Engineering Commons^™

Review—Machine Learning Techniques In Wireless Sensor Network Based Precision Agriculture, Yemeserach Mekonnen, Srikanth Namuduri, Lamar Burton, Arif I. Sarwat, Shekhar Bhansali

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The use of sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) is key to moving the world's agriculture to a more productive and sustainable path. Recent advancements in IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have the potential to address some of the environmental, economic, and technical challenges as well as opportunities in this sector. As the number of interconnected devices continues to grow, this generates more big data with multiple modalities and spatial and temporal variations. Intelligent processing and analysis of this big data are necessary to developing a higher level of knowledge base and insights …

A Novel Audiovisual P300-Speller Paradigm Based On Cross-Modal Spatial And Semantic Congruence, Zhaohua Lu, Changchun University Of Science And Technology, Ning Gao, Jingjing Yang, Ou Bai

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Objective: Although many studies have attempted to improve the performance of the visual-based P300-speller system, its performance is still not satisfactory. The current system has limitations for patients with neurodegenerative diseases, in which muscular control of the eyes may be impaired or deteriorate over time. Some studies have shown that the audiovisual stimuli with spatial and semantic congruence elicited larger event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes than do unimodal visual stimuli. Therefore, this study proposed a novel multisensory P300-speller based on audiovisual spatial and semantic congruence.

Methods: We designed a novel audiovisual P300-speller paradigm (AV spelling paradigm) in which the pronunciation and …

Nanocomposite Bienzymatic Sensor For Monitoring Xanthine In Wound Diagnostics, Sohini Roychoudhury, Yogeswaran Umasankar, Pulak Bhushan, Penelope A. Hirt, Flor E. Macquhae, Luis J. Borda, Hadar A. Lev-Tov, Robert Kirsner, Shekhar Bhansali

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This work reports a biosensor for monitoring xanthine for potential wound healing assessment. Active substrate of the biosensor has xanthine oxidase (XO) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) physisorbed on a nanocomposite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The presence of HRP provided a two-fold increase in response to xanthine, and a three-fold increase in response to the nanocomposite. With a sensitivity of 155.71 nA μM−1 cm−2 the biosensor offers a detection limit of 1.3 μM, with linear response between 22 μM and 0.4 mM. Clinical sample analyses showed the feasibility of xanthine detection from biofluids in a …

Case Study On The Effects Of Partial Solar Eclipse On Distributed Pv Systems And Management Areas, Aditya Sundararajan, Temitayo O. Olowu, Longfei Wei, Shahinur Rahman, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are weather-dependent. A solar eclipse causes significant changes in these parameters, thereby impacting PV generation profile, performance, and power quality of larger grid, where they connect to. This study presents a case study to evaluate the impacts of the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017, on two real-world grid-tied PV systems (1.4 MW and 355 kW) in Miami and Daytona, Florida, the feeders they are connected to, and the management areas they belong to. Four types of analyses are conducted to obtain a comprehensive picture of the impacts using 1 min PV generation data, hourly weather data, …

Hydrothermal Growth Of Zinc Oxide (Zno) Nanorods (Nrs) On Screen Printed Ides For Ph Measurement Application, Aksaya Kumar A., Naveen Kumar S.K.,, Almaw Ayele Aniley, Renny Edwin Fernandez, Shekhar Bhansali

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

There is considerable interest in nanostructured materials with interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) platforms to detect and monitor the level of various ions in numerous applications. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of IDEs based pH sensor by using hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanorods (NRs). A four-step deposition of ZnO seed layer followed by a hydrothermal treatment lead to the heavily ordered ZnO NRs patterns on the screen printed IDEs. The structural, chemical compositional and electrical properties of the NRs were investigated and examined by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FeSEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray …

Hydrothermal Growth Of Zinc Oxide (Zno) Nanorods (Nrs) On Screen Printed Ides For Ph Measurement Application, Akshaya Kumar A., Naveen Kumar S.K., Almaw Ayele Aniley, Renny Edwin Fernandez, Shekhar Bhansali

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

There is considerable interest in nanostructured materials with interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) platforms to detect and monitor the level of various ions in numerous applications. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of IDEs based pH sensor by using hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanorods (NRs). A four-step deposition of ZnO seed layer followed by a hydrothermal treatment lead to the heavily ordered ZnO NRs patterns on the screen printed IDEs. The structural, chemical compositional and electrical properties of the NRs were investigated and examined by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FeSEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray …

