Engineering Commons^™

Biomechanical And Sensory Feedback Regularize The Behavior Of Different Locomotor Central Pattern Generators, Kaiyu Deng, Alexander J. Hunt, Nicholas Szczecinski, Matthew Tresch, Hillel J. Chiel, Charles Heckman, Roger Quinn

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This work presents an in-depth numerical investigation into a hypothesized two-layer central pattern generator (CPG) that controls mammalian walking and how different parameter choices might affect the stepping of a simulated neuromechanical model. Particular attention is paid to the functional role of features that have not received a great deal of attention in previous work: the weak cross-excitatory connectivity within the rhythm generator and the synapse strength between the two layers. Sensitivity evaluations of deafferented CPG models and the combined neuromechanical model are performed. Locomotion frequency is increased in two different ways for both models to investigate whether the model’s …

Evaluation Of Metaverse Integration Of Freight Fluidity Measurement Alternatives Using Fuzzy Dombi Edas Model, Muhammet Deveci, Ilgin Gokasar, Oscar Castillo, Tugrul Daim

Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

Developments in transportation systems, changes in consumerism trends, and conditions such as COVID-19 have increased both the demand and the load on freight transportation. Since various companies are transporting goods all over the world to evaluate the sustainability, speed, and resiliency of freight transportation systems, data and freight fluidity measurement systems are needed. In this study, an integrated decision-making model is proposed to advantage prioritize the freight fluidity measurement alternatives. The proposed model is composed of two main stages. In the first stage, the Dombi norms based Logarithmic Methodology of Additive Weights (LMAW) is used to find the weights of …

Study On The Spatiotemporal Dynamic Of Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations On Multiple Scales Across China During The Blue Sky Protection Campaign, Haoji Wu, Lin Pei, Xiaowei Zhu, Bin Guo, Dingming Zhang, Multiple Additional Authors

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Surface ozone (O3), one of the harmful air pollutants, generated significantly negative effects on human health and plants. Existing O3 datasets with coarse spatiotemporal resolution and limited coverage, and the uncertainties of O3 influential factors seriously restrain related epidemiology and air pollution studies. To tackle above issues, we proposed a novel scheme to estimate daily O3 concentrations on a fine grid scale (1 km × 1 km) from 2018 to 2020 across China based on machine learning methods using hourly observed ground-level pollutant concentrations data, meteorological data, satellite data, and auxiliary data including digital elevation model (DEM), land use …

Feasibility Of Tracking Human Kinematics With Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (Slam), Sepehr Laal, Paul Vasilyev, Sean Pearson, Mateo Aboy, James Mcnames

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

We evaluated a new wearable technology that fuses inertial sensors and cameras for tracking human kinematics. These devices use on-board simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms to localize the camera within the environment. Significance of this technology is in its potential to overcome many of the limitations of the other dominant technologies. Our results demonstrate this system often attains an estimated orientation error of less than 1^o and a position error of less than 4 cm as compared to a robotic arm. This demonstrates that SLAM’s accuracy is adequate for many practical applications for tracking human kinematics.

Sequential Frame-Interpolation And Dct-Based Video Compression Framework, Yeganeh Jalalpour, Wu-Chi Feng, Feng Liu

Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Video data is ubiquitous; capturing, transferring, and storing even compressed video data is challenging because it requires substantial resources. With the large amount of video traffic being transmitted on the internet, any improvement in compressing such data, even small, can drastically impact resource consumption. In this paper, we present a hybrid video compression framework that unites the advantages of both DCT-based and interpolation-based video compression methods in a single framework. We show that our work can deliver the same visual quality or, in some cases, improve visual quality while reducing the bandwidth by 10--20%.

Prediction Of Curing Time/Shear Strength Of Non-Conductive Adhesives Using A Neural Network Model, Kyung-Eun Min, Jae-Won Jang, Jun-Ki Kim, Sung Yi, Cheolhee Kim

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Electronic packaging has been developed with high resolution and fine interconnection pitches. Non-conductive adhesives (NCAs) have been growing with the increase of I/O pad count and density, along with fine pad bond pitch interconnections. Prediction and optimization of NCA characteristics are inherently complicated due to various and extensive materials composing NCAs. In this study, a framework predicting the curing time and shear strength of an NCA is established by a neural network model. NCA formulations with 4 resins, 3 hardeners, 8 catalysts, and a coupling agent were selected from in-house experiments, and an artificial neural network (ANN) with one dense …

A Novel Voc Breath Tracer Method To Evaluate Indoor Respiratory Exposures In The Near- And Far-Fields; Implications For The Spread Of Respiratory Viruses, Hooman Parhizkar, Mark Fretz, Aurelie Laguerre, Jason Stenson, Richard Corsi, Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Elliott T. Gall

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background

Several studies suggest that far-field transmission (>6 ft) explains a significant number of COVID-19 superspreading outbreaks.

