Law Commons^™

Re Enumerated Constitutional Rights The Only Rights We Have? The Case Of Associational Freedom, Randy E. Barnett

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Much of contemporary constitutional thought assumes that the only rights individuals have are either those that they are given by the legislature or those that are explicitly specified in the Constitution of the United States (or in a state constitution). Such a view of rights is based on the jurisprudential philosophy known as legal positivism, a view that has dominated academic discussions about legal rights for at least fifty years and that has begun to wane only in the last fifteen years.' In this Paper, I will try to explain how adherence to this legal positivism taints and distorts constitutional …

Orphaned Rules In The Administrative State: The Fairness Doctrine And Other Orphaned Progeny Of Interactive Deregulation, Susan Low Bloch

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

The recent trend toward deregulation has revealed a fundamental weakness in our administrative state. Agencies that have decided to eliminate agency-created rules that no longer serve their statutory mandate are effectively prevented from doing so by pressure from members of Congress who want to preserve the rule but are unable or unwilling to enact it as law.

On The Indeterminacy Crisis: Critiquing Critical Dogma, Lawrence B. Solum

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Critical legal scholarship challenges the liberal claim that modern western societies are characterized by "the rule of law." The liberal conception of the rule of law, critical scholars contend, serves to mystify and legitimate the legal system and thereby obscure the real issues behind individual cases as well as the real nature of the legal system. Frequently, the claim that legal rules are indeterminate is the starting point for such a critique of the rule of law. What I call the indeterminacy thesis goes roughly like this: the existing body of legal doctrines-statutes, administrative regulations, and court decisions-permits a judge …

A Consent Theory Of Contract, Randy E. Barnett

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

We look to legal theory to tell us when the use of legal force against an individual is morally justified. We look to contract theory, in particular, to tell us which interpersonal commitments the law ought to enforce. Contract theory at present, however, does not provide a satisfactory answer to this question. The five best known theories or principles of contractual obligation-the will theory, the reliance theory, the fairness theory, the efficiency theory and the bargain theory each have very basic shortcomings. A consent theory of contract avoids these difficulties while explaining coherent obligation in a plausible and coherent manner.

Aids Policies Raise Civil Liberties Concerns, Lawrence O. Gostin

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Testing for the AIDS virus and segregation of AIDS carriers raise extremely important civil liberties questions in contemporary corrections. The NPP survey revealed 420 cases of fully diagnosed AIDS cases in state prisons across the country. Given the AIDS-toinfection ratio used by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, there are between 21,000-42,000 prisoners infected with HIV. Up to 30% of these prisoners will probably develop some serious manifestations of AIDS. More importantly, this figure may continue to double every year. Corrections departments have responded to the AIDS crisis in a variety of ways: 90% use the ELISA test to detect …

Terry White: A Two-Front Negotiation Exercise, Philip G. Schrag

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

In the 1980s, teaching the theory and art of negotiation has become more important than ever in the curricula of law schools. As the cost of full-scale litigation has risen, the pressure on litigants to settle short of trial has increased, and the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms has become a priority of the bar. The literature on negotiation has multiplied, and law school texts have been published to support an increasing number of courses in negotiation.

After a brief overview of the Terry White problem, this article becomes an instructor's manual. It offers suggestions for those desiring to …

Aids - Pushing The Limits Of Scientific And Legal Thought, Jane H. Aiken

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Perhaps one of the greatest challenges to the scientific and legal community confronts us now-not by choice but by tragic happenstance. It has taken the form of a mysterious disease that is striking down its victims at an alarming rate. The disease is AIDS. The scientific community is pushing the limits of medical knowledge in its effort to cure and contain the illness. At the same time the legal community, in the face of scientific uncertainty, must balance the needs of a frightened public and the rights of those persons who are affected by the disease. One thing is clear: …

Four Senses Of The Public Law-Private Law Distinction, Randy E. Barnett

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Perhaps the most useful function for a foreword to a symposium on the "Limits of Public Law" would be to explain what is meant by "public law." If there is more than one sense of a distinction between "public law" and "private law," identifying which sense is being used in a particular instance should reduce confusion. As it turns out, there are four different ways to distinguish between public law and private law that are relevant to this Symposium.

