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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Dynamic Yield Analysis And Enhancement Of Fpga Reconfigurable Memory Systems, Minsu Choi, Nohpill Park Dec 2002

Dynamic Yield Analysis And Enhancement Of Fpga Reconfigurable Memory Systems, Minsu Choi, Nohpill Park

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper addresses the issues of field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) reconfigurable memory systems with faulty physical memory cells and proposes yield measurement techniques. Static yield (i.e., the yield which does not take into account the inherited redundancy utilization for repair) and dynamic yield (i.e., the yield which takes into account the inherited redundancy utilization for repair) of FPGA reconfigurable memory systems and their characteristics are extensively analyzed. Yield enhancement of conventional memory systems relies on additional redundancy, but FPGA reconfigurable memory systems have inherited redundancy and customizability. Thus, they can accommodate numerous target memory configurations, and redundant memory cells, …


Numerical Simulation Of Partial Discharge Propagation In Cable Joints Using The Finite Difference Time Domain Method, David Pommerenke, R. Jobava, R. Heinrich Nov 2002

Numerical Simulation Of Partial Discharge Propagation In Cable Joints Using The Finite Difference Time Domain Method, David Pommerenke, R. Jobava, R. Heinrich

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this second of a series of three papers, the authors investigate partial discharge (PD) detection and propagation in cable joints. The complex nature of cable joints leads to errors when PD analysis is carried out using conventional equivalent circuits. The authors use the finite difference time domain method to determine the transient electromagnetic fields caused by simulated PD in model cable joints.


Metrics-Based Framework For Decision Making In Cots-Based Software Systems, Sahra Sedigh, Arif Ghafoor, Raymond A. Paul Oct 2002

Metrics-Based Framework For Decision Making In Cots-Based Software Systems, Sahra Sedigh, Arif Ghafoor, Raymond A. Paul

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The growing reliance on Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components for developing large-scale projects introduces a new paradigm in software Engineering; which requires the design of new software development and business processes. Large scale component reuse leads to savings in development resources, enabling these resources to be applied to areas such as quality improvement. These savings come at the price of integration difficulties, performance constraints, and incompatibility of components from multiple vendors. Relying on COTS components also increases the system's vulnerability to risks arising from third-party development, which can negatively affect the quality of the system, as well as causing expenses not incurred …


Application Of Maxwell Solvers To Pd Propagation. I. Concepts And Codes, David Pommerenke, S. Sakaguchi Oct 2002

Application Of Maxwell Solvers To Pd Propagation. I. Concepts And Codes, David Pommerenke, S. Sakaguchi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This article reviews the basic approaches to solving electromagnetic propagation in the context of PD detection. It also investigates available commercial software, introduces the steps required to obtain trustworthy computational results, and gives an example of detailed analysis of PD propagation.


Four-Terminal Quantum Resistor Network For Electron-Wave Computing, Diwakar Ramamurthy, Cheng-Hsiao Wu Sep 2002

Four-Terminal Quantum Resistor Network For Electron-Wave Computing, Diwakar Ramamurthy, Cheng-Hsiao Wu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Interconnected ultrathin conducting wires or, equivalently, interconnected quasi-one-dimensional electron waveguides, which form a quantum resistor network, are presented here in four-terminal configurations. The transmission behaviors through such four-terminal networks are evaluated and classified. In addition, we show that such networks can be used as the basic building blocks for a possible massive wave computing machine in the future. In a network, each interconnection, a node point, is an elastic scatterer that routes the electron wave. Routing and rerouting of electron waves in a network is described in the framework of quantum transport from Landauer-Buttiker theory in the presence of multiple …


New Plane Wave Representation Of Point Sources, L. (Lijun) J. Jiang, W. C. Chew Aug 2002

New Plane Wave Representation Of Point Sources, L. (Lijun) J. Jiang, W. C. Chew

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new method to decompose the spherical wave of a 3D point source into plane waves is discussed. Using Cauchy's theorem, it represents spherical waves as the summation of surface-direction-wave integrals. Results show that only 6 directions waves needed storage. Thus, the method provides a good cost reduction for plane-wave related algorithms.