Objective

Therefore, quantifying the ratio of near- and far-field exposure to emissions from a source is key to better understanding human-to-human airborne infectious disease transmission and associated risks.

Methods

In this study, we used an environmentally-controlled chamber to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from a healthy participant who consumed breath mints, which contained unique tracer compounds. Tracer measurements were made at 0.76 m (2.5 ft), 1.52 m (5 ft), 2.28 m (7.5 ft) from the participant, as well as in the …

Cocm: Co-Occurrence-Based Consistency Matching In Domain-Adaptive Segmentation, Siyu Zhu, Yingjie Tian, Fenfen Zhou, Kunlong Bai, Xiaoyu Song

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper focuses on domain adaptation in a semantic segmentation task. Traditional methods regard the source domain and the target domain as a whole, and the image matching is determined by random seeds, leading to a low degree of consistency matching between domains and interfering with the reduction in the domain gap. Therefore, we designed a two-step, three-level cascaded domain consistency matching strategy—co-occurrence-based consistency matching (COCM)—in which the two steps are: Step 1, in which we design a matching strategy from the perspective of category existence and filter the sub-image set with the highest degree of matching from the image …

Wind Tunnel Research, Dynamics, And Scaling For Wind Energy, Majid Bastankhah, Raul Bayoan Cal, Nicholas Hamilton

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The interaction of wind turbines with turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flows represents a complex multi-scale problem that spans several orders of magnitudes of spatial and temporal scales. These scales range from the interactions of large wind farms with the ABL (on the order of tens of kilometers) to the small length scale of the wind turbine blade boundary layer (order of a millimeter). Detailed studies of multi-scale wind energy aerodynamics are timely and vital to maximize the efficiency of current and future wind energy projects, be they onshore, bottom-fixed offshore, or floating offshore. Among different research modalities, wind tunnel …

Wind Plant Controls, Nicholas Hamilton, Dennice Gayme, Raúl Bayoán Cal

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The development of operational strategies for wind farms as an integrated plant system to achieve a variety of goals from elevating power production to reducing maintenance needs has generated a great deal of interest in recent years. Achieving these operational goals requires an estimate of the energy available and the wind conditions affecting each turbine. The importance of the aerodynamic interaction of wind turbines with the dynamic atmospheric resource means that wakes (the momentum deficit due to power extraction) and their interactions through the farm have the largest influence on the available energy. Predicting the influence of wakes and their …

Remote Sensing Evidence For Significant Variations In The Global Gross Domestic Product During The Covid-19 Epidemic, Bin Guo, Wencai Zhang, Lin Pei, Xiaowei Zhu, Pingping Luo, Weili Duan

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading rapidly and is still threatening human health currently. A series of measures for restraining epidemic spreading has been adopted throughout the world, which seriously impacted the gross domestic product (GDP) globally. However, details of the changes in the GDP and its spatial heterogeneity characteristics on a fine scale worldwide during the pandemic are still uncertain. We designed a novel scheme to simulate a 0.1° × 0.1° resolution grid global GDP map during the COVID-19 pandemic. Simulated nighttime-light remotely sensed data (SNTL) was forecasted via a GM(1, 1) model under the assumption that there …

Pile-Supported Wharves Subjected To Inertial Loads And Lateral Ground Deformations. Ii: Guidelines For Equivalent Static Analysis, Milad Souri, Arash Khosravifar, Stephen E. Dickenson, Scott Schlechter, Nason Mccullough

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

An equivalent static analysis (ESA) procedure is proposed for the design of pile-supported wharves subjected to combined inertial and kinematic loads during earthquakes. The accuracy of the ESA procedure was evaluated against measurements from five large-scale centrifuge tests. The wharf structures in these tests were subjected to a suite of recorded ground motions and the associated superstructure inertia, as well as earthquake-induced slope deformations of varying magnitudes. It is shown that large bending moments at depths greater than 10 pile diameters were primarily induced by kinematic demands and can be estimated by applying soil displacements only (i.e., 100% kinematic). In …

