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Articles 1 - 30 of 1956

Full-Text Articles in Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

People Orientation And Thing Orientation In Business Majors: Implications For Assessing The Impacts Of Cross-Functional Business Program Curricula, Todd J. Hostager, David A. Christopher, Kristy J. Lauver, Christopher Knowles Sep 2026

People Orientation And Thing Orientation In Business Majors: Implications For Assessing The Impacts Of Cross-Functional Business Program Curricula, Todd J. Hostager, David A. Christopher, Kristy J. Lauver, Christopher Knowles

International Journal for Business Education

Background/Introduction/Purpose:  Prior research documented significant differences in people orientation and thing orientation (PTO) based on type of major and sex.  This study examines a set of measures for helping business programs to assess whether they are producing graduates equipped to consider both people and things when making decisions, regardless of their major or sex.

Methods/Design:  Students in a strategic management capstone course spent a single 75-minute session responding to a brief new venture pitch by identifying what types of additional information they would need to decide whether to invest in the business.  Three Likert-scaled options gauged the extent to participant …


Becoming: Adult Learners In Graduate Education And The Pursuit Of A Meaningful Life, Tara Shollenberger Sep 2026

Becoming: Adult Learners In Graduate Education And The Pursuit Of A Meaningful Life, Tara Shollenberger

Journal of Organizational & Educational Leadership

Adult learners in graduate education represent a population defined by deliberate, purposeful choice. Unlike traditional-age students, these individuals advance within higher education while managing careers, families, and complex life responsibilities. This conceptual paper explores the espoused and enacted vision for a meaningful life held by adult learners in graduate education, with particular attention to doctoral students in professional education programs. Evidence is drawn from national enrollment and attrition data, relevant scholarship, and nearly two decades of direct practitioner observation. The paper argues that adult graduate learners are animated by a vision of becoming: a generational, relational, and deeply purposeful understanding …


Illinois Model Programs Of Study: Overview Guide (Draft For Public Comment), Education Systems Center Aug 2026

Illinois Model Programs Of Study: Overview Guide (Draft For Public Comment), Education Systems Center

Practitioner Toolkits and Resources

This draft is available for public comment through September 30, 2026. Share your public comment at:

https://forms.gle/VDKeCdf5HycEerMr7


Illinois Model Programs Of Study Guide: Education (Draft For Public Comment), Education Systems Center Aug 2026

Illinois Model Programs Of Study Guide: Education (Draft For Public Comment), Education Systems Center

Practitioner Toolkits and Resources

This draft is available for public comment through September 30, 2026. Share your public comment at:

https://forms.gle/VDKeCdf5HycEerMr7


Illinois Model Programs Of Study Guide: Physical Health (Draft For Public Comment), Education Systems Center Aug 2026

Illinois Model Programs Of Study Guide: Physical Health (Draft For Public Comment), Education Systems Center

Practitioner Toolkits and Resources

This draft is available for public comment through September 30, 2026. Share your public comment at:

https://forms.gle/VDKeCdf5HycEerMr7


Student Perceptions On Resubmission Policies In An Upper-Level Engineering Course, Tess Hagstrom Aug 2026

Student Perceptions On Resubmission Policies In An Upper-Level Engineering Course, Tess Hagstrom

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

Little is known about how resubmission policies affect students in upper-level engineering courses. Previous studies in a lower-level engineering course at Embry-Riddle found that students had a positive perception of the implementation of resubmission policies in relation to their confidence, performance, and sense of belonging. Students also reported that the policies helped them grow through feedback and mistakes, as well as helped improve their learning in the course. To investigate how students perceive these policies in a higher-level course, students in an upper-level mechanical engineering course at Embry-Riddle were given the opportunity to resubmit quizzes after they received their feedback. …


Comparative Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Implications For Active Learning And Assessment At Various Curricular Levels Of Stem And Health Sciences In Developed Versus Underprivileged Countries, Vinay Munlapudi, Santanu De Aug 2026

