties and civil rights this was chiefly done through affirmative law suits brought in federal court under the Civil Rights Act of 1870. While this Act was not widely used in its first ninety years, its development in the last two decades has been remarkable. Suits under the Constitution and this Act have brought dramatic change in the fields of civil rights and civil liberties.
A Review Of Prisoners' Rights Litigation Under 42 U .S.C . §1983, Scott D. Anderson, Theodore I. Brenner, Vera Duke, James E. Gray, Ronald M. Maupin
A Review Of Prisoners' Rights Litigation Under 42 U .S.C . §1983, Scott D. Anderson, Theodore I. Brenner, Vera Duke, James E. Gray, Ronald M. Maupin
University of Richmond Law Review
Before the mid-1960's, the federal courts frequently invoked the "hands-off" doctrine, a rule of deference to state correctional administrators, when petitioned by inmates to review conditions in state jails and prisons. When applied, the doctrine essentially held that a state prisoner's grievance was beyond the scope of authority or competence ofthe federal judiciary. With an increasing realization during the late 1960's and early 1970's that federal court intervention into state prison matters would be necessary, the 42 U.S.C. § 19831 civil rights complaint became the leading tool for effecting change in the area of prisoners rights. In order to gain …
Civil Rights-Standards For Equitable Relief After A Finding Of Employment Discrimination Are Based On Aims Of Title Vii
University of Richmond Law Review
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 grants the federal courts jurisdiction in employment discrimination matters and sanctions orders of affirmative relief where equitable. This relief, usually in the form of back pay and injunctions, may be awarded upon a finding of intentional, discriminatory labor practices. Being equitable remedies, however, the courts have given numerous and conflicting interpretations as to when such affirmative relief should be awarded or denied. The prior history of Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody typifies the inconsistencies in this area. The case was a class action under Title VII by former and present employees …
Securing A Valid Annexation In Virginia: State And Federal Requirements
Securing A Valid Annexation In Virginia: State And Federal Requirements
University of Richmond Law Review
Municipal expansion by the annexation of surrounding territory involves two separate and distinct procedures in Virginia. Due to the Commonwealth's coverage under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, municipalities seeking annexation must obtain federal approval in addition to satisfying the requirements of state law. Compliance with the Act requires an affirmative showing that the expansion is nondiscriminatory in both its purposes and effects with regard to minority voting strength. Failure to meet these fed- eral requirements will invalidate the annexation, irrespective of its compliance with state law. This note will first examine the law of annexation in Virginia, highlighting its …
Title Vii And 42 U.S.C. § 1981: Two Independent Solutions
Title Vii And 42 U.S.C. § 1981: Two Independent Solutions
University of Richmond Law Review
Two major vehicles for redressing private racial discrimination are Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. In 1968 the Supreme Court, in Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., ruled that section 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 18662 applied to private acts of discrimination. The plaintiff in Jones sought relief against a private real estate company under 42 U.S.C. § 1982. The Court found that the substance of sections 1981 and 1982 was to be found in its predecessor, section 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which was intended "to prohibit all racially motivated deprivations of the …
Administrative Law-Incompleted Title Vii Administrative Proceedings Not-Terminated By Judicial Review- Federal Employee May Present New Evidence In Court
University of Richmond Law Review
The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 (EEOA) extended certain provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to federal employees. One such provision extended is contained in § 717(c) . Under this section a federal employee alleging employment discrimination is granted access to a United States district court in two situations: when administrative relief is not provided within 180 days after the filing of the original complaint; or, upon final action being taken by either the agency involved or the Civil Service Commission.
Challenging Exclusionary Zoning Practices
Challenging Exclusionary Zoning Practices
University of Richmond Law Review
Municipal zoning ordinances are often used to exclude from a community persons of a lower socio-economic status than the existing residents. Such practices, known collectively as exclusionary zoning, have come under increasing attack as the shortage of decent housing, in the United states becomes more severe.
