Engineering Commons^™

Collapse Resistance Of Moment Resisting Frame And Shear Wall Rc Structural Systems Exposed To Blast, Alaa I. Chehab, Christopher D. Eamon, Joshua Griffin

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

Various characteristics of a structure influence its response when subjected to a blast load. This has important implications for survivability and resistance to progressive collapse. In this study, the effect of the type of lateral load resisting system on reinforced concrete building resistance to progressive collapse when exposed to blast load is examined. Fourteen different reinforced concrete structures were considered for analysis, with five structures designed as moment resisting frames and nine designed as shear walls systems. Buildings with 3, 6, and 10 stories with 3, 4, and 5-bay symmetric configurations were considered. The structures were exposed to external and …

Mechanical Stimulation Increases Knee Meniscus Gene Rna-Level Expression In Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells, Elizabeth M. Meier, Bin Wu, Aamir Siddiqui, Donna G. Tepper, Michael T. Longaker, Mai T. Lam

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research Publications

Background: Efforts have been made to engineer knee meniscus tissue for injury repair, yet most attempts have been unsuccessful. Creating a cell source that resembles the complex, heterogeneous phenotype of the meniscus cell remains difficult. Stem cell differentiation has been investigated, mainly using bone marrow mesenchymal cells and biochemical means for differentiation, resulting in no solution. Mechanical stimulation has been investigated to an extent with no conclusion. Here, we explore the potential for and effectiveness of mechanical stimulation to induce the meniscal phenotype in adipose-derived stromal cells.

Methods: Human adipose-derived stromal cells were chosen for their fibrogenic nature and conduciveness …

Spatially Explicit Life Cycle Assessment: Opportunities And Challenges Of Wastewater-Based Algal Biofuels In The United States, Javad Roostaei, Yongli Zhang

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

This work presented a Spatially-Explicit-High-Resolution Life Cycle Assessment (SEHR-LCA) model for wastewater-based algal biofuel production, by integrating life cycle assessment, GIS analysis, and site-specific Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) data analysis. Wastewater resources, land availability, and meteorological variation were analyzed for algae cultivation. Three pathways, Microwave Pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and lipid extraction were modeled for bio-oil conversion. This model enables the assessment of seasonal and site-specific variations in productivity and environmental impacts of wastewater-based algal bio-oil across the whole U.S. Model results indicate that wastewater-based algal bio-oil can provide an opportunity to increase national biofuel output. The potential production of algal …

Experimental Investigation Of Discharge Capacity Of Labyrinth Weirs With And Without Nappe Breakers, Omer Bilhan, Emin Emiroglu, Carol J. Miller

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

Labyrinth weirs provide higher discharge capacity than conventional weirs, with the ability to pass large flows at comparatively low heads. Labyrinth weirs are primarily used as spillways for dams where the spillway width is restricted. In recent years, many research investigations have considered the hydraulic performance of labyrinth weirs, particularly as dependent on the geometric features. The previous work has improved the design basis for such weirs. However, their design still requires experimentally derived and generalized performance curves. It is especially important to observe the behavior of the weir nappe to ensure the design provides hydraulic optimization and to account …

Evaluation Of Alternative Implementation Methods Of Failure Sampling Approach For Structural Reliability Analysis, Kapil Patki, Christopher D. Eamon

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

In this paper, several alternative approaches are used to implement the failure sampling method for structural reliability analysis and are evaluated for effectiveness. Although no theoretical limitation exists as to the types of problems that failure sampling can solve, the method is most competitive for problems that cannot be accurately solved with reliability index-based approaches and for which simulation is needed. These problems tend to have non-smooth limit state boundaries or are otherwise highly nonlinear. Results from numerical integration and three extrapolation approaches using the generalized lambda distribution, Johnson's distribution, and generalized extreme value distribution are compared. A variety of …

The Connectivity Domain: Analyzing Resting State Fmri Data Using Feature-Based Data-Driven And Model-Based Methods, Armin Iraji, Vince D. Calhoun, Natalie M. Wiseman, Esmaeil Davoodi-Bojd, Mohammad R. N. Avanaki, Zhifeng Kou