Comparative Analysis Of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Implications For Active Learning And Assessment At Various Curricular Levels Of Stem And Health Sciences In Developed Versus Underprivileged Countries, Vinay Munlapudi, Santanu De

FDLA Journal

Today’s all-pervasive emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of its role in education, especially for occupational disciplines in health sciences and STEM. AI has reshaped student learning and instructors’ navigation of the evolving, post coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) global academic landscape. This study aimed at encapsulating evidence-based AI implications for student-centered, active learning and assessment at various curricular levels of science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM) and health sciences education in developed versus underprivileged or less developed countries. An extensive, scoping review of 65 recent, scholarly publications was conducted over six months through diverse search engines (PubMed, Google …


Listening To Learn: Preservice Teachers’ Voice On What Matters Most In Their University Preparation Programs, David Wolff, Scott Klimek, Elizabeth Y. Dale Jul 2026

Listening To Learn: Preservice Teachers’ Voice On What Matters Most In Their University Preparation Programs, David Wolff, Scott Klimek, Elizabeth Y. Dale

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning

This study explores the perspectives of preserviceteacher candidates on the topics in education they perceive as the most important and urgent as they prepare for their first year of teaching. Utilizing quantitative methodology, the study aims to identify and prioritize educational topics sixty (n = 60) preservice teacher candidates believed were critical to their professional development. Participants are asked to rate the topics based on two criteria: urgency and importance. Each topic is rated on a scale from 0 to 5, where 0 indicated unfamiliarly with the topic, 1 indicated low urgency or importance, and 5 indicates high urgency …


Embedding Evaluation For Continuous Improvement In A Cohort-Based Doctoral Residency Model: Evidence From An Ed.D. Program, Monica J. Weir Jul 2026

Embedding Evaluation For Continuous Improvement In A Cohort-Based Doctoral Residency Model: Evidence From An Ed.D. Program, Monica J. Weir

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning

The Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Educational Leadership Program at Minnesota State University Moorhead (MSUM) includes two required summer residency weeks that serve as signature components of the doctoral experience. Given their central role in supporting academic milestones and scholarly community, program faculty have embedded systematic evaluation into residency design to support continuous improvement. This article describes a multi-phase, utilization-focused evaluation framework examining residency preparation, implementation, and participant experience. The evaluation designer collaborated with program faculty to design pre- and post-residency week instruments that elevate doctoral student voice and support faculty-led reflection. Preliminary findings indicated strong value placed on peer …


A Charism-Based Faculty Instruction Framework For Nursing Education: Integrating Values-Driven Pedagogy In Blended Learning Environments, Humprey G. Icban, Anele C. Mallari, Cherry B. Lazatin, Aurora R. Valencia, Lilibeth G. Sales, Ulysses J. Rengel, Marie Aileen L. Domingo Jul 2026

A Charism-Based Faculty Instruction Framework For Nursing Education: Integrating Values-Driven Pedagogy In Blended Learning Environments, Humprey G. Icban, Anele C. Mallari, Cherry B. Lazatin, Aurora R. Valencia, Lilibeth G. Sales, Ulysses J. Rengel, Marie Aileen L. Domingo

The Journal of Faith, Education, and Community

The evolution of nursing education in the Philippines is driven by dynamic global healthcare demands and an accelerated shift toward blended learning modalities. The central challenge lies in preserving the humanistic values of compassion and integrity within technology-mediated environments. This study addresses this issue by developing a Charism-Based Faculty Instruction Framework (CBFIF) designed to empower clinical instructors at the University of the Assumption College of Nursing and Pharmacy (UACONP) in their crucial role as "Formators of Catholic Leaders." The framework is intended to cultivate the institution's core graduate attributes: "Biasa" (academically competent), "Maganaca" (morally upright), and "Mayap" (socially responsible). A …


Using “You” As A Subject In Biology Assessment Questions: Examining Student Preferences For Second-Person Framing, Noelle Clark, Kate Hill, Jeremy L. Hsu Jul 2026

Using “You” As A Subject In Biology Assessment Questions: Examining Student Preferences For Second-Person Framing, Noelle Clark, Kate Hill, Jeremy L. Hsu