Constitutional Law-Civil Rights-Standard For Relief In Racial Discrimination Cases Requires A Showing Of Discriminatory Intent, T. Keith Fogg
Constitutional Law-Civil Rights-Standard For Relief In Racial Discrimination Cases Requires A Showing Of Discriminatory Intent, T. Keith Fogg
University of Richmond Law Review
When Congress passed Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it did not extend the coverage of the Act to public employers. Consequently, the Griggs v. Duke Power Co. decision in 1971 created the anomalous situation that private employers were held to a tougher standard of scrutiny with respect to racial considerations in their hiring procedures under Title VII than were public employers under the Constitution. This curious development in the relationship between public employment and Title VII caused many courts to alter their standards for equal protection violations in the early 1970's. In the realm of public …
Hands Off!! The Validity Of Local Massage Parlor Laws
Hands Off!! The Validity Of Local Massage Parlor Laws
University of Richmond Law Review
Massage parlors are not a recent American phenomenon. They were a pervasive and, to many, a troublesome phenomenon during the "winning of the West."' In 1897, the Supreme Court determined that one advertisement by women inviting men to their "Baths" and "Massage" rooms was too obscene to be printed. In recent years there has been a sudden increase of interest in and concern about massage parlors. This note examines the most prevalent legal problems generated by the regulation of massage parlors: the relationship between the police power and massage parlor establishments, the constitutional concerns of equal protection and substantive due …
Constitutional Law- Civil Rights- Private Schools Prohibited From Excluding Qualified Children Solely Because They Are Black, Craig S. Cooley
Constitutional Law- Civil Rights- Private Schools Prohibited From Excluding Qualified Children Solely Because They Are Black, Craig S. Cooley
University of Richmond Law Review
All major school desegregation decisions through 1975 involved "public" schools, and were based on provisions of the fourteenth amendment. This constitutional remedy, however, requires the presence of "state action" before being triggered. Commencing with the Supreme Court's earliest public school desegregation decisions, and accelerating with the finding of affirmative duties of southern school districts to desegregate, private educational institutions following racially exclusionary admittance policies were founded. Such private discrimination generally has been considered to be beyond the scope of the fourteenth amendment. Moreover, parents that patronize such institutions have sought support in Supreme Court cases which confer constitutional protection upon …
A Guide To The Law Of Fair Employment, Benjamin Werne
A Guide To The Law Of Fair Employment, Benjamin Werne
University of Richmond Law Review
In the field of civil rights, there are broad, cumulative remedies available to the aggrieved party. The fabric of these remedies is an amalgam of various and varying statutes, judicial holdings, administrative determinations and arbitral awards. The following article attempts a distillation of current law-much of which is further complicated by conflicting decisions.
Critique: A Plaintiff's View, Henry L. Marsh Iii
Critique: A Plaintiff's View, Henry L. Marsh Iii
University of Richmond Law Review
No greater challenge confronts persons seeking to enjoy America's promise of "equality and justice for all" than that of enforcing the clear congressional mandate that all forms of discrimination based on race, religion, nationality and sex be eliminated. It follows then that the continued existence of such discrimination constitutes a great danger to the moral and economic well-being of our nation.
Civil Rights-Sex Discrimination-Employer's Denial Of Disability Benefits Held To Violate Title Vii Of The 1964 Civil Rights Act
University of Richmond Law Review
Prior to 1971 women found little relief in the courts for claims of sex discrimination. The Supreme Court upheld almost all legislation designed for the "protection" of women, predicated on their virtue, their health, or the "well being of [their] race." The first major legislative prohibition of sex discrimination, outside of judicial interpretation of the equal protec- tion clause, is found in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. It seems ironic that a provision on sex discrimination, today a frequently litigated issue, was amended to Title VII almost as an afterthought.