Fdtd Analysis Of Printed Circuit Boards Containing Wideband Lorentzian Dielectric Dispersive Media, Marina Koledintseva, David Pommerenke, James L. Drewniak Aug 2002

Fdtd Analysis Of Printed Circuit Boards Containing Wideband Lorentzian Dielectric Dispersive Media, Marina Koledintseva, David Pommerenke, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A Lorentzian model as the general case of a frequency-dependent behavior of a dispersive dielectric material is considered in this paper. Recursive convolution algorithms for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique for two cases of a Lorentzian medium, narrowband and wideband, depending on the ratio of a resonance line half-width at -3 dB and the resonance frequency of the material, are detailed. It is shown that a wideband Lorentzian model of a dielectric FR-4 used in printed circuit boards is more flexible and gives good agreement with experimental curves, and may be preferable as compared to a Debye model.


The Woman's Guide To Navigating The Ph.D. In Engineering & Science [Book Review], Mariesa Crow Aug 2002

The Woman's Guide To Navigating The Ph.D. In Engineering & Science [Book Review], Mariesa Crow

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.


Estimating Dc Power Bus Noise, Jingkun Mao, Bruce Archambeault, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren Aug 2002

Estimating Dc Power Bus Noise, Jingkun Mao, Bruce Archambeault, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) resulting from IC devices can result in significant power bus noise, as well as radiation problems. An approach for estimating the power bus noise spectrum is presented in this paper. The power bus noise caused by digital circuits injecting high-frequency noise onto the DC buses feeding digital devices is calculated. The transient current drawn by an IC device is modeled using the load current and the shoot-through current through the power dissipation capacitance. Modeling and experimental results for several digital chips are shown. The modeling agrees well with the experimental results.


Modeling Noise Coupling From Non-Parallel Pcb Trace Routing, Shaofeng Luan, Fengchao Xiao, W. Liu, Jun Fan, Yoshio Kami, James L. Drewniak, Richard E. Dubroff Aug 2002

Modeling Noise Coupling From Non-Parallel Pcb Trace Routing, Shaofeng Luan, Fengchao Xiao, W. Liu, Jun Fan, Yoshio Kami, James L. Drewniak, Richard E. Dubroff

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Coupling between PCB signal traces in proximity is of concern to PCB designers and EMC engineers. The behavior of noise coupling between non-parallel microstrip lines is studied in this paper by a full-wave numerical modeling method CEMPIE, designating a circuit extraction approach based on a mixed-potential integral equation formulation. Good agreement between the numerical results and measurements was obtained.


Transmission Line Modeling Of Vias In Differential Signals, Chen Wang, James L. Drewniak, Jun Fan, James L. Knighten, Norman W. Smith, Ray Alexander Aug 2002

Transmission Line Modeling Of Vias In Differential Signals, Chen Wang, James L. Drewniak, Jun Fan, James L. Knighten, Norman W. Smith, Ray Alexander

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Signal layer transitions in differential lines are modeled using both FDTD and equivalent circuit methods. The equivalent circuit is developed based on transmission-line reasoning regarding via behavior. Parameters of each transmission-line segment are obtained based on its corresponding physical geometry. The mixed-mode S-parameters from the equivalent circuit and the FDTD modeling are compared. Good agreement is demonstrated in the frequency range from 1 GHz to 20 GHz. The results indicate that vias in differential lines can be modeled as a transmission line for a quick and easy engineering estimation of the differential signal behavior in an environment of signal layer …


External Parasitic Inductance In Microstrip And Stripline Geometries Of Finite Size, Marina Koledintseva, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren, David M. Hockanson Aug 2002

External Parasitic Inductance In Microstrip And Stripline Geometries Of Finite Size, Marina Koledintseva, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren, David M. Hockanson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An external parasitic ground (return) plane inductance, or a mutual inductance associated with fringing magnetic fields in planar transmission line structures, is the culprit of common-mode voltage (ground plane noise) that leads to parasitic radiation of the corresponding unintentional "antennas" in high-speed electronic equipment. Mutual inductance of this sort in microstrip and stripline structures is studied here using an analytical quasi- magnetostatic approach and FDTD modeling. Closed-form expressions for mutual inductance in symmetrical and asymmetrical microstrip and stripline structures are presented.


