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Articles 31 - 60 of 96
Full-Text Articles in Law
Federal Equal Protection, Taylor Flynn
Federal Equal Protection, Taylor Flynn
Faculty Scholarship
The Author explores the use of due process and equal protection guarantees from the U.S. Constitution as a means to challenge workplace discrimination faced by LGBT government employees. The Author also discusses how private employees must rely on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to assert similar claims. Because sex discrimination is prohibited under both the Constitution and Title VII, federal courts have relied on reasoning in the former context when analyzing the latter, and vice versa. This means that a watershed case regarding one law can contain reasoning for the other. The Author goes on to the discuss …
A Reasonable Belief: In Support Of Lgbt Plaintiffs' Title Vii Retaliation Claims, Erin E. Buzuvis
A Reasonable Belief: In Support Of Lgbt Plaintiffs' Title Vii Retaliation Claims, Erin E. Buzuvis
Faculty Scholarship
When an LGBT employee is punished for complaining about discrimination in the workplace, he or she has two potential causes of action under Title VII: first, a challenge to the underlying discrimination, and second, a challenge to the resulting retaliation. The first claim is vulnerable to dismissal under courts’ narrow interpretation of Title VII’s prohibition of discrimination “because of sex” as applied to LGBT plaintiffs. But such an outcome need not determine the fate of the second claim. Faithful application of retaliation law’s “reasonable belief” standard, which protects a plaintiff from reprisal so long as she reasonably believed that she …
Wengler V. Druggists' Mutual Insurance Company: No More Skirting The Issue Of Sex Discrimination In Workers' Compensation Dependency Statutes, Teresa A. Saggese, Lawson A. Cox Ii
Wengler V. Druggists' Mutual Insurance Company: No More Skirting The Issue Of Sex Discrimination In Workers' Compensation Dependency Statutes, Teresa A. Saggese, Lawson A. Cox Ii
Pepperdine Law Review
No abstract provided.
Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company V. Eeoc: Expanding The Scope Of Title Vii , Mark D. Klein
Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company V. Eeoc: Expanding The Scope Of Title Vii , Mark D. Klein
Pepperdine Law Review
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 prohibits sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy. In Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. v. EEOC, the United States Supreme Court extended the scope of the Act to include not only female employees, but also female dependents of male employees. The author examines the Supreme Court's analysis of and the legislative intent behind the Pregnancy Discrimination Act and explores the future impact of the decision.
Flexible Scheduling And Gender Equiality: The Working Families Flexibility Act Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Lane C. Powell
Flexible Scheduling And Gender Equiality: The Working Families Flexibility Act Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Lane C. Powell
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
The Working Families Flexibility Act (“WFFA”) as proposed in 2012 would create a federal right for employees to request flexible work arrangements. However, the bill contains no private right of action for employees to enforce this new right. By reframing the WFFA as an anti-discrimination statute targeting unconstitutional sex discrimination on the part of the States, the WFFA could be upheld under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, allowing Congress to provide a private right of action for both private and state employees. This Note uses the Supreme Court’s decisions on the Family Medical Leave Act in Hibbs and Coleman …
The Cost Of Non-Compensable Workplace Harm, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
The Cost Of Non-Compensable Workplace Harm, Henry L. Chambers, Jr.
Law Faculty Publications
This essay briefly addresses the limited fashion in which Title VII remedies sex discrimination in the workplace. Those limitations fall into three broad categories. The first encompasses how courts have applied procedural rules to Title VII claims. The second involves Title VII's explicit limitation on its coverage. The third includes substantive limitations that courts have placed on causes of action that are clearly covered by Title VII. This essay addresses those categories in turn.
Teaching The Post-Sex Generation, Kerri Lynn Stone
Teaching The Post-Sex Generation, Kerri Lynn Stone
Faculty Publications
There is a trend that I have observed in the course of leading my classes in discussions about the kinds of behavior that may constitute unlawful discrimination: the emergence of an attitude among students that society is simply “post-sex,” or no longer in need of most or all anti-sex discrimination jurisprudence. This Article details my own approach to teaching and to raising and conducting discussions about how anti-discrimination legislation and jurisprudence works in theory, in practice, and how it would/could work in an ideal world. I enjoy teaching students with a diversity of viewpoints. However, when I began to encounter …
Paramours, Promotions, And Sexual Favoritism: Unfair, But Is There Liability?, Mitchell Poole
Paramours, Promotions, And Sexual Favoritism: Unfair, But Is There Liability?, Mitchell Poole
Pepperdine Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Unsettled State Of Pregnancy Discrimination Claims Under The Florida Civil Rights Act Of 1992, Donna L. Eng
The Unsettled State Of Pregnancy Discrimination Claims Under The Florida Civil Rights Act Of 1992, Donna L. Eng
UF Law Faculty Publications
Florida's employment law practitioners are no doubt aware that employment discrimination actions may be brought under both Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), and under the Florida Civil Rights Act of 1992 (FCRA). Both sections contain similar verbiage, and for years, courts have held the Florida Civil Rights Act be interpreted in conformity with Title VII. However, the statutes differ in an important respect: While Title VII expressly forbids sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, the Florida Civil Rights Act of 1992 does not.