Single And Multiobjective Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Based On Hybrid Artificial Physics–Particle Swarm Optimization, Tawfiq M. Aljohani, Ahmed F. Ebrahim, Osama A. Mohammed

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem represents a noncontinuous, nonlinear, highly constrained optimization problem that has recently attracted wide research investigation. This paper presents a new hybridization technique for solving the ORPD problem based on the integration of particle swarm optimization (PSO) with artificial physics optimization (APO). This hybridized algorithm is tested and verified on the IEEE 30, IEEE 57, and IEEE 118 bus test systems to solve both single and multiobjective ORPD problems, considering three main aspects. These aspects include active power loss minimization, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability improvement. The results prove that the algorithm is …

Hybrid Integration Of Multilayer Perceptrons And Parametric Models For Reliability Forecasting In The Smart Grid, Longfei Wei, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The reliable power system operation is a major goal for electric utilities, which requires the accurate reliability forecasting to minimize the duration of power interruptions. Since weather conditions are usually the leading causes for power interruptions in the smart grid, especially for its distribution networks, this paper comprehensively investigates the combined effect of various weather parameters on the reliability performance of distribution networks. Specially, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) based framework is proposed to forecast the daily numbers of sustained and momentary power interruptions in one distribution management area using time series of common weather data. First, the parametric regression models …

A Survey Of Protocol-Level Challenges And Solutions For Distributed Energy Resource Cyber-Physical Security, Aditya Sundararajan, Aniket Chavan, Danish Saleem, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The increasing proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) on the smart grid has made distributed solar and wind two key contributors to the expanding attack surface of the network; however, there is a lack of proper understanding and enforcement of DER communications security requirements. With vendors employing proprietary methods to mitigate hosts of attacks, the literature currently lacks a clear organization of the protocol-level vulnerabilities, attacks, and solutions mapped to each layer of the logical model such as the OSI stack. To bridge this gap and pave the way for future research by the authors in determining key DER security …

Future Challenges And Mitigation Methods For High Photovoltaic Penetration: A Survey, Temitayo O. Olowu, Aditya Sundararajan, Masood Moghaddami, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

: Integration of high volume (high penetration) of photovoltaic (PV) generation with power grids consequently leads to some technical challenges that are mainly due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, the volume of data involved in the smart grid architecture, and the impact power electronic-based smart inverters. These challenges include reverse power flow, voltage fluctuations, power quality issues, dynamic stability, big data challenges and others. This paper investigates the existing challenges with the current level of PV penetration and looks into the challenges with high PV penetration in future scenarios such as smart cities, transactive energy, proliferation of plug-in …

Exploring Wireless Sensor Network Technology In Sustainable Okra Garden: A Comparative Analysis Of Okra Grown In Different Fertilizer Treatments, Lamar K. Burton, Yemererach Mekonnen, Arif I. Sarwat, Shekhar Bhansali, Krish Jayachandran

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The goal of this project was to explore commercial agricultural and irrigation sensor kits and to discern if the commercial wireless sensor network (WSN) is a viable tool for providing accurate real-time farm data at the nexus of food energy and water. The smart garden consists of two different varieties of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) planted in raised beds, each grown under two different fertilizer treatments. Soil watermark sensors were programed to evaluate soil moisture and dictate irrigation events up to four times a day, while soil temperature and photosynthetic solar radiation sensors also recorded data every six hours. Solar panels …

3d Multilevel Spin Transfer Torque Devices, J. Hong, M. Stone, Department Of Electrical And Computer Engineering, Florida International University, K. Luongo, Q. Zheng, Z. Yuan, K. Xia, N. Xu, L. You, Sakhrat Khizroev

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Spin-transfer torque magnetic tunneling junction devices capable of a multilevel three-dimensional (3D) information processing are studied in the sub-20-nm size range. The devices are built using He⁺ and Ne⁺ focused ion beam etching. It has been demonstrated that due to their extreme scalability and energy efficiency, these devices can significantly reduce the device footprint compared to the modern CMOS approaches and add advanced features in a 3D stack with a sub-20-nm size using a spin polarized current.