Changing Conceptions Of Property And Sovereignty In Natural Resources Law: Questioning The Public Trust Doctrine, Richard J. Lazarus

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

This Article considers and evaluates the 'public trust doctrine," one of the most remarkable legal bases upon which natural resources law has relied in this ongoing transformation. The public trust doctrine is based on an amorphous notion that has been with us since the days of Justinian - the notion that the public possesses inviolable rights in certain natural resources. Commentators first hailed the doctrine in 1970 as offering the most promising legal basis upon which individual members of the public could maintain a lawsuit to protect natural resources from needless degradation and destruction. In the seminal article on the …

The Nucleus Of A Public Health Strategy To Combat Aids, Lawrence O. Gostin

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Since acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first identified in I98I, its rate of spread among a primarily young and vibrant population has chilled the medical and lay communities. Today, the public response is sober and oriented toward the examination of specific policies that could lessen the impact of the disease. After six years' experience it is now feasible to propose a strategy for combating AIDS. Consensus around the policies outlined in this article should form the nucleus of the public health strategy to combat AIDS before the intervention of an effective vaccine or treatment.

The Nativity Scene Case: An Error Of Judgment, Norman Dorsen, Charles Sims

Philip A. Hart Memorial Lecture

On March 22, 1985, Professor of Law, Norman Dorsen of New York University School of Law, delivered the Georgetown Law Center’s fifth Annual Philip A. Hart Memorial Lecture: "Nativity Scenes and Judicial Responsibility."

Norman Dorsen is Counselor to the President of New York University and Stokes Professor of Law, NYU School of Law, where he has taught since 1961. He is co-director of the Arthur Garfield Hays Civil Liberties Program and was the founding director of NYU's Hauser Global Law School Program in 1994.

Dorsen performed military service in the office of the Secretary of the Army, where he assisted …

Less Than The Sum Of Its Parts, Charles F. Abernathy

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Constitutional Choices is not a newly created treatise but a collection of essays on a diverse range of topics. Most were printed previously in serial publications, and the others, one suspects, arose from projects undertaken independently of one another over the last few years. Such reprintings may strike some as a waste of paper and purchasers' money, but, as The New Yorker Album of Drawings amply proves, additional insight is often gained from seeing parts brought together as a whole. But that is not the case here, for the whole of Tribe's new book is less than the sum of …

Why We Need Legal Philosophy, Randy E. Barnett

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Do we need legal philosophy? Legal philosophy or jurisprudence, like many other areas of philosophy, is of intrinsic interest to many people. But this does not tell us whether or why we need it. The answer suggested by Lon Fuller is that legal philosophy has - or should have - implications for lawyers, judges, legislators and law professors. And yet in 1952 Fuller concluded that: "Judged by this standard I don't think we can claim that the last quarter of a century has been a fruitful one for legal philosophy in this country - certainly not in terms of immediate …

A Moment In Human Development: Legal Protection, Ethical Standards And Social Policy On The Selective Non-Treatment Of Handicapped Neonates, Lawrence O. Gostin

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Selective non-treatment decisions involving severely handicapped neonates have recently come under renewed judicial and legislative scrutiny. In this article, the author examines the legal, ethical and social considerations attendant to the non-treatment decision. In Part II he discusses the predominant ethical viewpoints relating to this issue and proposes a new moral standard based on personal interests. Part III presents a survey of the jurisprudence relating to selective non-treatment decisions. Parts IV and V of this article provide a critical examination of the recently enacted Child Abuse Amendments of 1984, a federal legislative initiative designed to regulate treatment decisions relating to …

The Origins And Original Significance Of The Just Compensation Clause Of The Fifth Amendment, William Michael Treanor

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

The principle that the state necessarily owes compensation when it takes private property was not generally accepted in either colonial or revolutionary America. Uncompensated takings were frequent and found justification first in appeals to the crown and later in republicanism, the ideology of the Revolution. The post-independence movement for just compensation requirements at the state and national level was part of a broader ideological shift away from republicanism, which stressed the primacy of the common good, and toward liberalism. At the time the Bill of Rights was adopted, that shift had not been completed, but the trends of the revolutionary …