Keeping Discrimination Theory Front And Center In The Discourse Over Work And Family Conflict, Laura T. Kessler
Keeping Discrimination Theory Front And Center In The Discourse Over Work And Family Conflict, Laura T. Kessler
Pepperdine Law Review
This essay is a contribution to a symposium on balancing career and family. It frames the problem of work/family conflict as a form of sex discrimination. It demonstrates that many of the constructs commonly used to illustrate an absence of employment discrimination - such as the accident, opt-out, time-lag theories - actually fit quite comfortably within various discrimination frameworks. It also contextualizes the problem of work/family conflict within the larger issue of gender bias in the workplace, demonstrating how each contributes to and works together to produce workplace inequality for women. This approach contrasts with the traditional bifurcation of gender …
Discrimination Against Mothers Is The Strongest Form Of Workplace Gender Discrimination: Lessons From Us Caregiver Discrimination Law, Stephanie Bornstein, Joan C. Williams, Genevieve R. Painter
Discrimination Against Mothers Is The Strongest Form Of Workplace Gender Discrimination: Lessons From Us Caregiver Discrimination Law, Stephanie Bornstein, Joan C. Williams, Genevieve R. Painter
UF Law Faculty Publications
Work-family reconciliation is an integral part of labor law as the result of two major demographic changes: the rise of the two-earner family, and the pressing concern of elder care as Baby Boomers age. Despite these changes, most European and American workplaces still assume that the committed worker has a family life secured so that family responsibilities do not distract from work obligations. This way of organizing employment around a breadwinner husband and a caregiver housewife, which arose in the late eighteenth century, is severely outdated today. The result is workplace-workforce mismatch: Many employers still have workplaces perfectly designed for …
The Law Of Gender Stereotyping And The Work-Family Conflicts Of Men, Stephanie Bornstein
The Law Of Gender Stereotyping And The Work-Family Conflicts Of Men, Stephanie Bornstein
UF Law Faculty Publications
This Article looks back to the early equal protection jurisprudence of the 1970s and Ruth Bader Ginsburg's litigation strategy of using men as plaintiffs in sex discrimination cases to cast a renewed focus on antidiscrimination law as a means to redress the work-family conflicts of men. From the beginning of her litigation strategy as the head of the ACLU Women's Rights Project, Ginsburg defined sex discrimination as the detrimental effects of gender stereotypes that constrained both men and women from living their lives as they wished-not solely the minority status of women. The same sex-based stereotypes that kept women out …
"Mancession" Or "Momcession"?: Good Providers, A Bad Economy, And Gender Discrimination, Joan C. Williams, Allison Tait
"Mancession" Or "Momcession"?: Good Providers, A Bad Economy, And Gender Discrimination, Joan C. Williams, Allison Tait
Chicago-Kent Law Review
In the aftermath of the 2008 economic downturn, two of the hardest hit industries were manufacturing and construction. As a result, men became unemployed at a higher rate than women, and consequently, women—for the first time ever—became over fifty percent of the employment. This "mancession" gave rise to great debate over the place of women in the workforce and the important role that employment plays in shaping male identity. An intervening critique came in the form of the "momcession" discourse that focused on the impact of the recession on mothers, who were often responsible for caretaking, homemaking, and providing the …
Sex Equality's Unnamed Nemesis, Veronica Percia
Sex Equality's Unnamed Nemesis, Veronica Percia
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
Sex inequality still exists. However, its manifestations have evolved since the early sex inequality cases were heard in courts and legislatures first began structuring statutory regimes to combat it. In particular, so-called "facial" discrimination against men and women on the basis of sex has no doubt decreased since the advent of this legal assault on sex inequality. Yet the gendered assumptions that structure our institutions and interactions have proven resilient. With sex discrimination now operating more covertly, the problem of sex inequality looks considerably different than it once did. Courts, however, have failed to successfully respond to the changing contours …
Removing Categorical Constraints On Equal Employment Opportunities And Anti-Discrimination Protections, Anastasia Niedrich