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

In college biology courses, exams and quizzes are often used to assess students’ knowledge and performance. Since assessments are a crucial part of biology classes, there has been a wide range of work examining how assessment questions are written, revealing that small changes in how such questions are worded may have large impacts on students’ reading comprehension and performance. One aspect that instructors consider when writing a question is subject framing, i.e., which individual, if any, is being placed as the focal point of the question. In this study, we focus on the following subject framings, an authentic scientist, a …


Alumni Voices. Beyond Graduation: The Lifelong Global Impact Of A Uk Education, Sladana Krstic, Alexander Towne Jul 2026

Alumni Voices. Beyond Graduation: The Lifelong Global Impact Of A Uk Education, Sladana Krstic, Alexander Towne

Higher education research

The third round of the British Council Alumni Voices survey provides robust and timely evidence of the enduring value of a UK higher education experience. Drawing on three years of longitudinal survey data, supplemented by a number of interviews, the findings highlight how UK education continues to deliver skills, support professional progression, and foster long lasting international networks that extend well beyond graduation and national borders. Nearly three quarters of respondents report that in the last 12 months they have maintained contact with people they first met during their UK studies, and almost 84 percent have recommended a UK study …


Professional Dispositions In Coaching Education: Icf-Credentialed Coaches’ Perspectives On Development And Assessment, Michelle Renee Thompson Jul 2026

Professional Dispositions In Coaching Education: Icf-Credentialed Coaches’ Perspectives On Development And Assessment, Michelle Renee Thompson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative phenomenological study examined how professional dispositions were defined, experienced, and assessed in coaching education within the rapidly expanding field of professional coaching. The problem addressed was the lack of a clear understanding of professional dispositions in coaching and the absence of a systematic dispositional assessment comparable to that in counselor education. The researcher’s purpose was to explore how credentialed professional-level coaches defined and identified professional dispositions for effective coaching engagements and how these dispositions aligned with constructs in other helping professions. The researcher collected data through semistructured videoconference interviews. Purposeful and snowball sampling yielded 16 U.S.-based coaches who …


Using Phenomenology To Investigate Digital Experience: An Empathic-Somatic Approach, Bismark Wiafe Bimpong, William Kesse Bimpong, Mercy Egyir Kwakye Jun 2026

Using Phenomenology To Investigate Digital Experience: An Empathic-Somatic Approach, Bismark Wiafe Bimpong, William Kesse Bimpong, Mercy Egyir Kwakye

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

This conceptual paper proposes the Empathic-Somatic Approach as a methodological contribution for conducting phenomenological research on digital technology experiences. The Empathic-Somatic Approach does not replace existing phenomenological methods but enriches them by operationalizing the insight that we understand others through our own bodies as instruments of empathy. The paper first establishes the essential philosophical and methodological foundations of phenomenology needed to situate this contribution, then develops the Empathic-Somatic Approach in detail, and finally provides practical guidance for its implementation in digital technology research. This approach offers researchers in fields such as human-computer interaction, digital health, and information systems a principled …


Research Integrity Policy, Munster Technological University, Ireland Jun 2026

Research Integrity Policy, Munster Technological University, Ireland

Policies & Procedures Documents

This policy outlines the principles of research integrity and the most serious types of research misconduct aligning with university, national and international practices.


Opening Keynote: From 'Publish Or Perish' To Purpose And People: Going Together On Research Assessment Reform, Lily Kong Jun 2026

Opening Keynote: From 'Publish Or Perish' To Purpose And People: Going Together On Research Assessment Reform, Lily Kong

FORCE 2026

Universities hold a unique position as the brain trusts of society — creating knowledge, countering misinformation, and catalysing innovation that drives societal progress. Yet the cultures of "publish or perish" and competitive rankings have led academia to focus on certain metrics, and in so doing, chase misplaced goals. This has resulted in some misdirections: misconduct, data manipulation, mistreatment of early-career researchers, and a troubling misalignment between what scholars pursue and what society needs. How can we begin to rethink research impact beyond standard metrics to embrace both academic excellence and societal contribution? In the spirit of FORCE 2026's theme, Prof …