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research Publications

Spontaneous fluctuations of resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) have been widely used to understand the macro-connectome of the human brain. However, these fluctuations are not synchronized among subjects, which leads to limitations and makes utilization of first-level model-based methods challenging. Considering this limitation of rsfMRI data in the time domain, we propose to transfer the spatiotemporal information of the rsfMRI data to another domain, the connectivity domain, in which each value represents the same effect across subjects. Using a set of seed networks and a connectivity index to calculate the functional connectivity for each seed network, we transform data into …

Decay Of Pressure Fluctuation In The Hyporheic Zone Around A Cylinder, Timothy Calappi, Carol J. Miller

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

Erosion around a submerged cylinder is a well-studied problem, and is of particular interest in bridge pier scour applications. Particles erode when lift and drag forces overcome a critical threshold. These forces are typically studied from above the water-riverbed interface and are related to geometry and surficial processes. The present study maps hyporheic pressure fluctuations as they are related to surface water velocity fluctuations. Relatively, high-pressure events in the subsurface promote a destabilizing force from within the riverbed and increase the potential for the mobilization of sediment. Differential pressure transducers were fitted within a vertical cylinder in a movable bed …

Design Live Load Factor Calibration For Michigan Highway Bridges, Christopher D. Eamon, Valid Kamjoo, Kazuhiko Shinki

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

In this study, a reliability-based calibration of live load factors for bridge design specific to the State of Michigan was conducted. Two years of high frequency WIM data from 20 representative state-wide sites were analyzed, and load effects were generated for bridge spans from 6 to 122 m (20 to 400 ft), considering simple and continuous moments and shears, as well as single lane and two lane effects. Seventy-five year statistics for maximum live load were then estimated with probabilistic projection. Bridge girders considered for the calibration included composite steel, prestressed concrete, side-by-side and spread box beams, as well as …

Field Tests Of Two Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges For Live Load Distribution And Moment Continuity, Christopher D. Eamon, Alaa Chehab, Gustavo Parra-Montesinos

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

Two similar bridges constructed with a live load continuous connection were tested for live load distribution and joint continuity. Girder distribution factors (GDFs) were compared to AASHTO equivalent values. For positive moments on all girders as for negative moments on interior girders, results using AASHTO equivalent GDFs were found to be generally conservative. However, for negative moments on exterior girders, test results exceeded AASHTO values, with 2-lane results significantly so. GDF results were verified with a FEA model, which produced similar behavior to the field tests. With respect to joint continuity, it is estimated that a simple span would produce …

Knowledge Reuse Through Electronic Knowledge Repositories: An Empirical Study And Ontological Improvement Effort For The Manufacturing Industry, Peter Panha Chhim

Wayne State University Dissertations

Knowledge management adoption is growing, and will continue to grow in no small part because of its recent inclusion into the ISO 9001 quality standard. As organizations look towards ways in which to manage their knowledge, the codification of explicit knowledge through Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) and Electronic Knowledge Repositories (EKRs) will undoubtedly gain more interest.

An EKR is a form of KMS that emphasizes the codification and storage of organizational expertise for the purposes of Knowledge Reuse (KRU). Unfortunately, the factors surrounding KRU are not well understood. While previous studies have viewed EKR usage from a narrow perspective, a …

Combustion, Ionization And Sporadic Pre-Ignition In A Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine., Shenouda Mekhael

Wayne State University Dissertations

This research is focused on the use of ionization of combustion products in hydrocarbons-air flames to gain a better understanding of the combustion process in turbocharged gasoline direct injection engines. A GM 2.0 L Ecotec GDI-T engine is used in this investigation. The ion current is measured simultaneously by two in-cylinder combustion sensors: the spark plug and the fuel injector. The characteristics of the ion current signals produced by the two sensors are analyzed and correlated with the characteristics of the rate of heat release computed from the cylinder gas pressure. Since this is the first time for the fuel …

Computational Modeling Of High-Performance Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery Materials, Diana Felicia Wong

Wayne State University Dissertations

With 10 million hybrid electric vehicles on the road worldwide powered primarily by nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, research into this battery chemistry will improve the hybrid vehicle driving experience, extending electric-only driving ranges while reducing emissions and using less gasoline. The transfer, storage and transport of protons and electrons depend strongly on the structural and electrical features of the active material, including multiple phases, defects, and structural and compositional disorder. The contributions of such subtle defects and the difference with the bulk structure can be difficult to discern experimentally. Ab initio calculations such as the ones based on density functional …