Removing Categorical Constraints On Equal Employment Opportunities And Anti-Discrimination Protections, Anastasia Niedrich
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
It has been the "historical tendency of anti-discrimination law to use categories to define protected classes of people." This Article challenges the categorical approach and seeks to change that limited framework. This Article focuses on the flaws with Title VII's categorical approach and discusses why there is a desperate need for change to combat the different types and targets of workplace discrimination today, focusing on the transgender community as one example. After discussing the current framework and operation of Title VII, this Article analyzes the insurmountable flaws inherent in the categorical approach to anti-discrimination law, and specifically considers Title VII's …
Making-Up Conditions Of Employment: The Unequal Burdens Test As A Flawed Mode Of Analysis In Jespersen V. Harrah's Operating Co., Megan Kelly
Golden Gate University Law Review
Part I of this Note reviews Title VII and foundational caselaw, including cases regarding sex discrimination and appearance standards. Part II examines the Ninth Circuit's Jespersen opinion. Part III compares the Supreme Court decision in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, which expanded Title VII protection to include gender stereotyping, with the Jespersen holding. Part III also explores a Seventh Circuit case, Carroll v. Talman Federal Savings and Loan Association of Chicago, and Judge Thomas's dissent in Jespersen, which both argue for inclusion of less tangible factors such as gender stereotyping in the unequal burdens test. Part III finally contends that the …
Eastern Men, Western Women: Coping With The Effects Of Japanese Culture In The United States Workplace, Becky Kukuk
Eastern Men, Western Women: Coping With The Effects Of Japanese Culture In The United States Workplace, Becky Kukuk
Golden Gate University Law Review
This article examines the kaigaitenkinsha's effects on women employees in the U.S. workplace and recommends solutions to mitigate their potentially discriminatory impact. Part II, Section A, surveys the kinds of sex discrimination that women encountered at Japanese companies aside from those alleged at Mitsubishi. Section B reviews U.S. equal employment opportunity laws to provide a framework from which to understand U.S. women's employment rights and to compare the Japanese employment laws outlined in the next section. Section C seeks to explain why the kaigaitenkinsha discriminate against women by reviewing the history of women's employment in Japan and Japan's equal employment …
Considering Hybrid Sex And Age Discrimination Claims By Women: Examining Approaches To Pleading And Analysis - A Pragmatic Model, Sabina F. Crocette
Considering Hybrid Sex And Age Discrimination Claims By Women: Examining Approaches To Pleading And Analysis - A Pragmatic Model, Sabina F. Crocette
Golden Gate University Law Review
This Comment examines two ways in which the legal system does not adequately consider older women's claims of discrimination. The issues are presented in two conceptual groupings. The first grouping discusses how barriers to the recognition of hybrid age and sex discrimination claims are created when courts do not analyze the evidence of discrimination together as evidence of discrimination against "older women." Often, courts analyze hybrid claims of age and sex discrimination separately under Title VII and the ADEA, even when the evidence of discrimination points to a hybrid claim involving discrimination directed at a subset of a protected group, …
Employment Discrimination, Marcia Leitner
Employment Discrimination, Marcia Leitner
Golden Gate University Law Review
No abstract provided.
California Federal Savings & Loan Association V. Guerra: The State Of California Has Determined That Pregnancy May Be Hazardous To Your Job, Susan Spalter Berman
California Federal Savings & Loan Association V. Guerra: The State Of California Has Determined That Pregnancy May Be Hazardous To Your Job, Susan Spalter Berman
Golden Gate University Law Review
In California Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Guerra, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the facial validity of California Government Code section 12945(b)(2). The court vehemently rejected a federal preemption argument and held that a law setting a minimum leave for pregnancy disabilities did not, on its face, discriminate against men or conflict with the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 19644 as amended in 1978 by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA). The issue of whether the PDA allows any different treatment for pregnancy has divided the feminist community.
