Law Commons^™

Looking Up, Down And Across: The Icty's Place In The International Legal Order, Mark A. Drumbl

Scholarly Articles

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Abusing State Power Or Controlling Risk?: Sex Offender Commitment And Sicherungverwahrung, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

This article addresses a paradigmatic risk-based collateral sanction, the so-called civil confinement. In contrast to many other collateral sanctions, it does not follow automatically but is judicially imposed following a hearing. In Hendricks v. Kansas (1997) the Supreme Court specifically upheld involuntary confinement following a criminal justice sentence for a sexually violent predator. The Kansas statute mandated confinement based on an assessment of dangerousness which had to result from a mental abnormality. Once it characterized the sanction as civil, the Court concluded that procedural protections traditional in the criminal context, such as double jeopardy, do not apply. The narrow majority …

Innocent Until Proven Guilty: The Origins Of A Legal Maxim, Kenneth Pennington

Scholarly Articles

The maxim,' Innocent until proven guilty', has had a good run in the twentieth century. The United Nations incorporated the principle in its Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 under article eleven, section one. The maxim also found a place in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights in 1953 [as article 6, section 2] and was incorporated into the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [as article 14, section 2]. This was a satisfying development for Americans because there are few maxims that have a greater resonance in Anglo-American, common law jurisprudence. The Anglo-American …

Victimhood In Our Neighborhood: Terrorist Crime, Taliban Guilt, And The Asymmetries Of The International Legal Order, Mark A. Drumbl

Scholarly Articles

This Article posits that the September 11 attacks constitute nonisolated warlike attacks undertaken against a sovereign state by individuals from other states operating through a non-state actor with some command and political structure. This means that the attacks contain elements common to both armed attacks and criminal attacks. The international community largely has characterized the attacks as armed attacks. This characterization evokes a legal basis for the use of force initiated by the United States and United Kingdom against Afghanistan on October 7, 2001. Notwithstanding the successes of the military campaign and the need for containment of terrorist activity, this …

"Collateral Damage": No Re-Entry For Drug Offenders, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

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First Peoples, First Principles: The Sentencing Commission's Obligation To Reject False Images Of Criminal Offenders, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

Driven by public concern about sex offenses, in recent years Congress has repeatedly enhanced the penalties for federal sex offenders. In doing so, it has responded to the predominant portrayal of sex offenders as inhuman predators, and heeded the demand of victims rights groups for longer sentences. However, it has failed to consider the special make-up of the sex offender population sentenced in federal court. While only a small number of all sex offenders are sentenced in federal court, over half of them are Native Americans. The culpability and future risk of many Native American sex offenders, however, differs dramatically …

The Death Penalty In The United States: Following The European Lead, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

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Immigration Threats And Rewards: Effective Law Enforcement Tools In The "War" On Terrorism?, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

None available.

Judging The 11 September Terrorist Attack, Mark A. Drumbl

Scholarly Articles

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Continuing Payment Of One's Debt To Society: The German Model Of Felon Disenfranchisement As An Alternative, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

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A New Start Calls For A Broadened Perspective, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

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Preventing Internal Exile: The Need For Restrictions On Collateral Sentencing Consequences, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

None available.

The Federalization Of Crime And Sentencing, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

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Witness Protection In Criminal Cases: Anonymity, Disguise Or Other Options, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

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Square Pegs And Round Holes: Does Sentencing For Environmental Crimes Fit Within The Guidelines?, Lucia A. Silecchia, Michael J. Malinowski

Scholarly Articles

This article presents an overview of the Proposed Guidelines and assesses their potential to improve both the existing sentencing scheme and, more importantly, the environmental behavior of corporate citizens. This analysis concludes that, while the Proposed Guidelines improve current haphazard sentencing practices, it is difficult to predict their efficacy in furthering environmental policy. The fundamental problem is that traditional criminal sanctions are not easily applied to non-traditional offenders committing non-traditional offenses. Rather than expressing optimism about the Proposed Guidelines, this paper suggests that the behavior of corporations could be modified more efficiently through non-criminal incentives coupled with increased criminal prosecution …

Consent, Credibility And The Constitution: Evidence Relating To A Sex Offense Complainant’S Prior Sexual Behavior, Clifford S. Fishman

Scholarly Articles

This article analyzes the theories cited by defendants, and occasionally prosecutors, to admit evidence of a rape complainant's prior sexual conduct. On the whole, courts have adequately balanced the conflicting interests presented by such evidence with concern for justice and equity. Substantial clarification, however, is required as to whether a judge is authorized, in deciding upon admissibility, to assess the credibility of the complainant, defendant, and other witnesses.

Full Faith And Credit: Interstate Enforcement Of Protection Orders Under The Violence Against Women Act Of 1994, Catherine F. Klein

Scholarly Articles

This article focuses on Title II, Safe Homes for Women, specifically, interstate enforcement of protection orders. Prior to the enactment of VAWA, the majority of states did not afford full faith and credit to protection orders issued in sister states! This was a serious breach in the protection afforded victims of domestic violence. Without full faith and credit statutes, a state only has the power to protect victims of domestic violence within its boundaries, limiting the protection afforded to victims if they are forced to move or flee to another state.

