Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (11)
- Arts and Humanities (10)
- Higher Education (10)
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (8)
- Computer Sciences (8)
-
- Educational Technology (8)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (8)
- Business (5)
- Educational Leadership (5)
- Engineering (5)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (4)
- Communication (3)
- Educational Methods (3)
- Engineering Education (3)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (3)
- Other Education (3)
- Rhetoric and Composition (3)
- Science and Mathematics Education (3)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (2)
- Business Law, Public Responsibility, and Ethics (2)
- Curriculum and Instruction (2)
- Early Childhood Education (2)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (2)
- Psychology (2)
- Secondary Education (2)
- Academic Advising (1)
- Adult and Continuing Education (1)
- Applied Behavior Analysis (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Institution
-
- Lindenwood University (5)
- East Tennessee State University (2)
- Old Dominion University (2)
- SUNY College Cortland (2)
- Technological University Dublin (2)
-
- University of South Florida (2)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (1)
- Beirut Arab University (1)
- California Institute of Integral Studies (1)
- Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing (1)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (1)
- Claremont Colleges (1)
- Clark University (1)
- Clemson University (1)
- DePaul University (1)
- Dordt University (1)
- Edith Cowan University (1)
- Georgia Southern University (1)
- Regis University (1)
- St. Catherine University (1)
- UMass Global (1)
- Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (1)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1)
- University of San Diego (1)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (1)
- Washington and Lee University School of Law (1)
- Western Washington University (1)
- Publication
-
- International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM (3)
- Argument (2)
- Faculty Scholarship (2)
- Teaching & Learning Faculty Publications (2)
- Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ) (1)
-
- Articles (1)
- Books/Book Chapters (1)
- Computer Science (1)
- DePaul Magazine (1)
- Dissertations (1)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (1)
- Higher education research (1)
- Honors Theses (1)
- Journal of Conscious Evolution (1)
- Journal of Graduate Librarianship (1)
- Journal of Technology in Counselor Education and Supervision (1)
- Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan (1)
- MERC Publications (1)
- Masters of Arts in Education Action Research Papers (1)
- Numeracy (1)
- Pro Rege (1)
- Publications and Research (1)
- Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière (1)
- Regis University Student Publications (comprehensive collection) (1)
- Research outputs 2022 to 2026 (1)
- Scripps Senior Theses (1)
- Teaching Social Studies in the Peach State (1)
- The Journal of Extension (1)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (1)
- WWU Honors College Senior Projects (1)
- Publication Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 36
Full-Text Articles in Education
Exploring The Integration Of Ideological Values With Artificial Intelligence Technology: A Legal Awareness Perspective, Triana Rejekiningsih, Hanan Al Hakimi
Exploring The Integration Of Ideological Values With Artificial Intelligence Technology: A Legal Awareness Perspective, Triana Rejekiningsih, Hanan Al Hakimi
Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology has potential benefits and challenges that the law of awareness must overcome. Behavior contrary to legal norms often appears in AI, which can harm and endanger the nation's life. The low compliance and moral awareness of AI users that is not in line with Pancasila values has led to the emergence of various conflicts in society. This study aims to explore three aspects related to the use of AI. First, students' perceptions of the use of AI. Secondly, the use of AI technology based on Pancasila values; third, efforts to form legal awareness of the use …
Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, And Augmented Reality In Counseling: Distinctions, Evidence, And Research Considerations, Sidney Shaw, Sophie Oswin, Yue Xi, Fallon Calandriello, Russell Fulmer
Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, And Augmented Reality In Counseling: Distinctions, Evidence, And Research Considerations, Sidney Shaw, Sophie Oswin, Yue Xi, Fallon Calandriello, Russell Fulmer
Journal of Technology in Counselor Education and Supervision
Technology is experiencing a growing presence in counseling and mental health, attracting attention from counselors, researchers, and the general public. This growth has the potential to change counseling practice, counselor education, and how users access mental health services. In this article we provide definitions of and distinctions between three common technologies that are used in the counseling field—Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality. We also provide examples of the use of each technology, ethical implications, research support, and recommendations for future research.
Our Community Chimes In, Corinne Bishop
Our Community Chimes In, Corinne Bishop
Journal of Graduate Librarianship
Welcome! The Journal of Graduate Librarianship’s Practitioner Panel allows us to hear directly from the graduate librarian community via social media, where we regularly post questions and invite your comments on practical issues relating to graduate librarianship. To join the conversation and share your comments about community topics, please follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Threads, or X (formerly Twitter)—or keep an eye on the JGL website, where we also post all Practitioner Panel questions.
Leveraging Ai Tools To Reduce Teacher Stress And Workload, Kassidy Waddell
Leveraging Ai Tools To Reduce Teacher Stress And Workload, Kassidy Waddell
Masters of Arts in Education Action Research Papers
This action research paper investigates the integration of AI-powered tools, specifically ChatGPT, to develop individualized lesson plans with the aim of alleviating teacher stress and reducing workload. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks such as Self-Efficacy Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model, the study explores the potential of AI technology to enhance classroom experiences. The research questions addressed in this study include 1) to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using ChatGPT in a classroom setting and 2) to assess whether integrating ChatGPT into a Montessori classroom can positively impact student and teacher learning. Qualitative data was collected over a five-week intervention …
Designing Depaul
DePaul Magazine
DePaul’s comprehensive, collaborative plan creates a road map that positions the university for monumental impact.
Resources For Developing Your A.I. Literacy, Michelle Reidel
Resources For Developing Your A.I. Literacy, Michelle Reidel
Teaching Social Studies in the Peach State
This resource review includes materials designed to help you deepen your understanding of A.I. technologies and consider how these technologies can be leveraged to both mitigate your workload and support student learning.