Numerical Modeling Of Esd-Simulators, Kai Wang, David Pommerenke, Ramachandran Chundru Aug 2002

Numerical Modeling Of Esd-Simulators, Kai Wang, David Pommerenke, Ramachandran Chundru

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

ESD generators are widely used for testing the robustness of electronic equipment against human electrostatic discharge via small metal pieces (e.g. key). Presently the IEC 61000-4-2 ESD standard is hotly discussed to improve test result reproducibility. This paper numerically analyzes an ESD simulator and relates its construction parameters to discharge current and field parameters. It uses FDTD method and models the relay (contact mode discharge) as a material with time dependent conductivity. The process is broken down into a charging phase and a stabilization phase until the electrostatic conditions are reached. Then the conductivity of the relay is changed and …


Anticipating Full Vehicle Radiated Emi From Module-Level Testing In Automobiles, Geping Liu, Chingchi Chen, Yuhua Tu, James L. Drewniak Aug 2002

Anticipating Full Vehicle Radiated Emi From Module-Level Testing In Automobiles, Geping Liu, Chingchi Chen, Yuhua Tu, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

EMI due to common-mode currents on cables routed in automobiles was studied using a test device designed to mimic a vehicle. Both experimental work and Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) modeling were employed in this paper. The good agreement between the measurements and modeling results indicates that the numerical tools can be a useful aid in predicting vehicle-level EMI by developing vehicle transfer functions and measuring the module-level EMI characteristics on the bench top.


Application Of Higher-Order Fem Elements To The Analysis Of Microstrip Structures, H. Wang, C. L. Guo, Todd H. Hubing, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren, Richard E. Dubroff Aug 2002

Application Of Higher-Order Fem Elements To The Analysis Of Microstrip Structures, H. Wang, C. L. Guo, Todd H. Hubing, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren, Richard E. Dubroff

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Microstrip structures, formed by metal traces printed on a dielectric substrate above a reference plane, are frequently the object of electromagnetic modeling. In this paper, hybrid FEM/MoM formulations employing conventional Whitney elements and newly developed linear-tangent/linear-normal (LT/LN) tangential vector finite elements (TVFEs) are applied to the analysis of microstrip structures with thin traces. This paper shows that the variation of the electric field below the trace is a significant issue to be addressed in microstrip structure modeling. Different mesh methods are investigated and the advantages of the LT/LN TVFEs are discussed.


Field Extraction From Near Field Scanning For A Microstrip Structure, Lin Zhang, Kevin P. Slattery, Chen Wang, Masahiro Yamaguchi, K.-I. Arai, Richard E. Dubroff, James L. Drewniak, David Pommerenke, Todd H. Hubing Aug 2002

Field Extraction From Near Field Scanning For A Microstrip Structure, Lin Zhang, Kevin P. Slattery, Chen Wang, Masahiro Yamaguchi, K.-I. Arai, Richard E. Dubroff, James L. Drewniak, David Pommerenke, Todd H. Hubing

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Currents associated with high-speed digital devices have significant impacts on EMI problems in VLSI design and operation. In this paper, a simple transmission line model was implemented as an initial step to represent the EMI mechanisms associated with an IC package. Numerical modeling results were compared with near field scanning measurements and show that the magnetic field deduced from the measurements agrees well with the numerical predictions.


