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Articles 1 - 30 of 94
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Pid Controller Design Of An Avr System, Soumya Pan
Pid Controller Design Of An Avr System, Soumya Pan
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Voltage control and reactive power management are two facets that enable the reliability of the transmission network. More reactive power demand causes a voltage drop at the generator terminal. Such reactive power demand may arise from some industries connected to the transmission line. Usually, this reactive power is of an inductive nature which causes the voltage drop. In this regard, automatic voltage regulation (AVR) is an important aspect that is responsible for the continuous adjustment of field excitation to maintain the generator terminal voltage constant. This is done by comparing the terminal voltage with a reference voltage and by changing …
An Affordable Airborne Weather Observation Platform, Ashwin J, Banu Prasad B, Mamillapalli Punith Vinay Rao, Muheez H J, Saara K
An Affordable Airborne Weather Observation Platform, Ashwin J, Banu Prasad B, Mamillapalli Punith Vinay Rao, Muheez H J, Saara K
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
This paper presents the culmination of the "Low-Cost Weather Forecasting Blimp" study, focusing on the design, development, and evaluation of a low-cost weather monitoring blimp tailored for agricultural applications. With accurate and localized weather forecasting being crucial for sustainable farming practices, especially in remote and developing regions, the Low-Cost Weather Forecasting Blimp system aims to address this challenge by providing real-time atmospheric data at an affordable price point. The Low-Cost Weather Forecasting Blimp system is designed as a multirotor aerial platform equipped with a customized sensor array to measure essential weather parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. …
Advanced Eye Movement Tracking Using Computer Vision For Physically Disabled Patients, Anitha V R, Nisha Ponnambalam, Impana Bharadwaj, Rajat Mundhra
Advanced Eye Movement Tracking Using Computer Vision For Physically Disabled Patients, Anitha V R, Nisha Ponnambalam, Impana Bharadwaj, Rajat Mundhra
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
The paper introduces an efficient mobility assistance system to empower individuals with moderate to severe physical disabilities and chronic disorders such as Quadriplegia (Paralysis of four limbs) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, utilizing advanced technology. The project focuses on developing an affordable eye-controlled wheelchair using Raspberry Pi, Pi camera, DC motors, proximity sensor, and computer vision technology. The core innovation involves integrating a Pi camera onto the wheelchair to obtain a live acquisition feed of the patient’s eye. This captured eye movement serves as a control input to the Raspberry Pi board. Advanced computer vision algorithms analyze and translate the patient’s …
Wireless Ev Charging System Integrated With Smart Streetlight, Preeti Bhat, Nithin N S, Rohan Satish, Pavan C A
Wireless Ev Charging System Integrated With Smart Streetlight, Preeti Bhat, Nithin N S, Rohan Satish, Pavan C A
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Electric vehicles (EVs) are revolutionizing transportation, offering a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. By eliminating tailpipe emissions, EVs significantly reduce air pollution in cities and contribute to a cleaner environment. Additionally, when charged with renewable energy sources like solar or wind, their environmental impact is further minimized. Electricity can be cheaper than gasoline, potentially reducing long-term running costs for EV owners. Additionally, EVs generally require less maintenance compared to gasoline vehicles due to fewer moving parts. When energy generation exceeds EV charging demands, the surplus energy is strategically directed to power streetlights. This reduces dependence on …
Detection Of Tuberculosis Using 2-D Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor, Markov Vladimir, Skobelev Maksim, Neeraja Patil, Prathap P B, Saara K
Detection Of Tuberculosis Using 2-D Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor, Markov Vladimir, Skobelev Maksim, Neeraja Patil, Prathap P B, Saara K
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
While there has been a significant increase in healthcare demands and the need for precise clinical judgment, it is important to note that the performance enhancement of photonic crystal sensors is not solely attributed to this surge in demand. Instead, photonic crystal-based biosensors have demonstrated improved performance over conventional biosensors. In this study, a 2-D photonic crystal-based biosensor with a square lattice structure, measuring 6 x 6 µm in length and width respectively, was proposed. The biosensor utilizes Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) as a sensing material, where TiO2 is employed to attract target molecules present in the sample. The proposed biosensor …
