Law Commons^™

Modal Retributivism: A Theory Of Sanctions For Attempts And Other Criminal Wrongs, Anthony M. Dillof

Anthony M. Dillof

How much punishment, in terms of size and severity, should a person get committing for a given offense? Operating in a deontological framework, the article attempts to answer the question of criminal punishment severity in a unified, principled manner. There is a wide-spread intuition that when it comes to figuring out what punishment a person deserves, &#;harm matters.&#; The idea that Aharm matters@ is the basis for harm-based retributivism. The article begins by critiquing harm-based retributivism. Proponents of harm-based retributivism believe that attempts should be punished less than completed offenses, but how much less? One-half? Three-quarters? The problem with harm-based …

Exploring A New Paradigm For Women's Rights, Rebecca Zietlow

Rebecca E Zietlow

Nearly forty years after the Supreme Court recognized gender as a suspect class under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and almost half a century after the 1964 Civil Rights Act guaranteed women the right to work free of sex discrimination, women still find found gender equality to be an elusive goal. The persistent gender gap in wages and the continued prevalence of domestic violence are two indications that the predominant model of equality law, based in the Equal Protection Clause, is simply not adequate to address women’s inequality in our society.

The book GENDER EQUALITY: DIMENSIONS OF …

Missclassifying The Insurance Policy: The Unforced Errors Of Unilateral Contract Characterization, Jeffrey W. Stempel, Hazel Glenn Beh

Jeffrey W Stempel

Insurance policies are traditionally classified as unilateral or “reverse-unilateral” contracts, a characterization we find largely incorrect, with problematic consequences for adjudication of insurance coverage disputes. In addition to the general difficulties attending the unilateral classification, the concept as applied to insurance policies is not only unhelpful but also introduces error and inconsistency into the litigation of insurance controversies. In particular, the unilateral view tends toward excessive formalism and focus on so-called “conditions” precedent to coverage, eschewing material breach analysis and encouraging needless forfeitures as well as unwisely removing the concept of anticipatory repudiation and corresponding remedy from insurance law. Categorizing …

Tolerance And Rule Of Law: Lessons From Imperial Governance, Seongjo An

SEONGJO AN

Tolerance and Rule of Law : - Lessons from Imperial Governance - What is the condition that can make an empire socially and politically integrated and thus prosper for a long time? It is not easy to answer quickly for this question. This paper analyzes the book “Day of Empire” written by Amy Chua three years ago which submitted an answer for this question. The core thesis of “Day of Empire” is that every world-dominant empire was by the standards of its time, extraordinarily pluralistic and tolerant during its rise to preeminence for all their enormous differences. According to Amy …

Tolerance And Rule Of Law: Lessons From Imperial Governance, Seongjo An

SEONGJO AN

Tolerance and Rule of Law : - Lessons from Imperial Governance - What is the condition that can make an empire socially and politically integrated and thus prosper for a long time? It is not easy to answer quickly for this question. This paper analyzes the book “Day of Empire” written by Amy Chua three years ago which submitted an answer for this question. The core thesis of “Day of Empire” is that every world-dominant empire was by the standards of its time, extraordinarily pluralistic and tolerant during its rise to preeminence for all their enormous differences. According to Amy …

Tolerance And Rule Of Law: Lessons From Imperial Governance, Seongjo An

SEONGJO AN

What is the conditon that can make an empire socially and politically integrated and thus prosper for a logn time? It is not easy to answer quickly for this question. This paper analyzes the book “Day of Empire” written by Amy Chua three years ago which submitted an answer for this question. The core thesis of “Day of Empire” is that every world-dominant empire was by the standards of its time, extraordinarily pluralistic and tolerant during its rise to preeminence for all their enormous differences. According to Amy Chua, “indeed, in every case tolerance was indispensable to the achievement of …

Gender Budget Analysis In Morocco: Achieving Education Parity For Women And Girls, Christie J. Edwards

Christie J. Edwards Esq.

The Kingdom of Morocco has a long history of stability and democracy in the North African region, in large part due to the government’s commitment to improving the lives and status of women and girls. In the past few years, Morocco has set ambitious goals for increased access for women and girls to education as key strategies for the country’s economic development. However, although the government has committed to these gender-specific policies, implementation of education and literacy programs has been sporadic and inconsistent due to the enormity of the problem of female illiteracy and the complexity of the solutions proposed …

Colonial Cartographies And Postcolonial Borders: The Unending War In And Around Afghanistan, Tayyab Mahmud