Temporal Modeling Of Software Test Coverage, Sahra Sedigh, Arif Ghafoor, Raymond A. Paul Aug 2002

Temporal Modeling Of Software Test Coverage, Sahra Sedigh, Arif Ghafoor, Raymond A. Paul

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a temporal model for the coverage achieved by software testing. The proposed model, which is applicable at any level of the testing hierarchy, can determine the value of test coverage at any given time, as well as predicting future values. The model is comprised of two main components: coverage functions, and the coverage matrix. The coverage functions represent the coverage of a single entity as a function of time and reflect the test environment through their stochastic parameters. The coverage matrix utilizes the coverage functions to depict the coverage attained for each entity by each test within …


Adaptive Neural Network Identifiers For Effective Control Of Turbogenerators In A Multimachine Power System, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley, Donald C. Wunsch Aug 2002

Adaptive Neural Network Identifiers For Effective Control Of Turbogenerators In A Multimachine Power System, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley, Donald C. Wunsch

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper provides a novel method for nonlinear identification of multiple turbogenerators in a five-machine 12-bus power system using continually online trained (COT) artificial neural networks (ANNs). Each turbogenerator in the power system is equipped with all adaptive ANN identifier, which is able to identify/model its particular turbogenerator and rest of the network to which it is connected from moment to moment, based on only local measurements. Each adaptive ANN turbogenerator can be used in the design of a nonlinear controller for each turbogenerator in a multimachine power system. Simulation results for the adaptive ANN identifiers are presented


Alternatives To Gaskets In Shielding An Enclosure, Federico Centola, David Pommerenke, James L. Drewniak, Xiao Kai Aug 2002

Alternatives To Gaskets In Shielding An Enclosure, Federico Centola, David Pommerenke, James L. Drewniak, Xiao Kai

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

It is well known that a properly placed conductive gasket can complete an enclosure to yield good shielding. But often there are reasons, e.g. control of mechanical dimensions that this cannot be achieved. For these cases, one may want to avoid using a gasket that requires contacts. This paper will analyze alternatives to continuously contacting gaskets such as overlap structures, overlapping structures with different lossy and non-lossy materials, and overlaps with grounding points. It will compare structures by sufficient shielding for a typical class B product, high frequency (1-3 GHz) and low frequency (below 1 GHz) performance.


Quality Enhancement Of Reconfigurable Multichip Module Systems By Redundancy Utilization, Minsu Choi, Nohpill Park, Fabrizio Lombardi, Vincenzo Piuri Aug 2002

Quality Enhancement Of Reconfigurable Multichip Module Systems By Redundancy Utilization, Minsu Choi, Nohpill Park, Fabrizio Lombardi, Vincenzo Piuri

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper evaluates the quality effectiveness of redundancy utilization in reconfigurable multichip mode (RMCM) systems. Due to reconfigurability, the RMCM system can implement a device with different redundancy levels. A redundancy level is determined by the requirement of fault tolerance (FT) of the device under implementation which can be realized through reconfiguration. No previous work has adequately investigated the effect of utilization of redundancy on the quality-level (QL) of RMCM. In this paper, the tolerance to escape from testing is also introduced to provide more extensive and comprehensive analysis and is referred to as escape tolerance (ET). This can be …


Eye Pattern Evaluation In High-Speed Digital Systems Analysis By Using Mtl Modeling, Giulio Antonini, James L. Drewniak, Antonio Orlandi, Vittorio Ricchiuti Jul 2002

Eye Pattern Evaluation In High-Speed Digital Systems Analysis By Using Mtl Modeling, Giulio Antonini, James L. Drewniak, Antonio Orlandi, Vittorio Ricchiuti

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A method for simulating the eye pattern of high-speed digital signals propagated on printed circuit boards using multiconductor transmission-line modeling is proposed in this paper. The approach takes into account the frequency-dependent properties of the dielectric materials of the board and of the conductors. The validation is performed by comparing the modeling with measurements taken from the literature, and directly performed on test boards specially design for this study.


