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Articles 1 - 30 of 44
Full-Text Articles in Law
Do Automated Legal Threats Reduce Freedom Of Expression Online? Results From A Natural Experiment, J. Nathan Matias, Merry Ember Mou, Jonathon W. Penney, Maximilian Klein, Lucas Wright
Do Automated Legal Threats Reduce Freedom Of Expression Online? Results From A Natural Experiment, J. Nathan Matias, Merry Ember Mou, Jonathon W. Penney, Maximilian Klein, Lucas Wright
All Papers
Automated law enforcement systems support privately-operated enforcement bots to take legal action in hundreds of millions of cases a year. In the area of copyright, legal scholars have hypothesized the existence of “chilling effects” that harm public discourse by influencing people to self-censor protected speech. We test this hypothesis in a large-scale quasi-experiment with 9,818 accounts on Twitter that made 5,171,111 tweets. In a confirmatory interrupted time-series analysis, we find evidence that people reduce how much they post online after receiving a take-down notice from a copyright enforcement bot. On average, accounts sent fewer tweets after enforcement (p<0.001). Accounts also changed from a daily increase in public tweets to a decline on average (p<0.001). We also report on novel software that conducts third-party monitoring of the behavioral outcomes of automated law-enforcement systems. Since automated law enforcement can influence public discourse, third-party monitoring like this report will be essential to governing the power of enforcement algorithms in society.
Against Integrity: A Feminist Theory Of Moral Rights, Creative Agency & Attribution, Carys Craig, Anupriya Dhonchak
Against Integrity: A Feminist Theory Of Moral Rights, Creative Agency & Attribution, Carys Craig, Anupriya Dhonchak
All Papers
This Chapter explores insights that feminist theories can bring to the study and development of moral rights protections in copyright law. It begins by explaining why certain facets of conventional moral rights theory are ill-suited to—indeed inconsistent with—a feminist approach in both concept and effect. In particular, to the extent that strong moral rights of integrity and association limit dialogic engagement with, and transformation of, protected works, they risk suppressing critical and counter-hegemonic expression, and support an individualized and romanticized conception of the (patriarchal) author-figure. Employing alternative feminist conceptions of situated selfhood, relationality and dialogic authorship, the Chapter then explores …
Gripe Sites & Trademark User Rights: Lessons From Canada’S Cooperstock Case, Carys Craig
Gripe Sites & Trademark User Rights: Lessons From Canada’S Cooperstock Case, Carys Craig
All Papers
This Chapter is concerned with the nature of trademarks as vehicles of expression. It takes, as its lesson study, the unfortunate Canadian Federal Court case of United Airlines v. Cooperstock in which a disgruntled United passenger quite spectacularly failed in his efforts to defend a trademark parody on his consumer complaints “gripe” site. The case demonstrates the risks of relying on trademark law’s internal limits and implicit exceptions to define the boundaries of the trademark owner’s control. I argue, first, that the case therefore underscores the need for explicit statutory exceptions to ensure breathing space for parody, criticism, and other …
The 14th Annual Sir Hugh Laddie Lecture - Mr. Justice Laddie And His Intellectual Property Cases: Of Millefeuilles And A Fish Called Elvis, David Vaver
Articles & Book Chapters
For me, it was a trip through the judgments of a master craftsman who could succinctly summarize the dispute before him; weigh the conflicting evidence; say what rang true and what did not; state the applicable law, often from first principles set in their historical and policy context; and end by saying who won and lost and what to do. Copyright law might be "over-strong", as he suggested in a 1996 lecture;14 but when he had to decide whether a TV documentary critical of cheque-book journalism could freely use another channel's footage to make its point, Laddie J. said his …
The Relational Robot: A Normative Lens For Ai Legal Neutrality — Commentary On Ryan Abbott, The Reasonable Robot, Carys Craig
The Relational Robot: A Normative Lens For Ai Legal Neutrality — Commentary On Ryan Abbott, The Reasonable Robot, Carys Craig
Articles & Book Chapters