Called To Accuracy, Brick By Brick: Recordkeeping And Reporting Amid Cultural Pressures And Training Gaps, Amber L. Wilson, Sarah J. Boettger, Janet K. Brown, Kjell Fenn, Jessica E. Kuehne, David L. Ream Jun 2026

Called To Accuracy, Brick By Brick: Recordkeeping And Reporting Amid Cultural Pressures And Training Gaps, Amber L. Wilson, Sarah J. Boettger, Janet K. Brown, Kjell Fenn, Jessica E. Kuehne, David L. Ream

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

This research investigates how faculty at Christian higher education interpret the impact of expected recordkeeping and reporting. The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions and expectations of recordkeeping and reporting that impact job satisfaction. By examining recordkeeping and reporting and the influence of culture as key factors affecting job satisfaction in Christian higher education, insights were gathered through six faculty member interviews. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, journals, and discussion board posts. This transcendental phenomenological study sought to explore the lived experiences of six faculty members at a large private Christian university in the southeastern …


Into The Unknown: Ai Adoption And Job Satisfaction Of Christian Faculty, Hailey A. Manicone, Roger B. Bingham, Ireremena E. Felixotuorimuo, Linnaya M. Graf, Rachel A. Joseph, Erica Danielle Moore, Joshua E. Wilson Jun 2026

Into The Unknown: Ai Adoption And Job Satisfaction Of Christian Faculty, Hailey A. Manicone, Roger B. Bingham, Ireremena E. Felixotuorimuo, Linnaya M. Graf, Rachel A. Joseph, Erica Danielle Moore, Joshua E. Wilson

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

The purpose of this study was to capture the lived experiences of faculty members at Christian higher education institutions regarding the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on faculty job satisfaction. The study addressed two primary research questions: (1) What are the perceptions of Christian higher education faculty regarding expectations related to their use of AI in teaching? (2) How do these perceptions influence their job satisfaction? A transcendental phenomenological approach was used to gather data from six participants from a faith-based institution in the southeastern United States through individual interviews, focus groups, and journal prompts. Analysis followed Moustakas’ (1994) four-step …


Beyond Lecturing: A Qualitative Exploration Of The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) And Academic Integrity On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Jacob T. Byrd, Heather J. Conner, Charlene S. Geisler, Jonathan A. Giles, Mark D. Granger, Sheila Ruyack, Andrew H. Volk Jun 2026

Beyond Lecturing: A Qualitative Exploration Of The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) And Academic Integrity On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Jacob T. Byrd, Heather J. Conner, Charlene S. Geisler, Jonathan A. Giles, Mark D. Granger, Sheila Ruyack, Andrew H. Volk

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

The evolving state of Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses significant challenges for faculty in higher education when dealing with academic integrity issues related to student use of AI for course assignments. Students’ utilization of AI contributes to a variety of factors related to faculty perceptions of expectations for AI use in the classroom and how they should approach issues pertaining to academic integrity. While research exists relating to job satisfaction of higher education faculty and expectations regarding technology and AI use in the classroom, research is also limited regarding the effects of AI and academic integrity on the perceptions of expectations …


Can You Hear Me Now? The Impact Of Communication With Students On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education: A Qualitative Research Study, Bruce K. Bell, Virginia W. Cashion, Kimberly S. Cashman, Alexander Lagos Choquecahua, Collin M. Lyons, Robert J. Doan Jun 2026

Can You Hear Me Now? The Impact Of Communication With Students On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education: A Qualitative Research Study, Bruce K. Bell, Virginia W. Cashion, Kimberly S. Cashman, Alexander Lagos Choquecahua, Collin M. Lyons, Robert J. Doan

