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Full-Text Articles in Law
Keywords, Trademarks, And The Gray Market: Why The Use Is Not Fair, Lisa A. Nester
Keywords, Trademarks, And The Gray Market: Why The Use Is Not Fair, Lisa A. Nester
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This Comment analyzes the escalating effects of Internet banner ads and gray marketers on trademark owners' ability to control the use and sale of their marks as keywords and metatags. To unify these concepts, Ms. Nester utilizes the facts behind a suit filed by Estee Lauder, Inc. against an Internet fragrance retailer and an Internet search engine. The suit alleged trademark infringement and unfair competition, among other things, for the Internet entities' unauthorized uses of Estee Lauder's registered trademarks in fragrances. The author explores the facilitating and enabling effect of the Internet on gray market, or parallel importation, activity, such …
High Court Takes Right Turn In Traffix, But Stops Short Of The Finish Line: An Economic Critique Of Trade Dress Protection For Product Configuration, Timothy M. Barber
High Court Takes Right Turn In Traffix, But Stops Short Of The Finish Line: An Economic Critique Of Trade Dress Protection For Product Configuration, Timothy M. Barber
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Mr. Barber examines the Supreme Court's recent treatment of trade dress protection for product configuration, also referred to as product design. Although the Wal-Mart and TrafFix decisions have begun to limit product configuration protection under trademark law, the high court should have gone further and eliminated product configuration protection, due to its monopolistic and anti-competitive effects. The Comment explores the history and effectiveness of the functionality doctrine, which attempts to resolve the conflict between patent and trademark law over protecting useful product designs. Since what constitutes a functional feature is not easily discerned, the doctrine fails to prevent firms from …
Trademark Exhaustion In The European Union: Community-Wide Or International? The Saga Continues, Irene Calboli
Trademark Exhaustion In The European Union: Community-Wide Or International? The Saga Continues, Irene Calboli
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Dr. Calboli discusses trademark exhaustion in the European Union. She proposes an international exhaustion standard to replace the community-wide exhaustion standard. In an international system, a trademark owner would exhaust his rights in other national jurisdictions when trademarked goods are placed on the market in any national jurisdiction where the trademark owner enjoys protection. Accordingly, the trademark owner will not be free to prevent international importation of genuine products bearing his trademark. Dr. Calboli describes the development of the community-wide exhaustion standard and its interpretative problems as part of the Trademark Directive. She then proposes changing to an international exhaustion …
The United States Court Of Appeals For The Federal Circuit: The Promise And Perils Of A Court Of Limited Jurisdiction , Randall R. Rader
The United States Court Of Appeals For The Federal Circuit: The Promise And Perils Of A Court Of Limited Jurisdiction , Randall R. Rader
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Honorable Randall Rader, of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit discusses current criticisms of the Federal Circuit and the speed of which the Circuit sets precedent. Before addressing these issues, Judge Rader posits a belief that the standard by which the Circuit is being judged is incorrect. Judge Rader's speech gives a foundation by which a correct standard should be exacted, examples of the current atmosphere leading to the precedents being set, and generally addresses why the Federal Circuit is fundamentally unique from other jurisdictions.
The Trademark Registration System In Japan: A Firsthand Review And Exposition , Masaya Suzuki
The Trademark Registration System In Japan: A Firsthand Review And Exposition , Masaya Suzuki
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
One current topic of trademark law that has become a major issue in recent years is foreign trademark rights. The business world is shrinking, and large international outfits need to protect the goodwill in their trademarks on a global scale. The key to gaining international trademark rights is in understanding foreign countries' trademark systems. Masaya Suzuki, a trademark examiner in the Japanese Patent Office, offers insight to the Japanese trademark system. Mr. Suzuki provides a history of Japanese trademark law and rationales for the current system. He explains the workings of the system on a step-by-step basis giving the structure …
Measuring Fame: The Use Of Empirical Evidence In Dilution Actions , Adam Omar Shanti
Measuring Fame: The Use Of Empirical Evidence In Dilution Actions , Adam Omar Shanti
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Adam Omar Shanti explores the concepts of dilution and famousness under Trademark Law. Dilution is a protection afforded "famous" trademarks by the Lanham Act. In essence, it prevents the usage of marks on dissimilar items that resemble a famous mark to prevent the "gradual whittling away or dispersion of the identity and hold upon the public mind." Dilution can occur by 1) blurring, 2) tarnishment, or 3) alteration. To determine whether a mark is "famous", eight subjective criteria are evaluated, which often produces inconsistencies among the courts. Mr. Shanti argues that an empirically derived test for fame must be created …
The Rise And Fall Of Fences: The Overbroad Protection Of The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act , Jonathan M. Ward
The Rise And Fall Of Fences: The Overbroad Protection Of The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act , Jonathan M. Ward
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Jonathan Ward discusses viability of two means for resolution of disputes related to cybersquatting. Cybersquatting occurs when a party registers a domain name that contains someone else's trademark and then attempts to profit by selling or licensing the name to that party. Cybersquatting tends to be classified as direct cybersquatting and typosquatting, and actions involving domain name conflicts fall in four categories: 1) trademark infringement, 2) confusion of source, 3) dilution of a famous mark, and 4) bad faith registration. Recognizing the growing issue of cybersquatting, Congress passed the Anitcybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, which provided a litigious avenue …
Global Technology Protection: Moving Past The Treaty, Todd M. Rowe
Global Technology Protection: Moving Past The Treaty, Todd M. Rowe
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This Comment examines whether the conformity achieved by international technology treaties is at the expense of utility. Specifically, the author posits that international agreements do not serve the needs of rich and poor nations alike. Instead, the author advocates for increased autonomy by claiming better solutions will be produced when nations enter bi-lateral agreements. In reaching this conclusion, the Comment analyzes the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) and the problems created for developing nations through global technology protections. The author uses the United States' patent, copyright, and trademark protections as an illustrative example of how successful …
Dickinson V Zurko: An Amicus Brief, Thomas G. Field, Craig Allen Nard, John F. Duffy
Dickinson V Zurko: An Amicus Brief, Thomas G. Field, Craig Allen Nard, John F. Duffy
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Professors Field, Nard, and Duffy submitted an amicus brief to the Supreme Court in the case of Dickinson v. Zurko. In Dickinson, the Federal Circuit concluded that the Patent and Trademark Office's factual findings must be reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard and not the substantial evidence standard set out in the Administrative Procedure Act. However, the amicus brief asserted that the PTO is subject to the standards of judicial review set forth in the APA.