Optimal Design Of Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic Electrolyzer For Maximum Hydrogen Production Using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm, Arash Khalilnejad, Aditya Sundararajan, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The rising demand for high-density power storage systems such as hydrogen, combined with renewable power production systems, has led to the design of optimal power production and storage systems. In this study, a wind and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid electrolyzer system, which maximizes the hydrogen production for a diurnal operation of the system, is designed and simulated. The operation of the system is optimized using imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). The objective of this optimization is to combine the PV array and wind turbine (WT) in a way that, for minimized average excess power generation, maximum hydrogen would be produced. Actual meteorological …

Multiferroic Coreshell Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles As Nmr Sensitive Nanoprobes For Cancer Cell Detection, Abhignyan Nagesetti, Alexandra Rodzinski, Emmanuel Stimphil, Tiffanie Stewart, Chooda Khanal, Ping Wang, Rakesh Guduru, Ping Liang, Irina U. Agoulnik, Jeffrey Horstmyer, Sakhrat Khizroev

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Magnetoelectric (ME) nanoparticles (MENs) intrinsically couple magnetic and electric fields. Using them as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensitive nanoprobes adds another dimension for NMR detection of biological cells based on the cell type and corresponding particle association with the cell. Based on ME property, for the first time we show that MENs can distinguish different cancer cells among themselves as well as from their normal counterparts. The core-shell nanoparticles are 30 nm in size and were not superparamagnetic. Due to presence of the ME effect, these nanoparticles can significantly enhance the electric field configuration on the cell membrane which serves …

Physics Considerations In Targeted Anticancer Drug Delivery By Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles, Emmanuel Stimphil, Abhignyan Nagesetti, Rakesh Guduru, Tiffanie Stewart, Alexandra Rodzinski, Piang Liang, Sakhrat Khizroev

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In regard to cancer therapy, magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENs) have proven to be in a class of its own when compared to any other nanoparticle type. Like conventional magnetic nanoparticles, they can be used for externally controlled drug delivery via application of a magnetic field gradient and image-guided delivery. However, unlike conventional nanoparticles, due to the presence of a non-zero magnetoelectric effect, MENs provide a unique mix of important properties to address key challenges in modern cancer therapy: (i) a targeting mechanism driven by a physical force rather than antibody matching, (ii) a high-specificity delivery to enhance the cellular uptake of …

A Survey On Modality Characteristics, Performance Evaluation Metrics, And Security For Traditional And Wearable Biometric Systems, Aditya Sundararajan, Arif I. Sarwat, Alexander Pons

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Biometric research is directed increasingly towards Wearable Biometric Systems (WBS) for user authentication and identification. However, prior to engaging in WBS research, how their operational dynamics and design considerations differ from those of Traditional Biometric Systems (TBS) must be understood. While the current literature is cognizant of those differences, there is no effective work that summarizes the factors where TBS and WBS differ, namely, their modality characteristics, performance, security and privacy. To bridge the gap, this paper accordingly reviews and compares the key characteristics of modalities, contrasts the metrics used to evaluate system performance, and highlights the divergence in critical …

Cbrs Spectrum Sharing Between Lte-U And Wifi: A Multiarmed Bandit Approach, Imtiaz Parvez, M.G.S. Sriyananda, Ismail Guvenc, Mehdi Bennis, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The surge of mobile devices such as smartphone and tablets requires additional capacity. To achieve ubiquitous and high data rate Internet connectivity, effective spectrum sharing and utilization of the wireless spectrum carry critical importance. In this paper, we consider the use of unlicensed LTE (LTE-U) technology in the 3.5 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band and develop a multiarmed bandit (MAB) based spectrum sharing technique for a smooth coexistence with WiFi. In particular, we consider LTE-U to operate as a General Authorized Access (GAA) user; hereby MAB is used to adaptively optimize the transmission duty cycle of LTE-U transmissions. …

Securing Metering Infrastructure Of Smart Grid: A Machine Learning And Localization Based Key Management Approach, Imtiaz Parvez, Arif I. Sarwat, Longfei Wei, Aditya Sundararajan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In smart cities, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) of the smart grid facilitates automated metering, control and monitoring of power distribution by employing a wireless network. Due to this wireless nature of communication, there exist potential threats to the data privacy in AMI. Decoding the energy consumption reading, injecting false data/command signals and jamming the networks are some hazardous measures against this technology. Since a smart meter possesses limited memory and computational capability, AMI demands a light, but robust security scheme. In this paper, we propose a localization-based key management system for meter data encryption. Data are encrypted by the key …