Novel Approaches For Assessment Of Copper Toxicity: Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry And Optical Bioassays, Annette R. Tremonti

Wayne State University Dissertations

Anthropogenic activities negatively impact fresh water ecosystems through toxic contaminants that are released into the environment. Copper (Cu) is a water contaminant that is fundamentally persistent once introduced into the environment that has the potential for bioaccumulation. Although Cu toxicity has been studied for decades, there is still a continuing problem with new sources and pathways. New approaches are needed to understand distribution and transport of Cu and its potential for complex biological impacts beyond the simple assessment of lethality. Several novel approaches were used in this research project to advance our understanding of Cu toxicity, including fast scan cyclic …

Implementation Of Camera Arm Control By An Oculus Rift On A Da Vinci Surgical System Simulation, Hamid Sadeghi

Wayne State University Theses

Camera control methods play a significant role in remote surgery. Two methods have been developed to control the camera arm of the da Vinci Surgical System: a standard clutch-based method for manual movement of the camera and an autonomous camera (auto-camera) method. In the standard method, the surgeon positions the camera manually using a pair of hand controllers. This happens frequently during the surgery and may serve as a distraction during surgical procedures. The second method was developed in order to help surgeon to remove the issue mentioned in the standard method. Auto-camera method enables the system to move the …

Targeted Delivery Of Nrf2 Sirna Using Modular Polymeric Micellar Nanodelivery System For Efficient Target Gene Knockdown In Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Shaimaa Mohamed Ibrahim Yousef

Wayne State University Theses

Tumor selective drug delivery as well as chemotherapy associated multi drug resistance (MDR) pose tremendous hurdles for effective cancer therapy. In this regard, designing multifunctional nanocarriers loaded with drug/gene payloads and engineered with tumor targeting ligands can serve as a modular platform for targeted drug/gene delivery. In this study we undertook the synthesis of a self-assembling block copolymer constructed using poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride, partial iso-octyl ester) (SMAPIE) and branched polyethylenimine (PEI) as building blocks and evaluated its micelle forming ability, siRNA complexation and siRNA delivery potentials. In addition, we engineered galactosamine decorated nanomicelles using modular “click” chemistry based approaches for evaluating …

Novel Design And Synthesis Of Transition Metal Hydroxides And Oxides For Energy Storage Device Applications, Peifeng Li

Wayne State University Theses

Supercapacitors (SCs) and Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are two types of important electrical energy storage devices with high power density and high energy density respectively. However, to satisfy the increasing demand of high-performance energy storage devices, the energy density of SCs and power/energy densities of LIBs have to be further improved. The exploration, research, and development of electrode materials with high-performance for applications in SCs and LIBs are still needed to meet the ever-increasing demand on energy and power densities. Herein, the amorphous Ni-Co-Mo ternary hydroxides nanoflakes for SCs and oxides nanoflakes for LIBs with ultrathin stature, abundant open spaces, and …

Enhanced Pump Schedule Optimization For Large Water Distribution Networks To Maximize Environmental And Economic Benefits, Seyed Mohsen Sadatiyan Abkenar

Wayne State University Dissertations

For more than four decades researchers tried to develop optimization method and tools to reduce electricity consumption of pump stations of water distribution systems. Based on this ongoing research trend, about a decade ago, some commercial pump operation optimization software introduced to the market. Using metaheuristic and evolutionary techniques (e.g. Genetic Algorithm) make some commercial and research tools able to optimize the electricity cost of small water distribution systems (WDS). Still reducing the environmental footprint of these systems and dealing with large and complicated water distribution system is a challenge.

In this study, we aimed to develop a multiobjective optimization …

Development Of Carbon Based Neural Interface For Neural Stimulation/Recording And Neurotransmitter Detection, Wenwen Yi

Wayne State University Dissertations

Electrical stimulation and recording of neural cells have been widely used in basic neuroscience studies, neural prostheses, and clinical therapies. Stable neural interfaces that effectively communicate with the nervous system via electrodes are of great significance. Recently, flexible neural interfaces that combine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and soft polymer substrates have generated tremendous interests. CNT based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have shown enhanced electrochemical properties compared to commonly used electrode materials such as tungsten, platinum or titanium nitride. On the other hand, the soft polymer substrate can overcome the mechanical mismatch between the traditional rigid electrodes (or silicon shank) and the soft …