Artificial Intelligence (AI), we are told, is poised to disrupt almost every facet of our lives and society. From industrial labor markets to daily commutes, and from policing tactics to personal assistants, AI brings with it the usual promise and perils of change. How that change will unfold, however, and whether it will ultimately bestow upon us more benefits than harms, remains to be determined. A significant factor in setting the course for AI’s inevitable integration into society will be the legal framework within which it is developed and operationalized. Who will AI displace? What will it replace? What improvements …
Submission Of The Citizens And Technology (Cat) Lab To The United States Copyright Office, U.S .Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C., Re Notice Of Inquiry Technical Measures Public Consultations [ Docket No. 2021–10 ][ Federal Reg. No: 2021-27705 ], J. Nathan Matias, Jonathon W. Penney, Lucas Wright
Submission Of The Citizens And Technology (Cat) Lab To The United States Copyright Office, U.S .Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C., Re Notice Of Inquiry Technical Measures Public Consultations [ Docket No. 2021–10 ][ Federal Reg. No: 2021-27705 ], J. Nathan Matias, Jonathon W. Penney, Lucas Wright
Commissioned Reports, Studies and Public Policy Documents
No abstract provided.
Donald C. Brace Memorial Lecture 2021 - User Rights: Fair Use And Beyond, David Vaver
Donald C. Brace Memorial Lecture 2021 - User Rights: Fair Use And Beyond, David Vaver
Conference Papers
My title “User Rights: Fair Use and Beyond” is meant to suggest four related phenomena:
First, that user rights may extend beyond fair dealing — Canada’s version of fair use — and that they may encompass any statutory or other defence.
Second, that they may extend beyond defences and have substantive effect.
Third, that the concept may extend beyond copyright and be applied to other IP rights.
Fourth, that such user rights may extend beyond Canada geographically.
Copyright Ownership Of Movies And Films In Canada: Who's On First?, David Vaver
Copyright Ownership Of Movies And Films In Canada: Who's On First?, David Vaver
Editorials and Commentaries
No abstract provided.
“Inducing” Copyright Infringement In Canada: Is It A Thing?, David Vaver
“Inducing” Copyright Infringement In Canada: Is It A Thing?, David Vaver
Editorials and Commentaries
Is there such a thing as “inducing” copyright infringement? There isn’t in the United Kingdom, but the Federal Court in Bell Canada v L3D Distributing Inc (INL3D) 2021 FC 832 (“L3D Distributing”) thought there was in Canada and the defendants had done it. Indeed, the court thought that inducing infringement, which to date had been considered wrong only in respect of patents, applied to all forms of intellectual property (“IP”).
The Ai-Copyright Challenge: Tech-Neutrality, Authorship, And The Public Interest, Carys Craig
The Ai-Copyright Challenge: Tech-Neutrality, Authorship, And The Public Interest, Carys Craig
All Papers
Many of copyright’s core concepts—from authorship and ownership to infringement and fair use—are being challenged by the rapid rise of generative AI. Whether in service of creativity or capital, however, copyright law is perfectly capable of absorbing this latest innovation. More interesting than the doctrinal debates that AI provokes, then, is the opportunity it presents to revisit the purposes of the copyright system in the age of AI. After introducing the AI-copyright challenge in Part 1, Part 2 considers the guiding principles and normative objectives that underlie—and so ought to inform—copyright law and its response to AI technologies. It proposes …
User Rights In Canadian Copyright Law, David Vaver
User Rights In Canadian Copyright Law, David Vaver
Conference Papers
It is very kind of you to invite me to talk about User Rights at the Association’s Copyright Symposium. In ancient times, symposia were occasions to discuss and debate matters of great moment, to the accompaniment of copious food, wine, and revelry. Zoom of course limits the conduct of this symposium but I hope participants will take the ancient precedent to heart at their end of their internet connection. Sometimes a symposium would wait until the hunt for a wild boar was over before starting. I hope that was not the motive behind your organizers hunting me down for this …
Joint Submission Of Ip Scholars, Re. Consultation On A Modern Copyright Framework For Artificial Intelligence And The Internet Of Things, Carys Craig
Commissioned Reports, Studies and Public Policy Documents
No abstract provided.