Tayyab Mahmud

Many of today’s pervasive and intractable security and nation-building dilemmas issue from the dissonance between the prescribed model of territorially bounded nation-states and the imprisonment of postcolonial polities in territorial straitjackets bequeathed by colonial cartographies. With a focus on the Durand Line, the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan and the epicenter of the prolonged war in the region, this article explores the enduring ramifications of the mutually constitutive role of colonialism and modern law. The global reach of colonial rule reordered subjects and reconfigured space. Fixed territorial demarcations of colonial possessions played a pivotal role in this process. Nineteenth century …

Fcc V. Fox Television Stations, Inc. : Towards An Even More Deferential Judiciary?, Alan Moe

Alan W Moe Jr

Censorship has always been a polemical area of constitutional law. The controversy is further amplified when administrative agencies deal with sensitive areas of constitutional liberties. In FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 129 S.Ct. 1800, 1807 (2009), the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with an important issue of constitutional law and its intersection with the standard of judicial review for administrative agencies’ actions. In this case, the Court upheld the Federal Communications Commission’s about-face on its relatively conservative approach to the censorship of broadcasts for reasons of indecency in 2004. The FCC applied against Fox Television Stations its new policy of …

Compelling The Courts To Question Gonzales V. O Centro: A Public Harms Approach To Free Exercise Analysis, Ari B. Fontecchio

Ari B Fontecchio

At its core, this article uses an original, empirical case study to argue that the Supreme Court's 2006 decision in Gonzales v. O Centro has elevated the level of scrutiny with which courts evaluate the government's compelling interest, expanding the safe harbor for harmful, religious activity. In O Centro, the Supreme Court rejected the government's compelling interest in regulating religious use of the Schedule I hallucinogenic substance hoasca. The case survey at the core of this article demonstrates that since this decision, lower courts have required the government to justify its regulation of potentially harmful activities with an almost unrealistically …

Environmental Deliberative Democracy And The Search For Administrative Legitimacy: A Legal Positivism Approach, Michael R. Harris

Michael R. Harris

Recent scholarship suggests that legitimizing environmental lawmaking will require a breach of the administrative apparatus by democratization of a particular kind, namely the inclusion of greater public discourse within the context of administrative decision-making and more meaningful civic self-determination. In this article, I examine this claim through the lens of modern legal positivism. It is argued that legal positivism provides the tools necessary to test for and identify the specific structural deficiencies that undermine the legitimacy of the administrative state as a lawmaking institution, and more importantly, to determine what legal changes to agency practice and procedure must be implemented …

Crumbs From The Table: The Syrophoenician Woman And International Law, Mark Chinen

Mark A. Chinen

In this Article I consider a story from the New Testament for what it might say to international law. A woman of Syrophoenician origin, whose daughter is possessed by an evil spirit, asks Jesus for help. Jesus protests, “First let the children eat all they want, for it is not right to take the children’s bread and toss it to their dogs.” The woman replies, “Yes, Lord, but even the dogs under the table eat the children’s crumbs.” Jesus is impressed by this reply and tells the woman her daughter is well. The way in which the story unfolds is …

Leveling Localism And Racial Inequality In Education Through The No Child Left Behind Act Public Choice Provision, Erika K. Wilson

Erika K. Wilson

While much attention is paid to issues of segregation and inequality in education, little attention is paid to the role that school district boundary lines play in creating segregation and inequality in education. Living on one side of a school district boundary line rather than another can mean the difference between being able to attend a high achieving resource enriched school or having to attend a low achieving, resource deprived school. Nevertheless, the federal judiciary--the institution looked upon to remedy issues of school segregation and inequality--is unable to adequately remedy segregation and inequality between school districts because it evidences a …

When Natural Science Meets The Dismal Science, Stephanie Tai

Stephanie Tai

Both the natural sciences—such as ecology, biology, chemistry, and physics—and economics—the so-called “dismal science”— have become integral to contemporary governance. This article examines how the Supreme Court and appellate courts have taken into account developments in natural science and economics in evaluating Commerce Clause challenges to environmental laws, and applies this examination to the context of wetlands regulation. I present a descriptive claim: that courts, especially the Supreme Court, have already been incorporating new developments in science and economics in their Commerce Clause opinions; this use of developments in scientific and economic research, I contend, arises out of the empirical …

Wittgenstein And The Rule Of Law, Anil Shankar

Anil Shankar

Legal theorists have made a number of attempts to extend Wittgenstein’s remarks on rule-following to the law, but no consensus has emerged as to their appropriate implications. This paper articulates a limited sense in which Wittgenstein’s remarks are of interest to legal theory, as remarks capable of changing how we view and justify our involvement with legal rules. This position responds to both the exaggerations and misreadings that have dominated legal discussion of Wittgenstein and to the recent wave of articles suggesting Wittgenstein’s philosophy has nothing to offer the law. In addition, the article directly raises the question that has …