Selected Topics Of The Past Thirty Years In Ocean Acoustics, Michael D. Collins, Altan Turgut, Michael J. Buckingham, Peter Gerstoft, Martin Siderius

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper reviews some of the highlights of selected topics in ocean acoustics during the thirty years that have passed since the founding of the Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics. Advances in computational methods and computers helped to make computational ocean acoustics a vibrant area of research during that period. The parabolic equation method provides an unrivaled combination of accuracy and efficiency for propagation problems in which the bathymetry, sound speed, and other environmental parameters vary in the horizontal directions. The extension of this approach to cases involving layers that support shear waves has been an active area …

Cyclic Porewater Pressure Generation In Intact Silty Soils, Arash Khosravifar, Stephen Dickenson, Diane Moug

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The results of cyclic strain-controlled, constant volume direct simple shear (CDSS) tests and field shaking tests have been evaluated for intact, natural, low-plastic silts from six different fine-grained soils with 54%–100% fines content, 47%–83% silt content, and plasticity indices (PI) ranging from nonplastic to 16. These tests constitute a subset of a larger archive of CDSS tests performed on silt deposits from the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Alaska collected and analyzed by the co-authors. The cyclic data are presented in this paper for two objectives: (a) to characterize cyclically-induced excess pore pressure generation in intermediate soils with various soil …

Pile-Supported Wharves Subjected To Inertial Loads And Lateral Ground Deformations. I: Experimental Results From Centrifuge Tests, Milad Souri, Arash Khosravifar, Stephen E. Dickenson, Scott Schlechter, Nason Mccullough

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Five dynamic, large-scale centrifuge tests on pile-supported wharves were used to investigate the time- and depth-dependent nature of kinematic and inertial demands on the deep foundations during earthquake loading. The wharf structures in the physical experiments were subjected to a suite of recorded ground motions and imposed superstructure inertial demands on the piles. Partial to full liquefaction in loose sand resulted in slope deformations of varying magnitudes that imposed kinematic demands on the piles. It was found that the wharf inertia and soil displacements were always in phase during the critical cycle when bending moments were at their maximum values. …

Real-Time Joint Ocean Acoustics And Circulation Modeling In The 2021 New England Shelf Break Acoustics Experiment (L), Brendan J. Decourcy, Ying-Tsong Lin, Weifeng Gordon Zhang, Emma Reeves Ozanich, Natalie Kukshtel, Martin Siderius, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Jacob Forsyth

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

During the spring of 2021, a coordinated multi-vessel effort was organized to study physical oceanography, marine geology and biology, and acoustics on the northeast United States continental shelf, as part of the New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) experiment. One scientific goal was to establish a real-time numerical model aboard the research vessel with high spatial and temporal resolution to predict the oceanography and sound propagation within the NESBA study area. The real-time forecast model performance and challenges are reported in this letter without adjustment or re-simulation after the cruise. Future research directions for post-experiment studies are also suggested.

Visualization Of Cathode Spot Control Using Laser Irradiation And Oxide Addition In Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Of Titanium Alloys, Tae Hyun Lee, Cheolhee Kim, Je Hoon Oh, Dong Hyuck Kam

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Arc instability is one of the most critical problems in gas-metal-arc (GMA) based wire arc additive manufacturing of titanium (Ti) alloys. It can result in a poor bead surface, surface oxidation, and spattering. In particular, the relocation of the cathode spot area is the main cause of big spatters because of the high thermal energy of the molten droplet at the molten pool surface. In this study, two cathode spot control techniques were applied using auxiliary laser heating and prelaid oxides, and the behaviors of the cathode spots and arc were visualized using high-speed photography. When the laser beam was …

Increased Panel Height Enhances Cooling For Photovoltaic Solar Farms, Sarah E. Smith, Bianca Viggiano, Naseem Ali, Timothy J. Silverman, Martin Obligado, Marc Calaf, Raul Bayoan Cal

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems suffer substantial efficiency loss due to environmental and internal heating. However, increasing the canopy height of these systems promotes surface heat transfer and boosts production. This work represents the first wind tunnel experiments to explore this concept in terms of array flow behavior and relative convective heat transfer, comparing model solar arrays of varied height arrangements - a nominal height, extended height, and a staggered height configuration. Analyses of surface thermocouple data show average Nusselt number (𝑁𝑢) to increase with array elevation, where panel convection at double height improved up to 1.88 times that of the …

