Law Commons^™

Context Is Everything: Sociality And Privacy In Online Social Network Sites, Ronald Leenes

Ronald Leenes

Social Network Sites (SNSs) pose many privacy issues. Apart from the fact that privacy in an online social network site may sound like an oxymo- ron, significant privacy issues are caused by the way social structures are currently handled in SNSs. Conceptually different social groups are generally conflated into the singular notion of ‘friend’. This chapter argues that attention should be paid to the social dynamics of SNSs and the way people handle social contexts. It shows that SNS technology can be designed to support audience segregation, which should mitigate at least some of the privacy issues in Social Network …

The Tragedy Of (Ignoring) The Information Semicommons: A Cultural Environmental Perspective, Robert Lee Cunningham

Robert Cunningham

The second enclosure movement critique is familiar theoretical territory for scholars concerned with the creeping maximalist impulse of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). Just as the first enclosure movement relating to real property created controversies concerning social contract and the advertised efficiencies of private real property, so too these concerns are echoed within the context of IPRs. This paper employs the emergent discourse of cultural environmentalism so as to diagnose and resolve IPR issues evident within the information environment. Cultural environmentalism borrows, begs and steals analytical frameworks from environmentalism, such as those relating to the commons, public choice theory, welfare economics …

The Separation Of (Economic) Power: A Cultural Environmental Perspective Of Social Production And The Networked Public Sphere, Robert Lee Cunningham

Robert Cunningham

In the eighteenth century Montesquieu espoused the need to separate political power. In the twenty first century there is a pressing need to separate economic power. Drawing upon the frame of cultural environmentalism to counter the affects of the second enclosure movement related to Intellectual Property Rights, this paper advocates the employ of social production so as to diversify the production mix of the global information economy. This position is built upon public choice theory and the economic fundamentals of social production when contrasted with alternate production modes of production. Specifically, the paper submits that where the factors of information …

Why The Fcc’S Proposed Openness Principles Cannot And Should Not Apply To Internet Application And Content Providers, Rob M. Frieden

Rob Frieden

The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) has issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“NPRM”) that would codify rules aiming to preserve a free and open Internet for consumers. The NPRM appropriately concentrates on preventing broadband Internet access providers (“IAPs”) from acting as gatekeepers between end-users and online content and application providers. However, the NPRM does invite comments on a proposal of AT&T that openness principles be applied to Internet content and application providers. This paper strongly opposes AT&T’s imitative as both unlawful and unwise. The FCC’s appropriate concern about end user access to the Internet via IAPs does not justify an …

Incentivize Me!—How Incumbent Carriers In The United States Attempt To Extract Greater Deregulation And Incentives In Exchange For Making Next Generation Network Investment, Rob M. Frieden

Rob Frieden

Incumbent carriers often vilify the regulatory process as a drain on efficiency and an unnecessary burden in light of robust marketplace competition. Some claim that regulation creates disincentives for investing in expensive next generation networks (“NGNs”), particularly if regulations mandate unbundling of services into composite parts, with burdensome interconnection and below market pricing of access by competitors. Both incumbents, prospective market entrants and recent market entrants may seek to tilt the competitive playing field to their advantage typically by securing a regulatory sanction that helps them reduce investment costs, delay having to make an investment, or secure a competitive advantage …

Assessing The Need For More Incentives To Stimulate Next Generation Network Investment, Rob M. Frieden

Rob Frieden

Incumbent carriers often vilify the regulatory process as a drain on efficiency and an unnecessary burden in light of robust marketplace competition. Some claim that regulation creates disincentives for investing in expensive next generation networks (“NGNs”), and even accepting subsidies for broadband development if the carrier must provide access to competitors. Without fully assessing the necessity to do so legislators, regulators and judges have accepted the premise that government must create incentives for NGN investment. Incumbent carriers in particular have seized upon the concept of uncertainty as a justification for refraining from making necessary infrastructure investments, despite the onset of …

Self-Regulation: How Wikipedia Leverages User-Generated Quality Control Under Section 230, Sarah Oh, Kathleen M. Walsh

Sarah Oh

As Virginia Woolf once wrote, “[T]o enjoy freedom, we have … to control ourselves.” In the market for online information services, Wikipedia has done just that. Wikipedia has achieved astounding success via self-regulation. Wikipedia promotes user-generated quality control not as a legal obligation, but as a commitment to its educational purpose and values of its fact-checking community. In doing so, Wikipedia has leveraged the purpose of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act into consumer welfare. Section 230 protects sites that engage in "Good Samaritan" policing of harmful material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such monitoring. …