Fdtd Modeling Of Skin Effect, Chen Wang, James L. Drewniak, Min Li, Jun Fan, James L. Knighten, Norman W. Smith, Ray Alexander, Jingyu Huang May 2002

Fdtd Modeling Of Skin Effect, Chen Wang, James L. Drewniak, Min Li, Jun Fan, James L. Knighten, Norman W. Smith, Ray Alexander, Jingyu Huang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The data rates and clock speeds of current highspeed signals are increasing rapidly, consequently, not only the lossy nature of FR-4 but also the lossy nature of good conductors, such as copper, need to be taken into account in high-speed signal designs. In order to well predict the loss caused by both dielectric loss and skin effect loss, a suitable simulation tool is needed. A surface impedance boundary condition (SIBC) algorithm was implemented in FDTD modeling herein to accommodate the skin effect loss due to finite conductivity of good conductors. Good agreement between the FDTD result and the measurements as …


Extracting Cad Models For Quantifying Noise Coupling Between Vias In Pcb Layouts, Shaofeng Luan, Jun Fan, W. Liu, Fengchao Xiao, James L. Knighten, Norman W. Smith, Ray Alexander, Jim Nadolny, Yoshio Kami, James L. Drewniak May 2002

Extracting Cad Models For Quantifying Noise Coupling Between Vias In Pcb Layouts, Shaofeng Luan, Jun Fan, W. Liu, Fengchao Xiao, James L. Knighten, Norman W. Smith, Ray Alexander, Jim Nadolny, Yoshio Kami, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A method to extract a lumped element prototype SPICE model is used to study noise coupling between non-parallel traces on a PCB. The parameters in this model are extracted using a PEEC-like approach, a Circuit Extraction approach based on a Mixed-Potential Integral Equation formulation (CEMPIE). Without large numbers of unknowns, the SPICE model saves computation time. Also, it is easy to incorporate into system SPICE net list to acquire the system simulation result considering the coupling between traces on the printed circuit board (PCB). A representative case is studied, and the comparison of measurements, CEMPIE simulation, and SPICE modeling are …


Estimating The Noise Mitigation Effect Of Local Decoupling In Printed Circuit Boards, Jun Fan, Wei Cui, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren, James L. Knighten May 2002

Estimating The Noise Mitigation Effect Of Local Decoupling In Printed Circuit Boards, Jun Fan, Wei Cui, James L. Drewniak, Thomas Van Doren, James L. Knighten

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Local decoupling, i.e., placing decoupling capacitors sufficiently close to device power/ground pins in order to decrease the impedance of power bus at frequencies higher than the series resonant frequency, has been studied using a modeling approach, a hybrid lumped/distributed circuit model established and an expression to quantify the benefits of power bus noise mitigation due to local decoupling developed. In this work, a test board with a local decoupling capacitor was studied and the noise mitigation effect due to the capacitor placed adjacent to an input test port was measured. Closed-form expressions for self and mutual inductances of vias are …


Cancellation Of Mri Motion Artifact In Image Plane, Eung-Kyeu Kim, Nohpill Park, Minsu Choi, S. Tamura May 2002

Cancellation Of Mri Motion Artifact In Image Plane, Eung-Kyeu Kim, Nohpill Park, Minsu Choi, S. Tamura

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this study, a new algorithm for canceling a MRI artifact due to the translational motion in image plane is described. Unlike the conventional iterative phase retrieval algorithm, in which there is no guarantee for the convergence, a direct method for estimating the motion is presented. In previous approaches, the motions in the x(read out) direction and the y(phase encoding) direction were estimated simultaneously. However, the feature of x and y directional motions are different from each other. By analyzing their features, each x and y directional motion is canceled by the different algorithms in two steps. First, it is …


Efficient Modeling Of Discontinuities And Dispersive Media In Printed Transmission Lines, R. Araneo, Chen Wang, Xiaoxiong Gu, James L. Drewniak, S. Celozzi Mar 2002

Efficient Modeling Of Discontinuities And Dispersive Media In Printed Transmission Lines, R. Araneo, Chen Wang, Xiaoxiong Gu, James L. Drewniak, S. Celozzi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The finite-difference time-domain method is applied to the analysis of transmission lines on printed circuit boards. The lossy, dispersive behavior of the dielectric substrate is accurately accounted for by means of several algorithms whose accuracy is discussed and compared. Numerical results are validated by comparisons with measurements and an equivalent circuit of slot in the ground plane is proposed.