Multi-Tasking Memcapacitive Networks, Dat Tran, Christof Teuscher

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Recent studies have shown that networks of memcapacitive devices provide an ideal computing platform of low power consumption for reservoir computing systems. Random, crossbar, or small-world power-law (SWPL) structures are common topologies for reservoir substrates to compute single tasks. However, neurological studies have shown that the interconnections of cortical brain regions associated with different functions form a rich-club structure. This structure allows human brains to perform multiple activities simultaneously. So far, memcapacitive reservoirs can perform only single tasks. Here, we propose, for the first time, cluster networks functioning as memcapacitive reservoirs to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Our results illustrate that …

Ethyl Maltol, Vanillin, Corylone And Other Conventional Confectionery-Related Flavour Chemicals Dominate In Some E-Cigarette Liquids Labelled ‘Tobacco’ Flavoured, Esther E. Omaiye, Wentai Luo, Kevin J. Mcwhirter, James F. Pankow, Prue Talbot

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background The increased popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been linked to the abundance of flavoured products that are attractive to adolescents and young adults. In the last decade, e-cigarette designs have evolved through four generations that include modifications in battery power, e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) reservoirs and atomiser units. E-liquids have likewise evolved in terms of solvent use/ratios, concentration and number of flavour chemicals, use of nicotine salts and acids, the recent increased use of synthetic cooling agents and the introduction of synthetic nicotine. Our current objective was to evaluate and compare the evolving composition of tobacco-flavoured e-liquids over the …

Quantum Algorithm For Variant Maximum Satisfiability, Abdirahman Alasow, Peter Jin, Marek Perkowski

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

In this paper, we proposed a novel quantum algorithm for the maximum satisfiability problem. Satisfiability (SAT) is to find the set of assignment values of input variables for the given Boolean function that evaluates this function as TRUE or prove that such satisfying values do not exist. For a POS SAT problem, we proposed a novel quantum algorithm for the maximum satisfiability (MAX-SAT), which returns the maximum number of OR terms that are satisfied for the SAT-unsatisfiable function, providing us with information on how far the given Boolean function is from the SAT satisfaction. We used Grover’s algorithm with a …

Warming Of The Willamette River, 1850–Present: The Effects Of Climate Change And Direct Human Interventions, Stefan Talke, David Jay, Heida Diefenderfer

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Using archival research methods, we found and combined data from multiple sources to produce a unique, 140 year record of daily water temperature (Tw) in the lower Willamette River, Oregon (1881–1890, 1941–present). Additional daily weather and river flow records from the 1850s onwards are used to develop and validate a statistical regression model of Tw for 1850–2020. The model simulates the time-lagged response of Tw to air temperature and river flow, and is calibrated for three distinct time periods: the late 19th, mid 20th, and early 21st centuries. Results show that Tw has trended upwards at ~1.1 °C …

Technoeconomic Analysis Of Changing Pv Array Convective Cooling Through Changing Array Spacing, Matthew Prilliman, Sarah E. Smith, Brooke Stanislawski, Janine M.F. Keith, Timothy J. Silverman, Marc Calaf, Raul Bayoan Cal

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Accuracy in photovoltaic (PV) module temperature modeling is crucial to achieving precision in energy performance yield calculations and subsequent economic evaluations of PV projects. While there have been numerous approaches to PV temperature modeling based on both the steady-state and transient thermal assumptions, there have been few attempts to account for changing convective cooling on PV module surfaces resulting from changes in the PV system layout. Changes in system row spacing, in particular, can have a meaningful impact on module electrical efficiency and subsequent economic performance, even when considering additional costs from the changes in row spacing. Using a heat …

Identifying Population Hollowing Out Regions And Their Dynamic Characteristics Across Central China, Bin Guo, Yi Bian, Lin Pei, Xiaowei Zhu, Dingming Zhang, Wencai Zhang, Xianan Guo, Qiuji Chen

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Continuous urbanization and industrialization lead to plenty of rural residents migrating to cities for a living, which seriously accelerated the population hollowing issues. This generated series of social issues, including residential estate idle and numerous vigorous laborers migrating from undeveloped rural areas to wealthy cities and towns. Quantitatively determining the population hollowing characteristic is the priority task of realizing rural revitalization. However, the traditional field investigation methods have obvious deficiencies in describing socio-economic phenomena, especially population hollowing, due to weak efficiency and low accuracy. Here, this paper conceives a novel scheme for representing population hollowing levels and exploring the spatiotemporal …