Submission To Canadian Government Consultation On A Modern Copyright Framework For Ai And The Internet Of Things, Sean Flynn, Lucie Guibault, Christian Handke, Joan-Josep Vallbé, Michael Palmedo, Carys Craig, Michael Geist, João Pedro Quintais
Submission To Canadian Government Consultation On A Modern Copyright Framework For Ai And The Internet Of Things, Sean Flynn, Lucie Guibault, Christian Handke, Joan-Josep Vallbé, Michael Palmedo, Carys Craig, Michael Geist, João Pedro Quintais
Commissioned Reports, Studies and Public Policy Documents
No abstract provided.
Transforming “Total Concept And Feel”: Dialogic Creativity And Copyright’S Substantial Similarity Doctrine, Carys Craig
Transforming “Total Concept And Feel”: Dialogic Creativity And Copyright’S Substantial Similarity Doctrine, Carys Craig
Articles & Book Chapters
Copyright infringement doctrine currently overprotects copyright owners against the perceived wrong of copying, failing to adequately countenance copying as an essential part of the authorial creative process. Drawing on existing infringement doctrine in the United States and Canada, this Article will offer an interpretation of “substantial similarity” that opens up (or at least better safeguards) space for creative copying—that is to say, copying that substantially transforms the original copied work and, in doing so, advances the public interest goals of the copyright system. Part I lays the groundwork by briefly presenting a dialogic vision of authorship that complicates conventional assumptions …
Joint Submission Of Canadian Ip Scholars, Re: Consultation On How To Implement Canada's Cusma Commitment To Extend The General Term Of Copyright Protection, Carys Craig, Ariel Katz
Joint Submission Of Canadian Ip Scholars, Re: Consultation On How To Implement Canada's Cusma Commitment To Extend The General Term Of Copyright Protection, Carys Craig, Ariel Katz
Commissioned Reports, Studies and Public Policy Documents
No abstract provided.
The Perplexities Of Patent Prosecution History: Procedure Over Principle?, David Vaver
The Perplexities Of Patent Prosecution History: Procedure Over Principle?, David Vaver
Articles & Book Chapters
What is it about patent legislation? Speaking for the Supreme Court in 1981, Justice Dickson, later Chief Justice, said of the disclosure provision in the Patent Act (now subsection 27(3)) that:
"[i]t gives the impression of a mélange of ideas gathered at random rather than an attempt to enunciate, clearly and concisely, a governing principle or principles. This is perhaps understandable in that the section is the product of amendment over a period of many years. The language simply does not lend itself to a tight, literal interpretation. It is, and should be treated as, a parliamentary pronouncement, in general …
Ai And Copyright, Carys Craig
Ai And Copyright, Carys Craig
All Papers
This chapter examines the most pertinent issues facing copyright law as it encounters increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI). It begins with a few introductory examples to illuminate the potential interactions of AI and copyright law. Section 1 tackles the question of whether AI-generated works are copyrightable in Canada and who, if anyone, might own that copyright. This involves a doctrinal discussion of “originality” (the threshold for copyrightability) as well as reflections on the meaning of “authorship,” and concludes with the suggestion that autonomously generated AI outputs presently (and rightly) belong in the public domain. Section 2 turns to consider issues …
The Wonderful World Of Patents: "They Do Things Differently There", David Vaver
The Wonderful World Of Patents: "They Do Things Differently There", David Vaver
Editorials and Commentaries
No abstract provided.