Development Of Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (Pva) And Moringa Oleifera-Based Nanofibre Patches For Wound Healing Using An Indigenous Electrospinning Setup, Suvarna Ghosh, Merla Sudha, Rakshith Prajwal R S, Sameer A Nadaf, Shreya R S, Pronama Biswas, Belaguppa Manjunath Ashwin Desai
Development Of Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (Pva) And Moringa Oleifera-Based Nanofibre Patches For Wound Healing Using An Indigenous Electrospinning Setup, Suvarna Ghosh, Merla Sudha, Rakshith Prajwal R S, Sameer A Nadaf, Shreya R S, Pronama Biswas, Belaguppa Manjunath Ashwin Desai
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Wound healing is a crucial process that underlines the body’s ability to recover and restore damaged tissues. Conventional cotton-based dressings act as a physical barrier between the environment and open wound and are not actively involved in wound healing. This type of dressing can lead to maceration of scab, and infection and can cause pain upon removal. Functionalized nanofibre patches that can accelerate wound healing are being researched worldwide to overcome these challenges. Electrospinning has emerged as the most promising technique for engineering nanofibres for diverse applications. In this study, the wound-healing potential of PVA nanofibres functionalized with different concentrations …
Quantum-Enhanced Disaster Assessment And Management (Quandam) System – A Perspective, Mohammed Sahil Nakhuda, Shweta Vincent Dr., Om Prakash Kumar Dr.
Quantum-Enhanced Disaster Assessment And Management (Quandam) System – A Perspective, Mohammed Sahil Nakhuda, Shweta Vincent Dr., Om Prakash Kumar Dr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Efficient disaster response hinges on the rapid identification of damaged structures post-natural disasters. This literature review surveys diverse solutions, emphasizing merits, drawbacks, and performance metrics. Techniques such as deep learning with pre-trained models, transfer learning with CNNs, and incremental learning with SVMs are scrutinized for their computational demands and adaptability. Ensemble learning, CNNs, attention-based models, transformer networks, and hybrid approaches offer distinct advantages like heightened accuracy and resource efficiency. Challenges, including computational complexity and cost, accompany these methods. Additionally, we propose a framework termed Quantum-Enhanced Disaster Assessment and Management (QuanDAM) which encompasses the usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) predictive modelling, …
Cutting-Edge: Four-Element Lumped Mirror Array Mm-Wave Antenna For 5g Second Band, Satellite, And Defence Microwave Applications, Dr. Manish Varun Yadav, Lanston Pramith Fernandes, Dr Swati Varun Yadav
Cutting-Edge: Four-Element Lumped Mirror Array Mm-Wave Antenna For 5g Second Band, Satellite, And Defence Microwave Applications, Dr. Manish Varun Yadav, Lanston Pramith Fernandes, Dr Swati Varun Yadav
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
This article presents a Lumped Mirror Array mm-Wave Antenna designed for 5G second band, satellite, and defence Microwave applications. The performance of the Array Antenna has been rigorously validated through extensive simulations conducted using CST Microwave Studio, employing a 160 × 70 × 1.5 mm³ FR-4 substrate. The proposed design incorporates unique features, showcasing an impressive impedance bandwidth of 70.4% and a notable return loss of -35 dBi. Operating within a frequency range of 4.7 to 67.63 GHz, this antenna consistently maintains its polarization patterns across the entire spectrum, ensuring reliable and efficient operation. With a remarkable gain of 3.85 …
Optimizing The Design Of An Ant-Shaped Millimetre-Wave Antenna For Broadband Applications: 9 To 100 Ghz, Lanston Pramith Fernandes, Harshitha M Raj, Dr. Manish Varun Yadav, Dr Swati Varun Yadav
Optimizing The Design Of An Ant-Shaped Millimetre-Wave Antenna For Broadband Applications: 9 To 100 Ghz, Lanston Pramith Fernandes, Harshitha M Raj, Dr. Manish Varun Yadav, Dr Swati Varun Yadav
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
This article introduces a miniaturized antenna for 5G-II band millimetre-wave communication. The antenna’s performance is meticulously examined through comprehensive simulations carried out using CST Microwave Studio, employing an FR-4 substrate with dimensions measuring 10 × 12 × 1.5 mm3. The proposed design exhibits exceptional qualities, featuring an impressive impedance bandwidth of 166%. The operational frequency range of this antenna extends from 9.1 to 100 GHz, featuring a central frequency of 45.45 GHz, positioning it effectively within the 5G-II Band. The antenna consistently maintains polar patterns throughout this spectrum, which guarantees dependable and efficient performance. It showcases a substantial gain of …
An Optimized Brushless Dc Motor Control Scheme For Robotics Applications, Nilabha Das, Lakshman Rao S. Paragond Dr., Balkrushna H. Waghmare Dr.