Structural Stability Of Functionalized Silicene Nanoribbons With Normal, Reconstructed, And Hybrid Edges, Sadegh Mehdi Aghaei, Ingrid Torres, Irene Calizo

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Silicene, a novel graphene-like material, has attracted a significant attention because of its potential applications for nanoelectronics. In this paper, we have theoretically investigated the structural stability of edge-hydrogenated and edge-fluorinated silicene nanoribbons (SiNRs) via first-principles calculations. Various edge forms of SiNRs including armchair edge, zigzag edge, Klein edge, reconstructed Klein edge, reconstructed pentagon-heptagon edge, and hybrid edges have been considered. It has been found that fully fluorinated Klein edge SiNRs, in which each edge Si atom is terminated by three fluorine atoms, are the most stable structure. We also discovered that a hybrid edge structure of trihydrogenated Klein edge …

Cbrs Spectrum Sharing Between Lte-U And Wifi: A Multiarmed Bandit Approach, Imtiaz Parvez, M. G. S. Sriyananda, Ismail Guvenc, Mehdi Bennis, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The surge of mobile devices such as smartphone and tablets requires additional capacity. To achieve ubiquitous and high data rate Internet connectivity, effective spectrum sharing and utilization of the wireless spectrum carry critical importance. In this paper, we consider the use of unlicensed LTE (LTE-U) technology in the 3.5 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band and develop a multiarmed bandit (MAB) based spectrum sharing technique for a smooth coexistence with WiFi. In particular, we consider LTE-U to operate as a General Authorized Access (GAA) user; hereby MAB is used to adaptively optimize the transmission duty cycle of LTE-U transmissions. …

Resonance Coupling In Plasmonic Nanomatryoshka Homo- And Heterodimers, Arash Ahmadivand, Raju Sinha, Nezih Pala

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Here, we examine the electromagnetic (EM) energy coupling and hybridization of plasmon resonances between closely spaced concentric nanoshells known as “nanomatryoshka” (NM) units in symmetric and antisymmetric compositions using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) analysis. Utilizing plasmon hybridization model, we calculated the energy level diagrams and verified that, in the symmetric dimer (in-phase mode in a homodimer), plasmonic bonding modes are dominant and tunable within the considered bandwidth. In contrast, in the antisymmetric dimer (out-of-phase mode in a heterodimer), due to the lack of the geometrical symmetry, new antibonding modes appear in the extinction profile, and this condition gives …

Smart Grid Security: Threats, Challenges, And Solutions, Anibal Sanjab, Walid Saad, Ismail Guvenc, Arif I. Sarwat, Saroj Biswas

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The cyber-physical nature of the smart grid has rendered it vulnerable to a multitude of attacks that can occur at its communication, networking, and physical entry points. Such cyber-physical attacks can have detrimental effects on the operation of the grid as exemplified by the recent attack which caused a blackout of the Ukranian power grid. Thus, to properly secure the smart grid, it is of utmost importance to: a) understand its underlying vulnerabilities and associated threats, b) quantify their effects, and c) devise appropriate security solutions. In this paper, the key threats targeting the smart grid are first exposed while …

Graphene Fets With Low-Resistance Hybrid Contacts For Improved High Frequency Performance, Chowdhury Al-Amin, Mustafa Karabiyik, Phani Kiran Vabbina, Raju Sinha, Nezih Pala

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This work proposes a novel geometry field effect transistor with graphene as a channel—graphene field-effect transistor (GFET), having a hybrid contact that consists of an ohmic source/drain and its extended part towards the gate, which is capacitively coupled to the channel. The ohmic contacts are used for direct current (DC) biasing, whereas their capacitive extension reduces access region length and provides the radio frequency (RF) signal a low impedance path. Minimization of the access region length, along with the paralleling of ohmic contact’s resistance and resistive part of capacitively coupled contact’s impedance, lower the overall source/drain resistance, which results in …