Harvey Milk, Jane Roe, And James Brady: Why Civic Organizing Matters, Palma Joy Strand

palma joy strand

This Article presents a view of the civic underpinnings of law by examining how civic interaction or the lack of such interaction facilitates or inhibits sociolegal change. The Article begins with empirical observations of civic experience and engagement, which ground more general conclusions about the importance of civic relationships and civic networks as well as the way personal stories contribute to the creation of both. The Article then applies these conclusions to three currently contentious and unsettled issues: gay rights, abortion, and guns. As to gay rights, the “coming out” process identified with Harvey Milk has transformed the civic landscape, …

Conley As A Special Case Of Twombly And Iqbal: Exploring The Intersection Of Evidence And Procedure And The Nature Of Rules, Ronald Allen

Ronald Allen

Two recent Supreme Court cases, Iqbal and Twombly, have caused a storm of criticism from civil proceduralists to the effect that the cases have changed the meaning of FRCP 8 outside of the Rules Enabling Act process; undercut the transsubstantive aspirations of the procedural system; breached the procedure-evidence divide inappropriately; will result in idiosyncratic trial court judgments based on bias and caprice; and have imposed an unworkable if not incomprehensible standard of plausibility on pleadings. The storm of criticism is fueled in no small part because of the awkwardness of the Court’s opinions. These cases look considerably different if viewed …

Indecisive Reasons For Action: Socrates, Not Hercules, As Judicial Ideal, Eric J. Miller

Eric J. Miller

Ronald Dworkin famously introduces the idealized judge, Hercules, to demonstrate how to identify one right answer for any legal problem. Since judicial disagreement makes sense, according to Dworkin, against the background of plural theories of the good, Hercules solves a particular political problem: how to avoid apathy or indecisiveness in choosing among competing theories. Dworkin's judge is supposed to stand by his or her political convictions in the face of competing, plural points of view. Choosing the one right answer is thus a method of political commitment.

My claim is that Dworkin is caught between a rock and a hard …

The Political Philosophy Of The Internet - From Locke’S State Of Nature To His Social Contract, Efrat Shuster

Efrat Shuster

No abstract provided.

Re-Focusing On Philanthropy: Revising And Re-Orienting The Standard Model, Robert E. Atkinson

Robert E. Atkinson Jr.

This paper undertakes a detailed analysis of today’s standard theory of the philanthropic sector, in order to provide a new model that is both more accurate in its details and more comprehensive in its scope. The standard theory accounts for the philanthropic sector as subordinate and supplementary to our capitalist market economy and liberal democratic polity. That approach has two basic short-comings: Its explanation of both the state and philanthropy as adjuncts to the market fails to appreciate the ways in which all three sectors support and supplement each other. Even more basically, the standard model’s primary focus on the …

Philanthropy's Function: A Neo-Classical Reconsideration, Robert E. Atkinson

Robert E. Atkinson Jr.

This essay lays the groundwork for a “new unified field theory” of philanthropy. That theory must have two complementary parts, an account of philanthropy’s core function and a measure of its performance, a metric for comparing philanthropic organizations both among themselves and with their counterparts in the for-profit, governmental, and household sectors. The essay first explains the need for such a measure, in both theory and practice. It then considers the critical shortcomings of today’s standard theory of philanthropy, which accounts for the philanthropic sector as subordinate and supplementary to our capitalist market economy and liberal democratic polity. Chief among …

Philanthropy's Future: Questioning Today’S Orthodoxies, Re-Affirming Yesterday’S Foundations, Robert E. Atkinson

Robert E. Atkinson Jr.

This article maps a way beyond an impasse in today’s treatment of philanthropy in both theory and law by taking us back to philanthropy’s core function, helping the neediest among us and promoting the highest achievements of our best. The standard academic model of philanthropy sees it as subordinate and supplemental to our society’s other public sectors, the market and the state, and uses their metrics, aggregate consumer demand and majority voter preference, to measure philanthropy’s performance. The standard model gives us, as individuals and as a society, no single measure of philanthropy’s traditional goal, the public good, besides consumer …

Once Upon A Time In Law: Myth, Metaphor, And Authority, Linda H. Edwards

Linda H. Edwards

We have long accepted the role of narrative in fact statements and jury arguments, but in the inner sanctum of analyzing legal authority? Surely not. Yet cases, statutes, rules, and doctrines have stories too. When we talk about legal authority, using all our best formal logic and its bedfellows of analogy and policy, we are actually swimming in a sea of narrative, oblivious to the water around us. As the old Buddhist saying goes, we don’t know who discovered the ocean, but it probably wasn’t a fish.