Busing To Desegregate Schools: The Perspective From Congress, Hugh Scott
Busing To Desegregate Schools: The Perspective From Congress, Hugh Scott
University of Richmond Law Review
The controversy over transporting pupils to desegregate schools or "busing" as the issue popularly is known, is the narrowest and perhaps most limited aspect of school desegregation. Yet, it threatens to undo school desegregation completely unless the issue is re- solved in a way which will permit continued desegregation of schools accompanied by the understanding and support of the majority of people of all races.
Sex Discrimination In Employment: What Has Title Vii Accomplished For The Female?
Sex Discrimination In Employment: What Has Title Vii Accomplished For The Female?
University of Richmond Law Review
The legislative intent of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was to eradicate all forms of discriminatory employment practices based upon race, religion, national origin or sex. While the initial success of accomplishing this goal fell short of what was expected, important strides in recent years have reversed earlier disappointments.
Civil Rights-No State Action Necessary To Prohibit Racial Discrimination By "Private" School
Civil Rights-No State Action Necessary To Prohibit Racial Discrimination By "Private" School
University of Richmond Law Review
Until recently, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1982 were virtually useless as instruments with which to combat purely private racial discrimination. Certainly, one of the principal reasons behind this was the Supreme Court's decision in the Civil Rights Cases wherein the Court restrictively applied the thirteenth amendment, under which the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was enacted. However, in 1968, the Supreme Court ruled that the intention of Congress in enacting the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was to prohibit private racial discrimination as well as racial discrimination under color of law, and thereby vastly broadened the scope of the …
Constitutional Law- Freedom Of Speech- Withdrawal Of Funds From College Newspaper Advocating Segregationist Policy Deemed Violative Of First And Fourteenth Amendment
University of Richmond Law Review
Modern courts have consistently held that the rights of free speech and press provided for in the first amendment are fundamental rights protected by the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment from abridgment by the states. Student expression has been the target of much recent litigation and has prompted increased Supreme Court concern over constitutional aspects of public school administration. The central controversy has developed into a question of how much freedom should be given to a generation that delights in exploring the "limits of institutional response." One of the most piercing probes has been the campus newspaper which …
Constitutional Law-Utility Shutoffs-A Violation Of Due Process Under Color Of State Law?
Constitutional Law-Utility Shutoffs-A Violation Of Due Process Under Color Of State Law?
University of Richmond Law Review
Past judicial decisions concerning the right of a private utility to terminate-service for nonpayment of bills have consistently favored the utility. Yet victims of shutoffs, whether poor or merely outraged and inconvenienced, continue to attack shutoff actions through the regulatory commissions, legislation, and the courts. Their efforts have met with failure in all forums.
Constitutional Law-Private Discrimination Remains Intact
Constitutional Law-Private Discrimination Remains Intact
University of Richmond Law Review
As a result of the decision of the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases in 1883, the principle has become firmly embedded in our constitutional law that the action inhibited by the first section of the fourteenth amendment is only such action as may fairly be said to be that of the states. "The amendment erects no shield against merely private conduct, however discriminatory or wrongful." Thus private conduct, no matter how discriminatory, in no way violates the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment unless the state, to some significant extent, becomes involved in this conduct.
Civil Rights- Arrest Record As Basis For Job Denial Held Discriminatory
Civil Rights- Arrest Record As Basis For Job Denial Held Discriminatory
University of Richmond Law Review
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides that it is an unlawful employment practice to discriminate in hiring because of an individual's race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The purpose of this title is to eliminate discrimination in the labor market so as to afford persons with the ability to perform work and earn their livings the opportunity to do so without penalty because of one of these factors.
Civil Rights Act And Professionally Developed Ability Tests
Civil Rights Act And Professionally Developed Ability Tests
University of Richmond Law Review
With the shift in America from a mercantile to a highly industrialized society, the right to use his labor and skill has become a person's most valuable asset. The common law did little to preserve this asset, since an employer had the absolute right to discharge his employee at will. While the fifth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution provided some relief in federal and state discriminatory practices, they offered little hope for those deprived of employment opportunities by the discriminatory acts of private individuals.