An Optimized Brushless Dc Motor Control Scheme For Robotics Applications, Nilabha Das, Lakshman Rao S. Paragond Dr., Balkrushna H. Waghmare Dr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
This work aims to develop an integrated control strategy for Brushless Direct Current Motors for a wide range of applications in robotics systems. The controller is suited for both high torque - low speed and high-speed control of the motors. Hardware validation is done by developing a custom BLDC drive system, and the circuit elements are optimized for power efficiency.
Characterization Of Pathogen-Specific Metabolites By Thin-Film Solid Phase Microextraction Analytical Tool, Keerthana S, Gouri Illanad, Chiranjit Ghosh Dr.
Characterization Of Pathogen-Specific Metabolites By Thin-Film Solid Phase Microextraction Analytical Tool, Keerthana S, Gouri Illanad, Chiranjit Ghosh Dr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Respiratory infection caused by the bacterial species is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, especially in immunocompromised people. All available diagnostic techniques for pneumonia detection are relatively limited due to time-consuming stages, selectivity, and the need for invasive procedures. To overcome the current challenges, we developed an analytical technique, utilizing a carbon mesh-supported thin film solid-phase microextraction (TF-SPME) technique coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for monitoring of pathogen-specific metabolites from bacterial culture media of E. coli bacterial strain. We exposed the TF-SPME device from the headspace of the culture media of the bacteria and extracted the metabolites during …
Human Genome Analysis And Encryption: A Cloud Prototype Model Using Aws And Aes, Priyanka Kunte, Rachana Shanbhogue, Sanjana S. Nayak, Neelima Bayyapu, Manjunath K N, Neha S. Gandhi
Human Genome Analysis And Encryption: A Cloud Prototype Model Using Aws And Aes, Priyanka Kunte, Rachana Shanbhogue, Sanjana S. Nayak, Neelima Bayyapu, Manjunath K N, Neha S. Gandhi
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
SecureDNA presents a robust solution for safeguarding genetic data in cloud storage through the implementation of AES-256-CBC encryption. This innovative system, designed with a user-friendly interface, guides users seamlessly through DNA data upload processes, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. Utilizing AWS services such as RDS, VPC, and EC2, SecureDNA establishes a secure infrastructure for data storage and user interaction. By encrypting DNA records before storage and leveraging cloud computing benefits, this system not only protects sensitive genetic information but also offers scalability and accessibility. SecureDNA stands as a pivotal advancement in ensuring the privacy and reliability of genetic data in the …
Chitosan-Based Green And Sustainable Hybrid Composites, Shilpa Sunil, Kashmitha Muthamma, Jaideep J P, Suhas Yeshwant Nayak Dr., Tejaswini Pralhad Bedekar Ms., Dhanya Sunil Dr.