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

The goal of Christian higher education is to effectively integrate faith and learning to equip students to make an impact for Christ in the world. Consequently, faculty at faith-based institutions face challenges when attempting to navigate the ever-changing academic landscape while simultaneously satisfying students’ expectations. This study seeks to explore faculty-student communication and how this affects faculty job satisfaction within Christian higher education. The methodological approach to address this gap included a phenomenological design, which involved interviewing six faculty members from a large Christian university located in the Southeastern United States. These interviews produced useful lived experiences, and the purposeful …


Beyond Lecturing: A Qualitative Exploration Of The Impact Of Lesson Planning On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Andrea Lynn Smith, Randy Baker, David M. Hahn, Cheryl B. Hemric, Karen Haaland Hubbard, Annik A. Miller, Brenda L. Widger Jun 2026

Beyond Lecturing: A Qualitative Exploration Of The Impact Of Lesson Planning On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Andrea Lynn Smith, Randy Baker, David M. Hahn, Cheryl B. Hemric, Karen Haaland Hubbard, Annik A. Miller, Brenda L. Widger

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

Job satisfaction for higher education faculty is influenced by many factors, with lesson planning serving as a contributing factor. This phenomenological study sought to explore and understand the lived experiences of faculty members regarding the impact of lesson planning on job satisfaction in a Christian higher education institution. Using phenomenological methods, the researchers conducted in-person interviews, administered discussion board focus groups, and gathered reflective journal entries from a sample size of six participants at a large, faith-based university located in the southeastern United States. During the data analysis, five themes emerged: Faith Integration and Spiritual Purpose, Autonomy and Creative Freedom, …


Tension And Grace: Perceptions Of Assessment And Grading Among Christian Higher Education Faculty And Impact On Job Satisfaction, Jerry L. Pitts, Nary Kitson, Lori Roach, Ashley Tharpe, Sherri Ann Walker, Daniel P. Yerrington Jun 2026

Tension And Grace: Perceptions Of Assessment And Grading Among Christian Higher Education Faculty And Impact On Job Satisfaction, Jerry L. Pitts, Nary Kitson, Lori Roach, Ashley Tharpe, Sherri Ann Walker, Daniel P. Yerrington

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

This research investigated Christian higher education faculty members perceived job satisfaction regarding assessment and grading. Six participants completed semi-structured interviews, discussion boards, and journal entries with specific questions related to assessment and grading. A phenomenological methodology using rich textual data generated four themes: pedagogical support, job satisfaction, time management, and emotional investment. Results indicated that faculty believed that assessment and grading were an integral part of their job. Job satisfaction was most prevalent when student growth was apparent in assessment and when students appreciated instructor feedback. The study offered five recommendations: 1) clarified assessment and grading expectations for Christian higher …


Beyond Teaching: A Qualitative Exploration Of The Impact Of Active Learning On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Alisha Castaneda, Grace Michele Baker, Marsha Baker, Hanna Byrd, Kahlib Fischer, Folashade O. Odedina Jun 2026

Beyond Teaching: A Qualitative Exploration Of The Impact Of Active Learning On Faculty Job Satisfaction In Christian Higher Education, Alisha Castaneda, Grace Michele Baker, Marsha Baker, Hanna Byrd, Kahlib Fischer, Folashade O. Odedina

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

Abstract

This research aims to examine the lived experiences of university professors at a Christian university regarding active learning (AL) and job satisfaction. Using Herzberg’s two-factor theory as a guiding framework, the researchers employed a qualitative transcendental phenomenological study to gauge the perceptions of six faculty members who teach using residential or online delivery formats. Data were collected through individual interviews, reflection journals, and discussion groups. Thematic analysis was utilized to identify initial codes and emerging themes, giving voice to the participants' firsthand knowledge and perspectives. The research noted four dominant themes regarding AL and professor job satisfaction: positive student …


About This Journal - Issue 2, Shawn Bielicki Jun 2026

About This Journal - Issue 2, Shawn Bielicki

Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

About this Journal - Issue 2


Teaching Learning Newsletter Vol 6 Issue 1, Sastra Deemed To Be University Jun 2026

Teaching Learning Newsletter Vol 6 Issue 1, Sastra Deemed To Be University

TLC Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Pedagogy Of Care: Exploring Climate Justice Frameworks In Cuny Undergraduate Courses, Ismerlyn Gonzalez Jun 2026