Pregnancy Benefits, Benign Sex Discrimination, And Justice: Why Does It Matter How We Ask The Questions?, Patricia Ann Boling
Pregnancy Benefits, Benign Sex Discrimination, And Justice: Why Does It Matter How We Ask The Questions?, Patricia Ann Boling
Golden Gate University Law Review
One purpose of this essay will be to respond to this argument by showing what sorts of considerations are pertinent and what conclusions are warranted if one considers the underlying issue in pregnancy benefits cases to be distributive justice, and then contrasting this with the considerations and judgments indicated by a more comprehensive view of sex discrimination. There are other reasons as well for maintaining the debate about the proper perspective on pregnancy disability issues. The Court's difficulties in convincingly justifying the refusal to equate pregnancy with sex-based discrimination in Geduldig and Gilbert, and in distinguishing the seniority and pregnancy …
Equal Pay For Comparable Worth, Jolie Lipsig
Equal Pay For Comparable Worth, Jolie Lipsig
Golden Gate University Law Review
This Comment will briefly trace the history of job segregation from colonial America to the present, and explore the relationship between the Equal Pay Act and Title VII in light of the controversial Bennett Amendment. The interpretation of this Amendment, which limits the effect of the Equal Pay Act on Title VII, has lead to arguments both for and against adoption of a comparable worth standard by the courts. A comparison of opinions of the various courts concerning the amendment will follow, focusing on the emerging theory of equal pay for comparable worth. A discussion of different job evaluation techniques …
Remedies For Sex-Discriminatory Health And Safety Conditions In Male-Dominated Industrial Jobs, Ellen Shapiro
Remedies For Sex-Discriminatory Health And Safety Conditions In Male-Dominated Industrial Jobs, Ellen Shapiro
Golden Gate University Law Review
No abstract provided.
Job-Related Sexual Harassment And Union Women: What Are Their Rights?, Barbara M. White
Job-Related Sexual Harassment And Union Women: What Are Their Rights?, Barbara M. White
Golden Gate University Law Review
No abstract provided.
Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Practitioner's Guide To Tort Actions, Alice Montgomery
Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Practitioner's Guide To Tort Actions, Alice Montgomery
Golden Gate University Law Review
No abstract provided.
Discrimination Outside Of The Office: Where To Draw The Walls Of The Workplace For A "Hostile Work Environment" Claim Under Title Vii, Douglas R. Garmager
Discrimination Outside Of The Office: Where To Draw The Walls Of The Workplace For A "Hostile Work Environment" Claim Under Title Vii, Douglas R. Garmager
Chicago-Kent Law Review
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it "an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . to discriminate against any individual" on the basis of sex. Accordingly, in Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, the Supreme Court recognized that sex discrimination in employment can give rise to a hostile work environment claim under Title VII. The scope of a hostile work environment claim has not been interpreted uniformly by the lower courts, however, as a circuit split exists today over whether conduct occurring outside the workplace is relevant to a hostile work environment claim. …
Erasing Boundaries: Masculinities, Sexual Minorities, And Employment Discrimination, Ann C. Mcginley
Erasing Boundaries: Masculinities, Sexual Minorities, And Employment Discrimination, Ann C. Mcginley
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article analyzes the application of employment discrimination law to sexual minorities-lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and intersex individuals. It evaluates Title VII and state anti-discrimination laws' treatment of these individuals, and is the first article to use masculinities research, theoretical and empirical, to explain employment discrimination against sexual minorities.
While the Article concludes that new legislation would further the interests of sexual minorities, it posits that it is neither necessary nor sufficient to solving the employment discrimination problems of sexual minorities. A major problem lies in the courts' binary view of sex and gender, a view that identifies men and …
The Antidiscrimination Paradox: Why Sex Before Race?, Kimberly A. Yuracko
The Antidiscrimination Paradox: Why Sex Before Race?, Kimberly A. Yuracko
Faculty Working Papers
This paper seeks to explain a paradox: Why does Title VII's prohibition on sex discrimination currently look so much more expansive than its prohibition on race discrimination? Why in particular, do workers appear to be receiving greater protection for expressions of gender identity than for expressions of racial identity? I argue that as a doctrinal matter, the paradox is illusory—the product of a fundamental misinterpretation of recent sex discrimination case law by scholars. Rather than reflecting fundamentally distinct antidiscrimination principles, the race and sex cases in fact reflect the same traditional commitments to ending status discrimination and undermining group-based subordination. …
The New Sex Discrimination: Family Responsibilities, Cynthia Thomas Calvert
The New Sex Discrimination: Family Responsibilities, Cynthia Thomas Calvert
University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class
No abstract provided.
Do You Want To Be An Attorney Or A Mother - Arguing For A Feminist Solution To The Problem Of Double Blinds In Employment And Family Responsibilities Discrimination , Heather Bennett Stanford
Do You Want To Be An Attorney Or A Mother - Arguing For A Feminist Solution To The Problem Of Double Blinds In Employment And Family Responsibilities Discrimination , Heather Bennett Stanford
American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law
No abstract provided.