Prior to the VAWA, in order to receive protection …

Representing A Victim Of Domestic Violence, Catherine F. Klein, Leslye E. Orloff

Scholarly Articles

No abstract provided.

Forced Prostitution: Naming An International Offense, Nora V. Demleitner

Scholarly Articles

This paper presents an argument for recognizing “forced prostitution” as an international of- fense in its own right for which the procurers, brothel owners and managers, and financiers as well as the women’s customers can be held criminally liable. While the international debate has at- tempted to characterize forced prostitution as slavery, the term ”slavery” fails to evoke the images of all the violations that encompass forced prostitution. Were the United Nations and regional or- ganizations to acknowledge and label forced prostitution as an international crime, their member states would be required to enact domestic legislation outlawing and criminalizing it …

Hostages In The ‘Hood, Robert A. Destro

Scholarly Articles

The goal of this essay is to sketch out an approach which attempts to highlight the multiplicity of interests necessarily included in, but not always identified in, debates over gang control policy. The intent is not so much to suggest a way in which to resolve these often competing interests (which would be impossible in any event), or even to attempt an exhaustive discussion of the most important ones. It is, rather, to suggest that a feel for context and a sense of proportion is or ought to be critical in all discussions of gang control policy.

Offenders Abroad: The Case For Nationality-Based Criminal Jurisdiction, Geoffrey R. Watson

Scholarly Articles

When a host state does not prosecute a U.S. national who commits a violent crime abroad, the United States does not exercise jurisdiction. Should the United States eschew nationality jurisdiction, when it may provide the only basis for prosecution? Part II of this article traces the evolution of nationalitybased criminal jurisdiction in U.S. law and asserts that the United States has in fact embraced such jurisdiction in the past, usually to ensure that U.S. offenders abroad were tried by U.S. courts rather than foreign tribunals. Part III examines the current U.S. jurisdictional scheme, which relies on foreign states to prosecute …

The Pending Gauntlet To Free Exercise: Mandating That Clergy Report Child Abuse, Raymond C. O'Brien, Michael T. Flannery

Scholarly Articles

This Article analyzes the conflict between statutory child abuse reporting requirements for clergy and the clergy-communicant privilege for confidential communications made within specific religious practices. The constitutional conflict arises between the state's interest in the protection of children by requiring that suspected cases of abuse be reported and the clergy's interest in the free exercise of their religious tenets by maintaining confidentiality. This analysis recognizes that state legislators have broadened reporting requirements to include more and more classes of people in an effort to arrest the tremendous increase in child abuse in the past decade. As a result, the shield …

Cracking Down On The Trade In Child Pornography And Pornography For Children, Harvey L. Zuckman

Scholarly Articles

The life of the child pornographer, while never easy, became increasingly difficult in the 1980s when the federal and state governments cast their full attention on these exploiters of children and their pedophiliac customers. This article will review the law in this area, the legislative and judicial process by which the federal and state government have attempted to stamp out the trade in child pornography particularly in the past decade and the first decision of the Supreme Court in this new decade making it more difficult than ever to store, handle and move such material, even surrepticiously.

Pedophilia: The Legal Predicament Of Clergy, Raymond C. O'Brien

Scholarly Articles

This Article identifies the present posture of child abuse and admits that the incidence of child sexual abuse among members of the clergy is documental. Indeed, incidents of child abuse seem to be more common each day throughout all segments of the population. This has affected public trust and the public has responded by revoking such traditional clerical prerogatives as the priest-penitent privilege, developing a theory of abuse in gestation, and demanding better treatment for offenders through therapy.

The precise scope of this Article is to offer recommendations concerning the legal, medical and social predicament of pedophilia regarding issues that …

The Sherman Act And The Vicious Will: Developing Standards For Criminal Intent In Sherman Act Prosecutions, George E. Garvey

Scholarly Articles

This article will evaluate the intent issue in several steps. First, Gypsum and its progeny will be examined to place the issue in context. Next, the article will consider the status of and reasons for a requisite mental element for criminal condemnation. Emphasis will be placed on the common law development of strict criminal liability. The focus will then shift to the evolution of strict liability in the Supreme Court. Against this background, the Sherman Act's criminal provisions will be analyzed to see if they may be appropriately considered strict liability offenses under common law or federal judicial precedent. Finally, …

Civilizing Pornography: The Case For An Exclusive Obscenity Nuisance Statute, Doug Rendleman

Scholarly Articles

Criminal penalties are increasingly perceived to be too severe for regulating obscenity. Professor Rendleman shares this perception and suggests that we replace criminal obscenity laws with an exclusive civil sanction utilizing injunctions. He proposes a comprehensive nuisance statute and discusses the various issues that arise in the equitable regulation of pornography.