A New Classification Network For Diagnosing Alzheimer’S Disease In Class-Imbalance Mri Datasets, Ziyang Chen, Zhuowei Wang, Meng Zhao, Qin Zhao, Xuehu Liang, Jiajian Li, Xiaoyu Song

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Automatic identification of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data can eectively assist to doctors diagnose and treat Alzheimer’s. Current methods improve the accuracy of AD recognition, but they are insufficient to address the challenge of small interclass and large intraclass dierences. Some studies attempt to embed patch-level structure in neural networks which enhance pathologic details, but the enormous size and time complexity render these methods unfavorable. Furthermore, several self-attention mechanisms fail to provide contextual information to represent discriminative regions, which limits the performance of these classifiers. In addition, the current loss function is adversely aected by outliers …

A Dual-Stack Coaxial Magnetic Gear For A Wave Energy Conversion Generator, Hossein Baninajar, Sina Modaresahmadi, Ho Yin Wong, Jonathan Z. Bird, Wesley B. Williams, Bertrand Dechant, Parker Southwick

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper presents the electromagnetic and mechanical design and analyses of a 7.67:1 gear ratio magnetic gear for a wave energy converter demonstrator. A 2-D and 3-D magnetostatic finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to maximize the mass torque density. To increase torque without increasing the diameter a unique dual-stack rotor topology was used along with a twelve-segment per pole-pair inner rotor Halbach array and a four-segment per pole-pair outer rotor Halbach topology. The eddy current loss within the magnetic gear was mitigated by using laminated magnets and a low-loss electrical steel. The experimentally tested magnetic gear had a peak …

System Dynamics Modeling For Traumatic Brain Injury: Mini-Review Of Applications, Erin S. Kenzie, Elle L. Parks, Nancy Carney, Wayne Wakeland

Systems Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly complex phenomenon involving a cascade of disruptions across biomechanical, neurochemical, neurological, cognitive, emotional, and social systems. Researchers and clinicians urgently need a rigorous conceptualization of brain injury that encompasses nonlinear and mutually causal relations among the factors involved, as well as sources of individual variation in recovery trajectories. System dynamics, an approach from systems science, has been used for decades in fields such as management and ecology to model nonlinear feedback dynamics in complex systems. In this mini-review, we summarize some recent uses of this approach to better understand acute injury mechanisms, recovery …

Combining Passive And Active Ultrasonic Stress Wave Monitoring Techniques: Opportunities For Condition Evaluation Of Concrete Structures, Thomas Schumacher, Ernst Niederleithinger

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Concrete structures are invaluable assets to a society and managing them efficiently and effectively can be supported by information gathered through structural health monitoring (SHM). In this paper, a combined approach based on passive, i.e., acoustic emission (AE), and active, i.e., ultrasonic stress wave (USW) monitoring techniques for application to concrete structures is proposed and evaluated. While AE and USW are based on the same underlying physics, i.e., wave motion in solids, they differ fundamentally with respect to the nature of the source. For the former, external stimuli such as mechanical loads or temperature cause the rapid release of energy …

Disposable Puff Bar Electronic Cigarettes: Chemical Composition And Toxicity Of E-Liquids And A Synthetic Coolant, Esther E. Omaiye, Wentai Luo, Kevin J. Mcwhirter, James F. Pankow, Prue Talbot

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The popularity of disposable fourth-generation electronic cigarettes (ECs) among young adults and adolescents has been increasing since the ban on flavored cartridge EC products such as JUUL. Although the constituents and toxicity of some cartridge-based fourth-generation ECs, such as JUUL, have been studied, limited data exist for other disposable ECs such as Puff. The purpose of this study was to determine flavor chemicals, synthetic coolants, and nicotine concentrations in 16 disposable Puff devices, evaluate the cytotoxicity of the different flavors from the Puff brand using in vitro assays, and investigate the health risks of synthetic coolants in EC products. Gas …

Measurement Of Enantiomer Percentages For Five Monoterpenes From Six Conifer Species By Cartridge-Tube-Based Passive Sampling Adsorption–Thermal Desorption (Ps-Atd), Ying Wang, Wentai Luo, Todd Rosenstiel, James F. Pankow

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Many monoterpenes have at least two different stereochemical forms, and many biosynthetic pathways are known to favor one product over the other(s). A rapid method was developed and used in the determination of the (-/+" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">)-enantiomeric distributions for α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, limonene, and β-phellandrene as emitted by plant material from six conifer species. The six species included the two pine species Pseudotsuga …