Chitosan-Based Green And Sustainable Hybrid Composites, Shilpa Sunil, Kashmitha Muthamma, Jaideep J P, Suhas Yeshwant Nayak Dr., Tejaswini Pralhad Bedekar Ms., Dhanya Sunil Dr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
In recent years, there has been much effort to provide eco-friendly and biodegradable materials for the next-generation composite products owing to global environmental concerns and increased awareness of renewable green resources. In this context, the present study reports the preparation of green composite materials from natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable chitosan films reinforced with seashells and waste glass using a solution-casting method. The surface morphological features and chemical interactions of the composite films were studied using SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD techniques. The swelling degree (SD) and hardness properties of composites with various reinforcement weight proportions are compared to those of …
Advancements And Challenges In Polymer-Based Adsorbents For Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Capture, Lavanya M Dr., Anusha Yg, Yash Rameshwar Bohari, Shanmuga Priya S Dr.
Advancements And Challenges In Polymer-Based Adsorbents For Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Capture, Lavanya M Dr., Anusha Yg, Yash Rameshwar Bohari, Shanmuga Priya S Dr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a critical strategy for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions and the negative effects of climate change. Among various CCS technologies, adsorption has emerged as a promising approach due to its low energy consumption, ease of operation, and versatility. In recent years, polymer materials have gained increasing attention for use as adsorbents due to their tuneable properties and high carbon capture capacities. This review paper presents an overview of the technical and sustainable developments in the field of polymer materials and technology for carbon capture using adsorption. This review focuses on the types of polymer materials …
Hybrid Electric Vehicles - A Review, Marothu Polaram Saichand Mr., Lakshman Rao S. Paragond Dr., Bindu S Dr., Athulya Jyothi V Ms.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles - A Review, Marothu Polaram Saichand Mr., Lakshman Rao S. Paragond Dr., Bindu S Dr., Athulya Jyothi V Ms.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
A hybrid vehicle was first patented by William H Patton in 1889. With the development of technology, hybrid electric vehicles are now stepping up to contribute to reducing fossil fuel dependency. This ultimately contributes to climate change. Hybrid vehicles, due to their advanced technology allow flexibility in choosing any of the available fuel choices. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a kind of hybrid vehicle which combines an internal combustion engine (ICE) system with electricity for propulsion (also known as a hybrid vehicle drivetrain). This is to achieve more efficient and cheaper fuel consumption with better performance. There are various …
Compliance Requirements For Eu Market- The Ce Marking, M G Sathyendra Mr.
Compliance Requirements For Eu Market- The Ce Marking, M G Sathyendra Mr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
This article is a simple overview of the CE compliance process useful for startups and manufacturers. It covers the entire process and dos and don’ts while obtaining a CE mark.
Finfet Based Low Power Techniques For The Power Management Of Iot Devices, Anna Merine George, S Y Kulkarni Dr.
Finfet Based Low Power Techniques For The Power Management Of Iot Devices, Anna Merine George, S Y Kulkarni Dr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
The ability of IoT devices to self-power is a crucial requirement for achieving self-sustainability. The design of such a system requires a notable maintenance cost that emphasizes the demand for developing battery-less IoT devices. This paper presents a novel FinFET-based power management circuitry for an IoT application. Energy management is addressed by coupling low-power features in hardware with low-power system-level techniques. The market demand and surge in portable electronic devices have pushed the semiconductor industry to create circuit designs functioning at Low Voltage (LV) for Low Power (LP) consumption. Leakage power has become a severe problem in LV and LP …