This article teases out several familiar archetypes hidden in discussions of cases and …

Conley As A Special Case Of Twombly And Iqbal: Exploring The Intersection Of Evidence And Procedure And The Nature Of Rules, Ronald Allen

Ronald Allen

Two recent Supreme Court cases, Iqbal and Twombly, have caused a storm of criticism from civil proceduralists to the effect that the cases have changed the meaning of FRCP 8 outside of the Rules Enabling Act process; undercut the transsubstantive aspirations of the procedural system; breached the procedure-evidence divide inappropriately; will result in idiosyncratic trial court judgments based on bias and caprice; and have imposed an unworkable if not incomprehensible standard of plausibility on pleadings. The storm of criticism is fueled in no small part because of the awkwardness of the Court’s opinions. These cases look considerably different if viewed …

Sex, Threats, And Absent Victims: The Lessons Of Regina V. Bedingfield For Modern Confrontation And Domestic Violence Cases, Aviva A. Orenstein

Aviva A. Orenstein

In 2004, Crawford v. Washington, authored by Justice Antonin Scalia, revolutionized the law of confrontation by requiring that, aside from two discrete exceptions, all testimonial statements (those made with the expectation that they will serve to prosecute the accused) be subject to cross-examination. This new interpretation of the Sixth Amendment confrontation clause has profoundly affected domestic violence cases, making it much harder to prosecute them successfully.

Although Justice Scalia’s approach to confrontation is new, it is strikingly similar to the analysis in Regina v. Bedingfield, a notorious English murder case, which excluded from the evidence an alleged statement by the …

'From Savigny Through Sir Henry Maine': Roscoe Pound’S Flawed Portrait Of James Coolidge Carter’S Historical Jurisprudence, Lewis A. Grossman

Lewis A. Grossman

In Roscoe Pound's scathing 1909 review of Law: Its Origin, Growth and Function, American jurist James Coolidge Carter's magnum opus, Pound asserted that Carter's conception of law "comes from Savigny through Sir Henry Maine." Frederich Karl von Savigny and Sir Henry Maine were the most prominent representatives of the German and English historical schools of jurisprudence, respectively. For his part, Carter was the leading representative of historical jurisprudence in the United States. Other scholars, following Pound, have similarly linked Carter to Savigny and Maine, especially to the former. Moreover, various authors have noted the great effect these European jurists had …

Neuroimaging And Competency To Be Executed After Panetti, Michael L. Perlin

Michael L Perlin

Scholars have begun to consider the impact of neuroimaging evidence on capital punishment trials, questioning whether reliance on such testimony can actually make “sentencing more rational and humane.” They have also considered the impact of this evidence on criminal sentencing, expressing concern that such evidence will be improperly used “as predictive factors to increase sentences,” and counseling policymakers to “avoid misuse of new techniques.” In an earlier article on neuroimaging and criminal procedure, I considered the questions of a criminal defendant’s competency to submit to neuroimaging testing, and the impact of antipsychotic medications on the results of such testing.

What …

Reclaiming The (Racial) Real (Ism): Silencing The Idealist School Of Critical Race Theory Through A Culturalogical Turn In Jurisprudence, Tommy J. Curry

Tommy J Curry

Critical Race Theory is currently caught between two conflicting ideologies; the realist and idealist traditions. The realist tradition, which was the tradition of the founders of CRT, has largely come under attack from individuals that have sought to incorporate Continental philosophy in the analysis of racism, the idealists. This idealist shift has forced Critical Race Theorists to abandon structural analyses of racism and focuses on how the philosophy of European thinkers allow for true self- realization without a racial or specific cultural identity. This autonomous self, through unclouded reason, can better arbitrate and determine values and the ideal construction of …

Speech Torts, Deana Ann Pollard Sacks

Deana A Pollard

Tort liability for speech raises important concerns about federalism, self-government, and autonomy. The Supreme Court has resolved the free speech-tort law conflict in a number of cases by balancing the nature of the speech subject to tort liability against the nature of the state’s interest in imposing tort liability, then “constitutionalizing” the tort to meet First Amendment demands by raising the burden of proof to establish a prima facie case. The Supreme Court has repeatedly denied review of tort liability for speech based on a theory of negligence, and most lower courts have adopted a categorical approach to immunize violent …

Sex, Threats, And Absent Victims: The Lessons Of Regina V. Bedingfield For Modern Confrontation And Domestic Violence Cases, Aviva A. Orenstein

Aviva A. Orenstein

In 2004, Crawford v. Washington, authored by Justice Antonin Scalia, revolutionized the law of confrontation by requiring that, aside from two discrete exceptions, all testimonial statements (those made with the expectation that they will serve to prosecute the accused) be subject to cross-examination. This new interpretation of the Sixth Amendment confrontation clause has profoundly affected domestic violence cases, making it much harder to prosecute them successfully.

Although Justice Scalia’s approach to confrontation is new, it is strikingly similar to the analysis in Regina v. Bedingfield, a notorious English murder case, which excluded from the evidence an alleged statement by the …