Free Speech Unmoored In Copyright’S Safe Harbor: Chilling Effects Of The Dmca On The First Amendment, Wendy Seltzer

Wendy Seltzer

Each week, more blog posts are redacted, more videos deleted, and more web pages removed from Internet search results based on private claims of copyright infringement. Under the “safe harbors” of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), Internet service providers are encouraged to respond to copyright complaints with content takedowns, assuring their immunity from liability while diminishing the rights of their subscribers and users. Paradoxically, the law’s shield for service providers becomes a sword against the public who depend upon these providers as platforms for speech.

Under the DMCA, process for an accused infringer is limited. The law offers Internet …

Biometrics, Retinal Scanning, And The Right To Privacy In The 21st Century, Stephen Hoffman

Stephen P. Hoffman

Biometric identification techniques such as retinal scanning and fingerprinting have now become commonplace, but near-future improvements on these methods present troubling issues for personal privacy. For example, retinal scanning can be used to diagnose certain medical conditions, even ones for which the patient has no symptoms or has any other way of detecting the problem. If a health insurance company scans the retinas of potential clients before they purchase coverage, they could be charged higher premiums for conditions that do not present any issues. Not only is this unfair, but the ease with which these scans can be conducted—including scanning …

Applying Nuisance Law To Internet Obscenity, Michael J. Gray

Michael J. Gray

The current use of criminal law to prosecute Internet obscenity is ineffective and at the same time unfair. While prosecution of obscenity over the internet is extremely rare, when a prosecution does occur the punishment is extremely harsh. This paper advocates the use of nuisance law injunctions as a better alternative to responding to Internet obscenity. Nuisance law provides the advantage of allowing for wider enforcement of obscenity law on the Internet, while at the same time reducing the penalty for violating the subjective Miller test for obscenity. This paper also explores recent applications of nuisance law to the Internet …

The Rise, Fall And Rise Again Of The Genetic Foundation For Legal Parentage Determination, Yehezkel Margalit

Hezi Margalit

Recently, we have witnessed dramatic changes in the formation of the family and parenthood. One of the results of those shifts is a growing number of children growing up outside of the traditional marriage framework. Therefore, the dilemma of determining a child's parentage, which was usually resolved by a legal fiction as to the child's legal parents, is becoming increasingly problematic. It is appropriate that any discussion of the establishment of legal parentage should start with a study of the rise of the most popular modern model, the genetic model.

It is relevant to point out that from the beginning …

The Virtual Property Problem: What Property Rights In Virtual Resources Might Look Like, How They Might Work, And Why They Are A Bad Idea, John W. Nelson

John W. Nelson

‘Virtual property’ is a solution looking for a problem. Arguments justifying ‘virtual property’ lie among three common themes — Lockean labor theory, theft protection and deterrence, and market efficiency. This paper goes beyond those who advocate for or against the creation of ‘virtual property.’ First, Locke’s labor theory is dismissed as a justification. Then, two models of what property rights may look like when applied to virtual resources are created. These models are then applied to six different virtual world scenarios in order to see the effects of ‘virtual property.’ Finally, the failure of property rights to benefit the users, …

Comparative Tales Of Origins And Access: Intellectual Property And The Rhetoric Of Social Change, Jessica M. Silbey

Jessica Silbey

This Article argues that the open-source and antiexpansionist rhetoric of current intellectual-property debates is a revolution of surface rhetoric but not of deep structure. What this Article terms “the Access Movements” are, by now, well-known communities devoted to providing more access to intellectual-property-protected goods, communities such as the Open Source Initiative and Access to Knowledge. This Article engages Movement actors in their critique of the balance struck by recent law (statutes and cases) and asks whether new laws that further restrict access to intellectual property “promote the progress of science and the useful arts.” Relying on cases, statutes and recent …

An Evolutionary Study Of Cloud Computing Services Privacy Terms, Konstantinos Stylianou

Konstantinos Stylianou

This paper presents an empirical study on the evolution of privacy terms of cloud computing services. The purpose is to see whether the transition to cloud computing also means that users are bound by more intrusive terms of use that pose a greater threat to their privacy. In that direction several typical cloud services (e.g. GoogleDocs, Amazon EC2) are examined from their start of operation till today and numerous versions of their privacy terms are juxtaposed in an effort to pinpoint and interpret the differences between them. The paper concludes that with the spread of cloud computing services more and …