Optimal Operation Of Combined Photovoltaic Electrolyzer Systems, Arash Khalilnejad, Aditya Sundararajan, Alireza Abbaspour, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In this study, the design and simulation of a combination of a photovoltaic (PV) array with an alkaline electrolyzer is performed to maximize the production of hydrogen as a reliable power resource. Detailed electrical model of PV system, as long as thermal and electrochemical model of electrolyzer is used. Since an electrolyzer is a non-linear load, its coupling with PV systems to get the best power transfer is very important. Solar irradiation calculations were done for the region of Miami (FL, USA), giving an optimal surface slope of 25.7° for the PV array. The size of the PV array is …

Data Distribution Service-Based Interoperability Framework For Smart Grid Testbed Infrastructure, Tarek A. Youssef, Ahmed T. Elsayed, Osama A. Mohammed

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This paper presents the design and implementation of a communication and control infrastructure for smart grid operation. The proposed infrastructure enhances the reliability of the measurements and control network. The advantages of utilizing the data-centric over message-centric communication approach are discussed in the context of smart grid applications. The data distribution service (DDS) is used to implement a data-centric common data bus for the smart grid. This common data bus improves the communication reliability, enabling distributed control and smart load management. These enhancements are achieved by avoiding a single point of failure while enabling peer-to-peer communication and an automatic discovery …

Performance Evaluation Of Optimal Photovoltaic-Electrolyzer System With The Purpose Of Maximum Hydrogen Storage, Arash Khalilnejad, Aditya Sundararajan, Arif I. Sarwat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Power electronics-based electrolyzer systems are prevalently in current use. This paper proposes the more recently employed directly coupled photovoltaic (PV) electrolyzer systems. Equipped with accurate electrical models of the advanced alkaline electrolyzer, PV system and Hydrogen storage tank simulated using MATLAB, the system's performance for a full week is analyzed using Miami, Florida's meteorological data. A multi-level Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based optimization facilitates maximum hydrogen production, minimum excess power generation, and minimum energy transfer loss. The crucial effect of temperature on the overall system performance is also accounted for by optimizing this parameter using GA, maintaining operating conditions close to the …

Characterization Of Line Nanopatterns On Positive Photoresist Produced By Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope, Sadegh Mehdi Aghaei, Navid Yasrebi, Bizhan Rashidian

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Line nanopatterns are produced on the positive photoresist by scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). A laser diode with a wavelength of 450nm and a power of 250mWas the light source and an aluminum coated nanoprobe with a 70nm aperture at the tip apex have been employed. A neutral density filter has been used to control the exposure power of the photoresist. It is found that the changes induced by light in the photoresist can be detected by in situ shear force microscopy (ShFM), before the development of the photoresist. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the developed photoresist have been …

Performance Comparison Of Data Reduction Techniques For Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Applications, Pinar Sarisaray-Boluk, Kemal Akkaya

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

With the increased use of smart phones, Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) will have opportunities to deploy such devices in several contexts for data collection and processing.While smart phones come with richer resources and can do complex processing, their battery is still limited. Background subtraction (BS) and compression techniques are common data reduction schemes, which have been used for camera sensors to reduce energy consumption in WMSNs. In this paper, we investigate the performance of various BS algorithms and compression techniques in terms of computation and communication energy, time, and quality. We have picked five different BS algorithms and two …

Chemically Modified Plastic Tube For High Volume Removal And Collection Of Circulating Tumor Cells, Angelo Gaitas, Gwangseong Kim

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In this preliminary effort, we use a commercially available and chemically modified tube to selectively capture circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the blood stream by immobilizing human anti-EpCAM antibodies on the tube's interior surface.We describe the requisite and critical steps required to modify a tube into a cancer cell-capturing device. Using these simple modifications, we were able to capture or entrap about 85% of cancer cells from suspension and 44% of cancer cells from spiked whole blood. We also found that the percentage of cells captured was dependent on the tube's length and also the number of cancer cells present. …

Extracorporeal Photo-Immunotherapy For Circulating Tumor Cells, Gwangseong Kim, Angelo Gaitas

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

It is well established that metastasis through the circulatory system is primarily caused by circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In this preliminary effort, we report an approach to eliminate circulating tumor cells from the blood stream by flowing the blood though an extracorporeal tube and applying photodynamic therapy (PDT). Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a photosensitizer, was conjugated to CD44 antibody in order to target PC-3, a prostate cancer cell line. PC-3 cells were successfully stained by the Ce6-CD44 antibody conjugate. PDT was performed on whole blood spiked with stained PC-3 cells. As the blood circulated through a thin transparent medical tube, it …