The United States And The Madrid Protocol: A Time To Decline, A Time To Accede, Carlo Cotrone
The United States And The Madrid Protocol: A Time To Decline, A Time To Accede, Carlo Cotrone
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
The Madrid Agreement enables trademark owners in signatory countries to secure international trademark registration by filing one application instead of filing separate applications in each foreign country's trademark office. The United States has never acceded to the Agreement because critics have held that the Agreement favors registration-based trademark systems rather than the use-based system found in the United States. Accordingly, the Madrid Protocol was drafted to address the United States' objections to the Agreement and to provide an international registration vehicle for countries that declined to participate Agreement. In this article, the author examines the Madrid Agreement, compares the Agreement …
No Trade Dress Protection For Anything Disclosed In A Patent: A Defense Of The Supreme Court's Per Se Restriction, Glen A. Weitzer
No Trade Dress Protection For Anything Disclosed In A Patent: A Defense Of The Supreme Court's Per Se Restriction, Glen A. Weitzer
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Conflicts between patent and trademark law arise when the owner of a patent seeks to protect the physical configuration disclosed in a patent. Patent law requires that information in a patent be dedicated to the public upon expiration of the patent; however, trademark law can be used upon expiration of the patent to continue to exclude certain aspects of the art disclosed in the patent. This note explores existing jurisprudence on the conflict between patent and trademark law and proposes a remedy to this conflict.
The New World Of International Trademark Law, Marshall A. Leaffer
The New World Of International Trademark Law, Marshall A. Leaffer
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Professor Leaffer discusses how the globalization process has forced evolution of international norms and favorably changed the face of trademark law. Professor Leaffer reviews the new developments in major treaties, the Madrid Protocol and the Trademark Law Treaty, and regional treaties, such as the new Community Trademark, and how they continue to build upon the progress of the Paris Convention toward harmonization in the world of international trademark law. Professor Leaffer explains that the benefits from the trend toward harmonization will be enjoyed not only by trademark owners, but also by consumers whose welfare will be enhanced by harmonization.
Trademark Harmonization: Norms, Names & Nonsense, Kenneth L. Port
Trademark Harmonization: Norms, Names & Nonsense, Kenneth L. Port
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Professor Port provides a comment on Marshall A. Leaffer's article that offers another viewpoint on the important issue of the globalization process and trademark law. Rather than seeking ideals of international trademark laws through harmonization, Professor Port suggests that a better objective is internationalization. Professor Port explains that harmonization of international trademark law will be impossible as long as world communities adhere to territorial justifications for sovereignty and jurisdiction. Because goods flow in the reality of an international market, Professor Port reasons that initiatives to avoid inefficiencies and uncertainties of global trademark laws should be directed toward internationalization.
The Smell Of Success: Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, Faye M. Hammersley
The Smell Of Success: Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, Faye M. Hammersley
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
The author discusses the implications of the United States Patent and Trademark Trial and Appeal Board decision In re Clarke, where the Patent and Trademark Office first issued trademark registration for a fragrance. Hammersley discusses expanding trade dress protection to include scents, the positive aspects of scent protection, and the potential of registering scents under current legal standards.
No Protection, No Progress For Graphical User Interfaces, Jane M. Rolling
No Protection, No Progress For Graphical User Interfaces, Jane M. Rolling
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
The Author examines the courts' reluctance to grant intellectual property protection to graphic user interfaces, the visual elements of computer software. Rolling suggests that software manufacturers should seek trade dress protection of graphic user interfaces.
"Gathering His Beames With A Christall Glass": The Intellectual Property Jurisprudence Of Stephen G. Breyer, Gordon R. Shea
"Gathering His Beames With A Christall Glass": The Intellectual Property Jurisprudence Of Stephen G. Breyer, Gordon R. Shea
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Focusing on Qualitex v. Jacobs Products, an opinion authored by Supreme Court Justice Breyer that extends trademark protection to colors, the Author examines Justice Breyer's attitude toward intellectual property law, how Justice Breyer's views were extended in Qualitex, and how Justice Breyer's views may affect intellectual property law in the future.
The European "Community Trade Mark": Is It Worth The Bother?, Daniel G. Radler
The European "Community Trade Mark": Is It Worth The Bother?, Daniel G. Radler
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
In growing regional societies such as the European Union, there is a recognized need for standardization of trademark protection. Radler discusses the recent creation of the "Community Trade Mark" ("CTM") and analyzes the pros, the cons, and the alternatives to regional trademark protection within the EU. Concluding that the CTM is the most appropriate alternative, Radler suggests that the CTM provides uniformity, efficiency, and a means for further harmonization.