Maintaining Incentives For Healthcare Innovation: A Response To The Ftc's Report On Follow-On Biologics, Christopher M. Holman

Christopher M Holman

Congress is considering legislation that would create an abbreviated FDA approval process for follow-on biologics (FOBs), which proponents anticipate will promote competition and lower prices in the market for biologic drugs. In June of 2009 the FTC published a report on FOBs (“the FTC Report”), which attempts to forecast the nature of competition between innovator biologics and FOBs, and offers a number of substantive recommendations regarding specific provisions of the various FOB bills. In particular, the FTC Report concludes that there is essentially no justification for the inclusion of a substantial data exclusivity period (“DEP”) for innovators in pending FOB …

The Unconstitutionality Of Current Legal Barriers To Telemedicine In The United States: Analysis And Future Directions Of Its Relationship To National And International Health Care Reform, Deth Sao, Amar Gupta

Deth Sao

The current health care crisis in the United States compels a consideration of the crucial role that telemedicine could play towards deploying a pragmatic solution. The nation faces rising costs and difficulties in access to and quality of medical services. Telemedicine can potentially help to overcome these challenges, as it can provide new cost-effective and efficient methods of delivering health care across geographic distances. The full benefits and future potential of telemedicine, however, are constrained by overlapping and often inconsistent and inadequate regulatory frameworks, as well as the repertoire of standards imposed by state governments and professional organizations. Proponents of …

Financing The Next Silicon Valley, Darian M. Ibrahim

Darian M Ibrahim

Silicon Valley’s success has led other regions to attempt their own high-tech transformations, yet most imitators have failed. Entrepreneurs may be in short supply in these “non-tech” regions, but some non-tech regions are home to high-quality entrepreneurs who relocate to Silicon Valley due to a lack of local financing for their start-ups. Non-tech regions must provide local finance to prevent entrepreneurial relocation and reap spillover benefits for their communities. This Article compares three possible sources of entrepreneurial finance – private venture capital, state-sponsored venture capital, and angel investor groups – and finds that angel groups have distinct advantages when it …

Data Sharing, Latency Variables And The Science Commons, Jorge L. Contreras

Jorge L Contreras

Over the past decade, the rapidly decreasing cost of computer storage and the increasing prevalence of high-speed Internet connections have fundamentally altered the way in which scientific research is conducted. Led by scientists in disciplines such as genomics, the rapid sharing of data sets and cross-institutional collaboration promise to increase scientific efficiency and output dramatically. As a result, an increasing number of public “commons” of scientific data are being created: aggregations intended to be used and accessed by researchers worldwide. Yet, the sharing of scientific data presents legal, ethical and practical challenges that must be overcome before such science commons …

Bermuda's Legacy: Policy, Patents And The Genome Commons, Jorge L. Contreras

Jorge L Contreras

The multinational effort to sequence the human genome generated vast quantities of data about the genetic make-up of humans and other organisms. But, in some respects, even more remarkable than the impressive quantity of data generated by the human genome project (HGP) is the speed at which that data has been released to the public. At a 1996 summit in Bermuda, leaders of the scientific community agreed on a groundbreaking set of principles requiring that all DNA sequence data be released in publicly-accessible databases within twenty-four hours after generation. These “Bermuda Principles” contravened the typical practice in the sciences of …

Individualism Submerged: Climate Change And The Perils Of An Engineered Environment, Juliet P. Stumpf, Daniel J. Chepaitis, Andrea Panagakis

Juliet P Stumpf

Current approaches to addressing the negative impacts of climate change rely on collective capabilities. Welfare economics and contractualism, the two conventional perspectives that dominate the debate, support the pursuit of adaptive strategies such as large-scale geoengineering projects to reduce solar radiation or ameliorate sea-water inundation. In place of returning greenhouse gas emissions to natural levels, these approaches put the global climate system and compensation for losses resulting from climate change under the control of some group of fellow humans. In other words, they privilege mechanisms that increase each individual=s dependence on a collective decisionmaker and decrease the individual=s capacity to …

Indianizing Hollywood: The Debate Over Bollywood's Copyright Infringement, Hariqbal Basi