Pedagogy Of Care: Exploring Climate Justice Frameworks In Cuny Undergraduate Courses, Ismerlyn Gonzalez

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Climate justice centers the human rights of communities most impacted by the climate crisis rather than solely focusing on the scientific aspects of environmental challenges and disasters. Higher education institutions play a key role in advancing climate justice education, but research shows that frameworks are not consistently defined across institutions. The IRB-approved study that produced the findings in this capstone sought to explore how climate justice frameworks are implemented at the CUNY undergraduate level and learn more about the instructors delivering these courses. From February to April 2026, instructors from different CUNY undergraduate campuses were surveyed, interviewed, and asked to …


How To Save The Take-Home Essay With Oral Assessments, Matthew Hammerton, Jacqueline Ho Jun 2026

How To Save The Take-Home Essay With Oral Assessments, Matthew Hammerton, Jacqueline Ho

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

In a commentary, the authors opined that pairing take-home essays with oral assessments is a more effective response to AI than policing its use. Students who cannot adequately explain their work can be marked down, reducing incentives to rely on AI. They noted that oral exams help preserve key elements of university education – intellectual effort, ownership, and human relationships – while allowing take-home essays to remain relevant in an AI-driven landscape that demands greater emphasis on understanding, responsibility, and dialogue.


Layers Of Representation: A Multidimensional Book Analysis, Mariah Pfundheller, Nikki Logan, Amy E. Lein, Sydney Bueno May 2026

Layers Of Representation: A Multidimensional Book Analysis, Mariah Pfundheller, Nikki Logan, Amy E. Lein, Sydney Bueno

Kentucky Teacher Education Journal: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Kentucky Council for Exceptional Children

This study evaluates how educators interpret the Multidimensional Framework for Inclusive Literature (MDFIL), a tool for evaluating and selecting multicultural literature for their classrooms. Participants self-identified as current, former/retired, or student teachers, or as undergraduates pursuing a teaching license at the time of the survey. Incorporating multicultural literature into educational settings has a positive impact on children's development. Multicultural literature fosters feelings of acceptance, cultural awareness, and empathy among students. By exposing children to diverse cultural perspectives, multicultural literature not only enhances their understanding of their own identities but also cultivates a greater appreciation of others' experiences. The benefits of …


Examining The Use Of Digital Journal Entries In A Special Education Course To Build Understanding Of Global Competence, Lema Kabashi, Leslie Rogers May 2026

Examining The Use Of Digital Journal Entries In A Special Education Course To Build Understanding Of Global Competence, Lema Kabashi, Leslie Rogers

Journal of Global Awareness

Teacher education programs increasingly emphasize the development of global competence (GC), particularly within experience-based learning contexts such as study abroad. This mixed-methods study examined teacher candidates’ (TCs) development of GC during a four-week study abroad experience by analyzing evidence from digital reflective journal entries and changes in self-reported perceptions across three time points. Data were collected from teacher candidates across two four-week summer sessions using digital journals and a Global Competence Self-Evaluation Survey. Qualitative content analysis was employed to identify the frequency with which three global competency areas were evidenced in the journal entries, while quantitative analyses examined changes in …


Developing Clear Guidance For Student Use Of Generative Ai In Academic Programs, Steve Baule May 2026

Developing Clear Guidance For Student Use Of Generative Ai In Academic Programs, Steve Baule

Essays in Education

As generative artificial intelligence becomes increasingly embedded in academic life, institutions need clear, consistent guidance for students and faculty. This paper describes how Winona State University’s College of Education developed complementary AI guidance documents through a collaborative, community-informed process. Following a college-wide symposium and student requests for clearer expectations, faculty leaders drafted documents and gathered feedback from faculty, current students, recent graduates, library faculty, and university committees. The resulting guidance emphasizes transparency, disclosure, privacy, verification of learning, and the distinction between AI as a tool and AI as a source requiring citation. Public dissemination of the documents helped promote consistency, …