The Death Of The Ai Author, Carys Craig, Ian Kerr
The Death Of The Ai Author, Carys Craig, Ian Kerr
Articles & Book Chapters
Much of the recent literature on AI and authorship asks whether an increasing sophistication and independence of generative code should cause us to rethink embedded assumptions about the meaning of authorship. It is often suggested that recognizing the authored — and so copyrightable — nature of AI-generated works may require a less profound doctrinal leap than has historically been assumed. In this essay, we argue that the threshold for authorship does not depend on the evolution or state of the art in AI or robotics. Rather, the very notion of AI-authorship rests on a category mistake: it is an error …
Good Faith In Canadian Trademark Applications, David Vaver
Good Faith In Canadian Trademark Applications, David Vaver
Articles & Book Chapters
On June 17, 2019, a new ground of trademark invalidation and opposition took effect in Canada: that “an application [for registration] was filed in bad faith.” This cryptic provision was enacted in 2018 to modify the package of 2014 amendments to the Trademarks Act that, when proclaimed into effect in 2019, radically changed Canada’s trademark system by allowing for the first time the registration of trademarks without evidence of use.
This Comment explores why the bar on bad faith applications was enacted and how it may work in practice.
Meanwhile, In Canada… A Surprisingly Sensible Copyright Review, Carys Craig
Meanwhile, In Canada… A Surprisingly Sensible Copyright Review, Carys Craig
All Papers
A Standing Committee of Canada’s House of Commons recently conducted a statutorily mandated review of the Canadian Copyright Act, culminating in a final report that was released in June 2019. This Comment reviews the context, substance and significance of the report.
Critical Copyright Law & The Politics Of ‘Ip’, Carys J. Craig
Critical Copyright Law & The Politics Of ‘Ip’, Carys J. Craig
Articles & Book Chapters
Since its explosion late in the twentieth century, the field of intellectual property scholarship has been a vibrant site for critical legal theorizing. Indeed, it is arguable that US-based intellectual property scholarship effectively generated a resurgence or ‘second wave’ of Critical Legal Studies. Exploring critical engagement with the very idea of ‘intellectual property’ and its conceptual counterpart, the ‘public domain,’ this chapter suggests that a vast swath of copyright scholarship that has bloomed over the past few decades, as copyright has expanded in its reach and relevance, builds implicitly or explicitly on insights gleaned from legal realism, Critical Legal Studies, …
Towards A Distinctive Trademark Law For The 21st Century, David Vaver
Towards A Distinctive Trademark Law For The 21st Century, David Vaver
Articles & Book Chapters
Canada's Trade Marks Act, when passed in 1953, was probably the best then around, but 65 years later it is ready to be pensioned off. The Act's deficiencies have become more evident as new markets and interests have gained prominence. A broadly-based Committee to reconsider the reform ofall intellectual property laws, with trademark law as one component, should be struck to produce a user-friendly code fit for 21st century commerce.