Project Risk Propagation Modeling Of Engineering, Procurement And Construction, Alireza Atin

Wayne State University Dissertations

The construction industry is complicated since it involves a variety of stakeholders, challenging environmental issues, huge investments, complex economic and political factors, and other features which may cause an uncertain and unpredictable environment for construction projects. Impacts of risk events can transfer from one phase (source) of a construction project to another phase (target) very quickly and can cause more damage in other phases. Thus, two surveys were conducted to understand the risk propagation phenomena among the engineering, procurement, and construction phases. We conducted two surveys and analyzed data acquired by using sensitive analysis and binary logistic regression modeling. Risk …

Development Of Novel Radiotracers For Pet Imaging Of Hdac-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation, Robin Edwards Bonomi

Wayne State University Dissertations

Over the past two decades, epigenetic regulation has become a rapidly growing, highly innovative and influential field of biology and medicine. Protein acetylation and deacetylation, two key epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, are mediated by histone acetylase transferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. To date, the vast majority of studies on epigenetic regulation have been conducted in cell cultures and tissue samples using conventional methodologies of molecular and cellular biology, which contain inherent limitations for monitoring therapy and disease. Therefore, there is a growing need for novel, advanced methodologies that allow for non-invasive detection and monitoring of HDAC–mediated epigenetic regulatory processes …

Europium(Ii)-Containing Complexes For Responsive Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Levi Alexander Ekanger

Wayne State University Dissertations

The research projects described in this dissertation are focused on studying the oxidation of EuII-containing complexes within the context of responsive MRI. Prior to this research, EuII had not been explored within the context of oxidation-responsive MRI nor had the use of this ion been reported in vivo. The results of these studies enable predictions about the oxidation-responsive behavior of EuII-containing complexes in vitro and in vivo.

The EuII-containing cryptate 1.33 was used to evaluate EuII-based positive contrast enhancement after intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injections. The transitory behavior of the positive contrast enhancement correlated with reported levels of oxygenation and …

Dielectric Anomalies Of Both Chiral And Achiral Nematogens Near The Isotropic To Mesogenic Phase Transition, Garrett Justin Godfrey

Wayne State University Dissertations

The dielectric properties of nematic liquid crystals were studied in both the achiral and chiral limits. For achiral nematics, the literature documents that pretransitional curvature occurs for polar molecules on both sides of the nematic and isotropic phase transition. This curvature is due to anti-parallel dimer formation. However, past models have failed to quantitatively describe pretransitional curvature. Through a generalization of the order parameter, a macroscopic model has been developed to mathematically describe the pretransitional curvature on the isotropic side of the transition. The new model was fitted to dielectric data from the literature. Meaningful parameter estimates were extracted.

The …

Bio-Inspired Synthesis Of Nanostructured Materials On Substrates For Environmental And Energy Applications, Xinghua Meng Meng

Wayne State University Dissertations

It is still a challenging task to develop simple methods for facile synthesis of functional nanostructures on substrates under mild conditions without using expensive instruments. We have successfully developed a bio-inspired method using simple diaphragm-assisted system to synthesize functional nanostructures on various substrates under mild conditions. We have systematically studied the effects of experimental parameters on the formation of nanostructures under controlled conditions. The fundamental mechanism involved has been systematically studied and revealed. By growing the unique networks of nanostructures on a piece of substrate, a double-rough surface, with structures at both nanoscale and microscale, has been achieved, showing interesting …

Nano-Structured Electrocatalysts For High Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries, Negar Mosavati

Wayne State University Dissertations

Ni nanoparticles has been investigated as a carbon-free cathode material for dissolved polysulfide Li-S battery. A series of Ni nanoparticles with nominal particle size of 20, 40, and 100 nm have been used as electrocatalysts, and the effect of particle size on Li-S battery performance has been investigated. In addition, graphene has been chosen as a support to anchor the Ni nanoparticles, and the synergetic effect of carbon material and Ni nanoparticles on Li-S battery electrochemical performance has been studied. The results indicated there is a strong particle size effect. Ni/graphene electrode exhibits a capacity of 753 mAh g-1 sulfur …

An Analysis Of Plasticity In The Rat Respiratory System Following Cervical Spinal Cord Injury And The Application Of Nanotechnology To Induce Or Enhance Recovery Of Diaphragm Function, Janelle Lorien Walker

Wayne State University Dissertations

Second cervical segment spinal cord hemisection (C2Hx) results in ipsilateral hemidiaphragm paralysis. However, the intact latent crossed phrenic pathway can restore function spontaneously over time or immediately following drug administration.