High-Performance Inter-Pcb Connectors: Analysis Of Emi Characteristics, Xiaoning Ye, James L. Drewniak, Jim Nadolny, David M. Hockanson Feb 2002

High-Performance Inter-Pcb Connectors: Analysis Of Emi Characteristics, Xiaoning Ye, James L. Drewniak, Jim Nadolny, David M. Hockanson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling associated with inter-board connection is investigated. Two experimental techniques, based on |S21| measurements, including both common-mode current and near-field measurements, are reported. Both methods, as well as finite difference time domain (FDTD) modeling, were used as experimental and numerical tools for inter-printed-circuit-board (inter-PCB) connector evaluation. The EMI performance of a lab-constructed stacked-card connector, and a commercially available module-on-backplane connector were studied. EMI characteristics of the connectors are demonstrated by investigating a few aspects of the design: type of shield/ground blade for signal return, number and length of ground pins, signal pin designation, etc. Good …


Fdtd Modeling Incorporating A Two-Port Network For I/O Line Emi Filtering Design, Xiaoning Ye, James L. Drewniak Feb 2002

Fdtd Modeling Incorporating A Two-Port Network For I/O Line Emi Filtering Design, Xiaoning Ye, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters are often utilized on I/O lines to reduce high-frequency noise form being conducted off the printed circuit board (PCB) and causing EMI problems. The filtering performance is often compromised at high frequencies due to parasitics associated with the filter itself, or the PCB layout and interconnects. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) modeling can be used to quantify the effect of PCB layout and interconnects, as well as filter type, on the EMI performance of I/O line filtering. FDTD modeling of a T-type and π-type filter consisting of surface-mount ferrites and capacitors is considered herein. The FDTD …


Full Binary Combination Schema For Floating Voltage Source Multilevel Inverters, Xiaomin Kou, Keith Corzine, Yakov L. Familiant Jan 2002

Full Binary Combination Schema For Floating Voltage Source Multilevel Inverters, Xiaomin Kou, Keith Corzine, Yakov L. Familiant

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents schema of operation for floating voltage source multilevel inverters. The primary advantage of the proposed schema is that the number of voltage levels (and thus power quality) can be increased for a given number of semiconductor devices when compared to the conventional "flying capacitor" topology. However, the new schema requires fixed floating sources instead of capacitors and therefore is more suitable for battery power applications such as electric vehicles, flexible AC transmission systems and submarine propulsion. Alternatively transformer/rectifier circuits may be used to supply the floating sources in a similar way to cascaded H-bridge inverters. Computer simulation …


Development Of A Program For Numerical Analysis Of Microwave Radio Links Under Different Conditions, M. Can, Sergey Kharkovsky Jan 2002

Development Of A Program For Numerical Analysis Of Microwave Radio Links Under Different Conditions, M. Can, Sergey Kharkovsky

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Numerical analysis of system power budget is performed for radio link design and transmission planning purposes in cellular networks. The behavior of three different frequencies; 10.5 GHz, 23 GHz and 38 GHz is examined under the influence of such parameters like transmitter power output level, rain rate, fog density, distance, polarization type, antenna radius, temperature, foliage depth and etc. Received power levels are measured, calculated and reported for different radio link types and environmental conditions. A new program is developed in order to carry out system power budget analysis and design better microwave radio links. Measured and calculated values are …