The 'Jus' Of Use: Trademarks In Transition, Bita Amani, Carys Craig
The 'Jus' Of Use: Trademarks In Transition, Bita Amani, Carys Craig
Articles & Book Chapters
Changes to Canada's Trade-marks Act will soon permit, for the first time, the registration and enforcement of unused trademarks. Far from a mere legal technicality or practical exigency, this shift fundamentally alters the nature of trademarks and the trademark system. Traditionally, it is the use of trade indicia in the marketplace that determines title and acquisition of trademark rights; use that defines the scope and duration of rights; and use that gives rise to claims of infringement. By virtue of the "Jus of use", the trademark system has remained, over time, reasonably true to its rationale, encouraging and rewarding honest …
Book Review: Choreographing Copyright: Race, Gender, And Intellectual Property Rights In American Dance By Anthea Kraut, Carys Craig
Articles & Book Chapters
Dance may be one of the world’s oldest art forms, but it is a relatively recent entrant into the sphere of copyright law—and remains something of an afterthought amongst copyright lawyers and scholars alike. For copyright scholars, at least, that should change with the publication of Anthea Kraut’s CHOREOGRAPHING COPYRIGHT: RACE, GENDER, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN AMERICAN DANCE. Kraut performs a fascinating exploration of the evolution of choreographic copyright—sweeping, political, polemical—that should leave no one in doubt as to the normative significance of choreography as a subject matter of copyright law and policy. Nor should doubt remain as to …
Technological Neutrality: Recalibrating Copyright In The Information Age, Carys J. Craig
Technological Neutrality: Recalibrating Copyright In The Information Age, Carys J. Craig
Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper Series
This article aims to draw the connection between how we conceptualize legal rights over information resources and our capacity to develop technologically neutral legal norms in the information age. More specifically, it identifies and critically examines three competing approaches to the idea of technological neutrality apparent in copyright jurisprudence. Ultimately, it is argued that true technological neutrality requires not simply the seamless expansion of legal rights into new technological contexts, but the careful, contextual recalibration of rights and interests in light of shifting values and changing circumstances. As a normative principle, technological neutrality in copyright law thus demands a nuanced …
Globalizing User Rights-Talk: On Copyright Limits And Rhetorical Risks, Carys Craig
Globalizing User Rights-Talk: On Copyright Limits And Rhetorical Risks, Carys Craig
Articles & Book Chapters
Around the world, the focus of copyright policy reform debates is shifting from the protection of copyright owners’ rights towards defining their appropriate limits. There is, however, a great deal of confusion about the legal ontology of copyright “limits,” “exceptions,” “exemptions,” “defenses,” and “user rights.” While the choice of terminology may seem to be a matter of mere semantics, how we describe and conceptualize lawful uses within our copyright system has a direct bearing on how we delimit and define the scope of the owner’s control. Taking seriously the role of rhetoric in shaping law and policy, this Paper critically …
The ‘Objectives’ And ‘Principles’ Of The Wto Trips Agreement: A Detailed Anatomy, Alison Slade
The ‘Objectives’ And ‘Principles’ Of The Wto Trips Agreement: A Detailed Anatomy, Alison Slade
Forthcoming Articles
Articles 7 and 8 of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) are entitled ‘Objectives’ and ‘Principles’ respectively. These provisions occupy a prominent position within the text of the Agreement, yet have figured sparingly in the legal reasoning of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). The illogical nature of this discrepancy is accentuated when considered in light of four key factors. First, the pioneering step taken by the negotiators of the TRIPS Agreement to include broad declarations of intent within the legally operative text. Second, the 2001 reinforcement given to the authority of these provisions through …
The ‘Objectives’ And ‘Principles’ Of The Wto Trips Agreement: A Detailed Anatomy, Alison Slade
The ‘Objectives’ And ‘Principles’ Of The Wto Trips Agreement: A Detailed Anatomy, Alison Slade
Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper Series
Articles 7 and 8 of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) are entitled ‘Objectives’ and ‘Principles’ respectively. These provisions occupy a prominent position within the text of the Agreement, yet have figured sparingly in the legal reasoning of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). The illogical nature of this discrepancy is accentuated when considered in light of four key factors. First, the pioneering step taken by the negotiators of the TRIPS Agreement to include broad declarations of intent within the legally operative text. Second, the 2001 reinforcement given to the authority of these provisions through …
Technological Neutrality: Recalibrating Copyright In The Information Age, Carys Craig
Technological Neutrality: Recalibrating Copyright In The Information Age, Carys Craig
Articles & Book Chapters
This article aims to draw the connection between how we conceptualize legal rights over information resources and our capacity to develop technologically neutral legal norms in the information age. More specifically, it identifies and critically examines three competing approaches to the idea of technological neutrality apparent in copyright jurisprudence. Ultimately, it is argued that true technological neutrality requires not simply the seamless expansion of legal rights into new technological contexts, but the careful, contextual recalibration of rights and interests in light of shifting values and changing circumstances. As a normative principle, technological neutrality in copyright law thus demands a nuanced …