WGA bound fluorochromes were administered to identify nuclei associated with diaphragm function in both the acute and chronic C2Hx models. WGA is unique in that it undergoes receptor mediated endocytosis and is transsynaptically transported across select physiologically active synapses. Comparison of labeling in the acutely injured to the chronically injured rat provided an anatomical map of spinal and supraspinal injury induced synaptic plasticity. The plasticity occurs over time in the …

Local Field Enhancement On Demand Based On Hybrid Plasmonic Dielectric Directional Coupler, Kholod Adhem Adhem

Wayne State University Dissertations

The concept of local field enhancement using conductor- gap-dielectric-substrate (CGDS) waveguide structure is proposed. The dispersion equation is derived analytically and solved numerically. The solution of the dispersion equation reveals the anti-crossing behavior of coupled modes. The optimal gap layer thickness and the coupling length of the guided modes are obtained. The mechanism of the CGDS works as follows: Light waves are guided by conventional low-loss dielectric waveguides and, upon demand, they are transformed into highly confined plasmonic modes with strong local field enhancement, and get transformed back into low-loss dielectric modes. As an example, in a representative CGDS structure, …

Design And Optimization Of Lithium Ion Battery For High Temperature Applications, Khalid Abdullitife Ababtain

Wayne State University Dissertations

With massive commercial success of lithium ion batteries, the ability to operate at

and above 70 °C still a crucial issue and a safety concern to combat ever-increasing

global warming and to extend applications beyond portable electronics. Among various

components of battery, anode and electrolyte and the passivation layer formed between

them is crucial towards the development of Li-ion batteries for extendable temperature

range. In this regard, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have the capability to

tackle thermal stability issues of lithium ion batteries but their poor compatibility with

traditional graphite anodes limits their practical application. Towards addressing this

issue, …

Finite Element Modeling Of Frp Strengthened Concrete Beams And Columns At Different Temperatures, Bassma Ibrahim Gawil

Wayne State University Dissertations

FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF FRP STRENGTHENED CONCRETE BEAMS

AND COLUMNS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

By

BASSMA I. GAWIL

October 2016

Advisor: Dr. Hwai-Chung Wu

Major: Civil and Environmental Engineering (Structural Engineering)

Degree: Doctor of Philosophy

Collapse of buildings or bridges is one of the worst scenarios to which built-infrastructure

may be subjected during their lifetime. In recent years, due to external environmental conditions

(temperature and humidity). Often times these effects are not immediately evident and develop

years later – making determination of responsibility difficult and repair expensive.

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has proven efficient and economical for the development

and repair …

Toward A Better Estimation Of Shear Capacity And Structural Reliability Of Prestressed Concrete Girders, Alaa Ibrahim Chehab

Wayne State University Dissertations

The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the adequacy of the current AASHTO methods for shear design of prestressed concrete (PC) bridge girders, determine the reliability of PC bridge girders in shear based on the current LRFD General Procedure, determine the most accurate and consistent method for predicting the shear capacity of AASHTO “I” shape PC bridge girders, and recalibrate the AASHTO LRFD code for shear as necessary. These objectives were achieved through lab testing of two full scale Type II girders, finite element modeling for more than 330 PC girders, parametric analysis, regression analysis, and structural reliability …

Substrate Effects And Dielectric Integration In 2d Electronics, Bhim Prasad Chamlagain

Wayne State University Dissertations

The ultra-thin body of monolayer (and few-layer) two dimensional (2D) semiconducting materials such as transitional metal dichalconiges (TMDs), black phosphorous (BP) has demonstrated tremendous beneficial physical, transport, and optical properties for a wide range of applications. Because of their ultrathin bodies, the properties of 2D materials are highly sensitive to environmental effects. Particularly, the performance of 2D semiconductor electronic devices is strongly dependent on the substrate/dielectric properties, extrinsic impurities and absorbates. In this work, we systematically studied the transport properties of mechanically exfoliated few layer TMD field-effect transistors (FETs) consistently fabricated on various substrates including SiO2,Parylene –C, Al2O3, SiO2 modified …