Authority, Autonomy, And Choice: The Role Of Consent In The Moral And Political Visions Of Franz Kafka And Richard Posner, Robin West

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

In "The Ethical and Political Basis of Wealth Maximization" and two related articles, Professor (now Judge) Richard Posner argues that widely shared pro-autonomy moral values are furthered by wealth-maximizing market transfers, judicial decisions, and legal institutions advocated by members of the "law and economics" school of legal theory. Such transactions, decisions, and institutions are morally attractive, Posner argues, because they support autonomy; wealth-maximizing transfers are those to which all affected parties have given their consent. This Article argues that Posner's attempt to defend wealth-maximization on principles of consent rests on a simplistic and false psychological theory of human motivation. Posner's …

Regulating Human Gene Therapy, Judith C. Areen

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Scientific developments have moved the public debate on genetic engineering to the issue of human gene therapy.

Because so many important societal values must be weighed in deciding which, if any, of the first protocols for human gene therapy should be approved, it is obviously important to look closely at who will make the decision to approve or disapprove the protocols.

Jurisprudence As Narrative: An Aesthetic Analysis Of Modern Legal Theory, Robin West

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Recent legal scholarship has engaged in a growing dialogue tying literary criticism to jurisprudence. In this article, Professor Robin West adds her voice by advocating the reading of legal theory as a form of narrative. Drawing from Northrop Frye's “Anatomy of Criticism,” Professor West first details four literary myths that combine contrasting world visions and narrative methods. She then applies Frye's categories to Anglo-American jurisprudential traditions and employs aesthetic principles to analyze influential legal theorists within these traditions. Finally, Professor West argues that recognizing the aesthetic dimension of legal debate frees us to realize our moral ideals.

The Work-Product Doctrine: Protection, Not Privilege, Sherman L. Cohn

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Although the work-product doctrine has received considerable attention before the courts in recent years, several issues regarding the scope and applicability of the doctrine remain controversial As a prelude to explaining the state of the law on these issues, the author examines the case law through which the doctrine developed and explores the doctrine's modern application through rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. He next discusses the rule's various requirements and its treatment ofparticular categories of information including opinion work product andparty statements. Finally, Professor Cohn explains how the rule's protection may be waived and discusses the …

Book Review Of Section 1983: Sword And Shield, Charles F. Abernathy

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Robert H. Freilich and Richard G. Carlisle have collected sixteen essays from Volumes 11 through 15 of The Urban Lawyer-the journal which has most consistently followed developments in the law of section 1983-and published them as Section 1983: Sword and Shield. Prepared for the Section of Urban, State, and Local Government Law of the American Bar Association, this helpful volume provides a contemporary history of the development of the 1871 Civil Rights Act, from which section 1983 was derived.

Deconstructing The Legislative Veto, Girardeau A. Spann

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

On June 23, 1983, the Supreme Court invalidated more federal statutes in a single day than it had in all of its prior history. In so doing, the Court also dramatically altered the allocation of governmental power between Congress and the President. At least that is how the press viewed the significance of INS v. Chadha, the decision invalidating the legislative veto device on which Congress had come to rely as an expedient method of controlling the exercise of executive discretion. Whether or not the hyperbole proves to have been warranted, the decision does possess a certain intrigue-it is not …

The Planetary Trust: Conservation And Intergenerational Equity, Edith Brown Weiss

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

This article suggests a normative framework which, if adopted and internalized by our political, economic, and social institutions, might enable them to serve as vehicles for ensuring that future generations will inherit their just share of our global heritage. Its thesis is that the human species holds the natural and cultural resources of the planet in trust for all generations of the human species. The article focuses on our duty towards the human species, for it is on this fiduciary duty that law and political institutions can be brought most readily to bear. This planetary trust obligates each generation to …

Child Care, Work, And The Federal Income Tax, Brian Wolfman

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

This article explores the federal income tax treatment of employment-related child care expenses. It takes both a theoretical and historical approach, examining the various ways in which the Code has dealt with child care in relation to conventional tax notions and values at play in the community at large.