Hariqbal Basi

For decades, the mainstream Indian film industry, known as Bollywood, has remade copyrighted Hollywood films for the Indian audience without legal repercussions. This practice has gone unnoticed by Hollywood until recently, and accusations have since been brought against Indian filmmakers for copyright infringement. This note provides an in depth analysis of why these potentially infringing films have only become the subject of litigation over the last two years, cultural arguments advanced by Indian filmmakers for why their remakes should constitute original, and not infringing, works, and what the effects of litigation have been. As the two industries become increasingly intertwined, …

Local Participatory Democracy In Israel: Toward A Digital Era, Jennifer Shkabatur

Jennifer Shkabatur

Numerous Israeli cities are amidst a participatory and economic crisis. The gist of the Article is that stronger citizen participation in municipal affairs can help mitigate the crisis, and that digital technologies should play a central role in this endeavor. As the use of digital technologies is still largely uncommon in this context, the Article contends that an effective institutional design for digital platforms is particularly important. Hence, the Article suggests criteria for the evaluation of digital participatory initiatives and develops two models of online citizen participation—consumerist and co-productive. Relying on a variety of American, German, and Israeli examples, the …

Regulating Online Buzz Marketing: Untangling A Web Of Deceit, Robert Sprague, Mary Ellen Wells

Robert Sprague

During the past fifteen years, the Internet has swelled into its own virtual world of commentary, opinion, criticism, news, music, videos, gaming, role playing, shopping, banking, finance, and digital commerce. Coupled with the growth of blogs and social networking sites, millions of Americans appear willing to share online their own thoughts and experiences regarding products, services and companies. In response to the public’s interest, companies have begun to rely more heavily in recent years on word of mouth marketing, often referred to as “buzz marketing,” a technique that attempts to generate conversations among and with current and potential customers. Marketers …

A Preliminary First Amendment Analysis Of Leglisation Treating News Aggregation As Copyright Infringement, Alfred C. Yen

Alfred C. Yen

The newspaper industry has recently experienced economic difficulty. Profits have declined because fewer people read printed versions of newspapers, preferring instead to get their news through so-called "news aggregators" who compile newspaper headlines and provide links to storied posted on newspaper websites. This harms newspaper revenue because news aggregators collect advertising revenue that newspapers used to enjoy. Some have responded to this problem by advocating the use of copyright to give newspapers the ability to control the use of their stories and headlines by news aggregators. This proposal is controversial, for news aggregators often do not commit copyright infringement. Accordingly, …

Crime And Punishment: Teen Sexting In Context, Julia Halloran Mclaughlin

Julia Halloran McLaughlin

Debt As Venture Capital, Darian M. Ibrahim

Darian M Ibrahim

Venture debt, or loans to rapid-growth start-ups, is a puzzle. How are start-ups with no track records, positive cash flows, tangible collateral, or personal guarantees from entrepreneurs able to attract billions of dollars in loans each year? And why do start-ups take on debt rather than rely exclusively on equity investments from angel investors and venture capitalists (VCs), as well-known capital structure theories from corporate finance would seem to predict in this context? Using hand-collected interview data and theoretical contributions from finance, economics, and law, this Article solves the puzzle of venture debt by revealing that a start-up’s VC backing …

Law School & The Web Of Group Affiliation: Socializing, Socialization, & Social Network Site Use Among Law Students, Eric M. Fink

Eric M Fink

Online social network sites (“SNS”) have emerged as a significant socio-technical phenomenon in the past several years. Scholars from various disciplines have examined these sites to develop a better understanding of their social significance and implications from a variety of perspectives. Within the burgeoning field of SNS studies, one strand of work focuses on the place of SNSs in students’ educational experiences and the potential pedagogical applications of SNSs. However, the SNS phenomenon generally, and its educational/pedagogical significance in particular, have received scant attention from legal scholars. This article examines the place of SNSs within the contemporary law school experience, …

Youtube, Ugc, And Digital Music: Competing Business And Cultural Models In The Internet Age, Olufunmilayo B. Arewa

Olufunmilayo B. Arewa

YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, and other websites that contain user-generated content (UGC) have become key reference points in broader debates about copyright in the digital era. UGC websites and other digital era players have created much destruction of cultural industry business models. The rise of Web 2.0 thus poses significant challenges to pre-digital era cultural industry business models, particularly because UGC may contain copyright protected content. The challenges of YouTube and other websites containing UGC and video content follow experiences in the music arena. The music industry was the first of the cultural industries to con- front the digital era, and …