Lighting Industry-University Collaboration: Enabling Collaborator-Based Evaluation Of Performance, Amardeep M. Dugar
Lighting Industry-University Collaboration: Enabling Collaborator-Based Evaluation Of Performance, Amardeep M. Dugar
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
This paper explores a theoretical framework, the antecedent factors that shape it, and a practical interactive study for formalizing industry-university collaborations in the field of lighting. The framework uses an identity paradigm – an educational identity for the lighting industry and an entrepreneurial identity for universities. It further argues that such an identity exchange provides better avenues to address the performance of industry-university collaborations. These collaborations are viewed as learning interactions and decisions based on knowledge transfer between individuals from the lighting industry and universities. The proposed interactive study using survey research will be designed to enable participating individuals from …
A Simple Technique To Obtain The Response Of A Structure Considering Soil-Structure Interaction (Ssi), Smit Kamal
A Simple Technique To Obtain The Response Of A Structure Considering Soil-Structure Interaction (Ssi), Smit Kamal
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
In the conventional analysis of structures, the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) is generally neglected. Analysis of the structures without considering the effect of SSI may not be a realistic approach for all the cases particularly when structures are subjected to forces due to earthquakes. One of the limitations of SSI consideration in the analysis is due to the complexity involved in such analysis and this is the main reason for neglecting SSI in the analysis. In this paper, an alternative method for obtaining a structure response that is similar to a structure taking SSI is proposed. In this approach, …
Implementation Of Self Diving Car To Assist Physically Challenged People By Analyzing Eeg Signals, Santhosh Kumar, Meghana S, Shobha Airaddi, Gagana P, Advithi M J
Implementation Of Self Diving Car To Assist Physically Challenged People By Analyzing Eeg Signals, Santhosh Kumar, Meghana S, Shobha Airaddi, Gagana P, Advithi M J
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
The modern technology which is meant to provide communication between our brain and the car is BCI (Brain computer interface). Its goal is to help persons who are disabled or have trouble moving due to muscle cramps. It uses an EEG (Electroencephalogram) headset to record data, classifies and demonstrate the set of data on the hardware and attain required commands on the robotic car reached from the given order. The data is moved through a Zigbee module in that period Arduino will executes the commands. This interfacing techniques can be used to unravel brain activity into commands to control outer …
Iot-Based Alert System For Geriatric, Vaibhav Meshram Dr, Meghana P V N, R Sahana, Sai Lakshmi Lasya V, Shreya S Reddy
Iot-Based Alert System For Geriatric, Vaibhav Meshram Dr, Meghana P V N, R Sahana, Sai Lakshmi Lasya V, Shreya S Reddy
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
No abstract provided.
Simulation Of Building Interior With Lighting And Window Blind Control, Susan G. Varghese Dr.
Simulation Of Building Interior With Lighting And Window Blind Control, Susan G. Varghese Dr.
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
The lighting system plays a significant role in our daily lives. Almost every building consists of different lighting systems based on the application. A good lighting design requires a control system that ensures the right amount of light is available where and when it is needed; this also minimizes the energy consumption of lighting installations. This simulation-assisted study investigated the energy and cost analysis of a three-storey building. Here we considered daylight controls using window blinds and artificial light integration with zone control to dim the luminaire with available daylight using sensors. The main focus while choosing classroom lighting for …
Iot-Based Smart Environment System, Soumya R
Iot-Based Smart Environment System, Soumya R
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
No abstract provided.
Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Vulnerabilities, Threats And Challenges: A Critical Review, Krishna Prakasha
Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Vulnerabilities, Threats And Challenges: A Critical Review, Krishna Prakasha
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure is a crucial requirement nowadays and requires immediate attention and a lot of prevention activities to avoid any cyber threat to critical IT services. This article aims to give a basic overview of Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) and Critical Sectors such as the Power and Energy Sector, Banking Financial Service and Insurance (BFSI), Telecommunications, Government Services, the Transport Sector, the Health Sector, etc. The consequences of attacks on these sectors have been examined, including their national and international challenges. This article shall also discuss the vulnerabilities of common CII, security controls, emerging trends, threats, and …
Controlling And Monitoring Of Amf (Auto Mains Failure) S/M Using Plc And Scada, Sneha Priya Sebastian
Controlling And Monitoring Of Amf (Auto Mains Failure) S/M Using Plc And Scada, Sneha Priya Sebastian
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
This paper focused on the controlling and monitoring of AMF (Auto Mains Failure) S/M using PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data acquisition system). Continuity in the power supply is an essential thing, especially in health sectors where ventilators are needed to maintain a person’s life and even discontinuity or interruptions in power pause a threat to life and property. So uninterruptible power supply is both essential and vital for many industrial sectors, day-to-day works, health sectors and much more. Earlier, the changeover from one source of supply to another was done manually which was time-consuming and …
Conceptual Design Of An Evtol Aircraft For Inter-City Air Taxi Operation, G.K Suryanarayana
Conceptual Design Of An Evtol Aircraft For Inter-City Air Taxi Operation, G.K Suryanarayana
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
In the near future, faster air transportation of passengers demands green technologies in the aerospace domain. Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, which can meet the design challenges using electric propulsion, is one of the promising solutions to bring about change. The ability of an eVTOL aircraft to take off from a rooftop can revolutionize Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and overcome the deficiencies in conventional transport. This paper presents a conceptual design of an eVTOL aircraft using electric propulsion to meet the requirements of inter-city travel. The novelty of the work lies in the use of a fan-in-wing configuration …
Smart Street Lighting System With Fault Detection, Resmara S
Smart Street Lighting System With Fault Detection, Resmara S
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
The project's main purpose is to provide automatic control and identification of faulty street lights. In the proposed project, the operating state of these lights may be simply captured without requiring any manual intervention. As a result, manual labour is reduced as well as the time it takes to fix problems. As a result, in order to address this issue, we come up with a solution for automatic street light detection. For example, the status of the street light will be determined late at night and it should send a notification to the authorized personnel at night. If there is …
The Route To Digital Transformation And Impact Of Industrial Internet Of Things (Iiot), Anna Merine George
The Route To Digital Transformation And Impact Of Industrial Internet Of Things (Iiot), Anna Merine George
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
The adoption of digital technology into business has transformed the way manufacturers operate and deliver value to their customers. The ultimate aim of digital transformation begins with digital resources that can redevelop strategies for improving products or processes. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is a concept that tailors an enterprise to achieve specific outcomes. To be able to sustain in a world where digitalization is a buzzword, it would be imperative for organizations to be early adopters of technological advancements. Identifying the process wastes and eliminating them to improve the time-to-market would be a crucial deciding factor for any organization for …
Low-Cost Mechanical Ventilator For Pulmonary Monitoring, Atharv Dhananjay Naik, B Sai Venkata Dhanus, Dilip Kumar U, Mahesh K N
Low-Cost Mechanical Ventilator For Pulmonary Monitoring, Atharv Dhananjay Naik, B Sai Venkata Dhanus, Dilip Kumar U, Mahesh K N
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
Many respiratory-related diseases that require urgent ventilation have become more prevalent recently. Since the world is in the grip of a pandemic, ventilation has become a true treatment step. So, accepting this as the motivation, this paper presents a low-cost mechanical ventilator to address the major issue. This ventilator ensures that lung activity runs smoothly and effectively. The electronic components used over here are Raspberry Pi, Arduino, pressure sensors, servomotors, etc., and Python programming as a software part. Here we propose three parameters of lung activity. They are the I: E (Inspiratory to Expiratory) ratio, air volume, and respiratory frequency. …
Effectiveness Of Rubrics In Assessing Student Learning, Nakul Shetty K, Priyanka Desai Kakade, Anu Shaju Areeckal
Effectiveness Of Rubrics In Assessing Student Learning, Nakul Shetty K, Priyanka Desai Kakade, Anu Shaju Areeckal
Manipal Journal of Science and Technology
COVID-19 has forced educators across the world to switch to e-learning. However, online assessment platforms are not widely employed, and traditional assessment methods persist. There is a lack of appropriate feedback provided to students and negligible scope for students’ self-assessment of their learning. This can be rectified by employing e-rubrics for assessment by examiners as well as by students for self-assessment of their performance. We propose a case study investigating the effectiveness of a well-structured analytical rubric for assessment by examiners, as well as by students for self-assessment.