Part II outlines the history of the Code's various childcare provisions. It is a critical analysis whose purpose is to decide whether any of the provisions, which have existed, can be explained by a particular tax theory.

Part III asks whether employment-related childcare expenses can be characterized as "business" or "personal" …

Are The Suburbs Unconstitutional?, J. Peter Byrne

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

It is hard not to conclude that American local land use law has been a persistent and squalid failure. Once proud cities now stagger--decayed, honeycombed with dangerous, surreal moonscapes of physical and human devastation, and surrounded by insipid suburbs that sprawl over a vanishing rural world. What has gone wrong? To some extent, localities have had to bear the consequences of persistent racism and the national failure to embrace social democracy and adopt decent minimum guarantees of health care, education, and housing. Still, local land use law is deeply complicit with these national political choices.

Spinning The Legislative Veto, Girardeau A. Spann

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

I am delighted to have been given the opportunity to comment on Judge Breyer's proposal for a fast-track substitute to the legislative veto. Although the Supreme Court invalidated the legislative veto device in INS v. Chadha, Judge Breyer's proposal demonstrates that innovative thinking may well permit those with enough determination to circumvent the apparent effect of the Court's decision. Even more important, the proposal illustrates why such circumvention is possible.

As a doctrinal matter, the legislative veto poses a real dilemma--one that is rooted in fundamental uncertainty about the proper relationship between the Supreme Court and the elected branches of …

Child Support Law And Policy: The Systematic Imposition Of Costs On Women, Nan D. Hunter

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

From 1970 to 1981, the number of divorces in the United States more than doubled, and the number of children living with one parent increased by fifty-four percent, to a total of 12.6 million children, or one child in five. The great majority of these children have a living noncustodial parent from whom they are entitled to receive support payrents. Thus, approximately twenty percent of the nation's children are involved- at least potentially-in the child support system. Yet, despite its growing reach, the child support system remains in many ways primitive and inchoate. Award amounts are inadequate to pay for …

Amendments To The Federal Rules Of Criminal Procedure, Paul F. Rothstein

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Numerous changes in the rules governing criminal trials in federal court have been in effect for four months. Some are major and some are minor, but they should be studied carefully by lawyers handling criminal cases. Amendments have been made to:

Resolving The Dilemma Of The Exclusionary Rule: An Application Of Restitutive Principles Of Justice, Randy E. Barnett

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Discussions of the merits of the exclusionary rule usually begin and end with a dilemma not unlike the classic "prisoner's dilemma." Suppression of illegally obtained, but reliable, evidence that leads to the release of a guilty defendant may constitute an injustice and a threat to the safety of innocent citizens. Admitting illegally obtained evidence, however, may encourage police officers to engage in illegal conduct to the detriment of countless numbers of citizens. The premise of the prisoner's dilemma is that the prisoner's choices have been limited by his captor to two, each of which is morally objectionable. The debate over …

Functional Analysis Of The Plain-Error Rule, Girardeau A. Spann

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

In this article, I attempt to do two things at once. First, I attempt to analyze the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to conduct "plain-error" review of state court decisions. The plain-error issue merits consideration not only because of its intrinsic interest and arguable complexity, but also because the question whether the Supreme Court is authorized to engage in plain-error review is an open one that I would like to help resolve. My second objective, however, is the more important of the two. In the context of analyzing plain-error review, what I really want to do is analyze legal analysis itself. There …

Expository Justice, Girardeau A. Spann

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

The task of the federal judiciary is seriously complicated by the fact that it has to play one role while pretending to play another. We ask the courts to pretend that they are resolving disputes between parties, but what we really want them to do is tell us how to conform our behavior to our fundamental values. Society needs a branch of government to implement its fundamental values, and the federal judiciary is well suited to that task because it possesses the precise balance of autonomy and public accountability needed to perform the function properly.

However, the dispute resolution charade …