Healthcare Ai: A Revised Quebec Framework For Nursing Education, Maggie Lattuca, Diane Maratta, Ute Beffert, Annie Chevrier, Laura Winer
Healthcare Ai: A Revised Quebec Framework For Nursing Education, Maggie Lattuca, Diane Maratta, Ute Beffert, Annie Chevrier, Laura Winer
Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière
Artificial Intelligence Health Technologies (AIHT) are taking their place in the practice of nursing. However, the curricula have not evolved to include competencies required of nursing graduates to incorporate their impact on theory and practice. This project was born of an identified need by nurse educators to articulate new competencies grounded in the literature and expert knowledge. Based on extensive literature reviews and an iterative process of expert validation, this paper provides recommendations for five new competencies that will be needed for nurses to use AIHT responsibly, ethically, and intelligently in the best interests of patient care. The methodology started …
Fierce Female Friendships: An Artistic Representation And Exploration Of The Benefits Of Gender-Based Inclusivity And Community In Stem, Maya Bachmeier-Evans
Fierce Female Friendships: An Artistic Representation And Exploration Of The Benefits Of Gender-Based Inclusivity And Community In Stem, Maya Bachmeier-Evans
WWU Honors College Senior Projects
Incorporating visual art, social research, women’s studies, and artificial intelligence, Fierce Female Friendships investigates the ramifications of gendered experience on the learning environment. By reflecting upon her work in a male-dominated discipline, the author transforms her sense of classroom isolation into two paintings that highlight the subtle yet significant differences that separate inclusivity from alienation. In addition to her personalized reflections, the author also creates a fourteen-question survey which invites her peers to consider gender in academia, to assess their experiences on a university campus, and to imagine how they might depict those experiences using visual art. Positing the idea …
Ensuring Responsible And Transparent Use Of Generative Ai In Extension, Paul A. Hill, Lendel K. Narine
Ensuring Responsible And Transparent Use Of Generative Ai In Extension, Paul A. Hill, Lendel K. Narine
The Journal of Extension
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of generating human-like text, images, and ideas from existing data based on user-defined prompts, will inevitably impact Extension, including increasing efficiency, productivity, and performing tasks previously exclusive to humans. There are ethical and risk-related considerations surrounding the use of generative AI, including concerns about bias and unintended consequences. It is important for Extension to consider these implications and take steps to ensure that generative AI is used in a responsible and transparent manner. Extension must ensure that educators and staff have the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively utilize and integrate this technology.
The Joy Of Watching The Film Arrival With Whitehead And O’Donohue, Tricia Mayer
The Joy Of Watching The Film Arrival With Whitehead And O’Donohue, Tricia Mayer
Journal of Conscious Evolution
This paper offers a discussion of the film Arrival that is situated in the perspective of philosophers Alfred North Whitehead and John O’Donohue. The themes discussed include language, communication, context, time, and reality and includes a speculative perspective that the philosophers may have contributed to interpretation of the film’s meaning. It concludes with a view of the relevance of the film in light of current technology advances in artificial intelligence and with the authors own reflection on how this film is relevant to her current research inquiry on the topic of joy
Ai-Supported Academic Advising: Exploring Chatgpt’S Current State And Future Potential Toward Student Empowerment, Daisuke Akiba, Michelle C. Fraboni
Ai-Supported Academic Advising: Exploring Chatgpt’S Current State And Future Potential Toward Student Empowerment, Daisuke Akiba, Michelle C. Fraboni
Publications and Research
Artificial intelligence (AI), once a phenomenon primarily in the world of science fiction, has evolved rapidly in recent years, steadily infiltrating into our daily lives. ChatGPT, a freely accessible AI-powered large language model designed to generate human-like text responses to users, has been utilized in several areas, such as the healthcare industry, to facilitate interactive dissemination of information and decision-making. Academic advising has been essential in promoting success among university students, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Unfortunately, however, student advising has been marred with problems, with the availability and accessibility of adequate advising being among the hurdles. The current study …
The Unstoppable Rise Of Ai: An Interview With Dr. John Sanford, Spencer Burrows, And Anna Birchler, Brandon Powell, Spencer Burrows
The Unstoppable Rise Of Ai: An Interview With Dr. John Sanford, Spencer Burrows, And Anna Birchler, Brandon Powell, Spencer Burrows
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
AI can both help and hurt the education field (higher education and secondary education). Despite Hollywood’s depiction of artificial intelligence solely in the form of killer death robots decades into the future, AI is much more versatile - and far more dangerous - than any killer robot could be. As artificial intelligence develops at a breakneck pace, its effect on our society will increase exponentially.
Emerging Technology And Pedagogical Application In Design Education, Ritesh Ranjan, Pooja Rana Ms.
Emerging Technology And Pedagogical Application In Design Education, Ritesh Ranjan, Pooja Rana Ms.
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
This research paper investigates the emerging technologies and pedagogical applications in design education. The rapid development of technology has opened up new possibilities for design education, and it is important to explore how these emerging technologies can be used to enhance pedagogical practices. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential of emerging technologies in design education and their impact on pedagogical practices.
The study employs a qualitative research methodology and draws on a range of literature sources, including academic articles, books, and reports. The research explores the use of emerging technologies such as virtual reality, augmented …
Finchain: Adaptation Of Blockchain Technology In Finance And Business - An Ethical Analysis Of Applications, Challenges, Issues And Solutions, Naresh Kshetri, Keith Miller, Gaurango Banerjee, Bikesh Raj Upreti
Finchain: Adaptation Of Blockchain Technology In Finance And Business - An Ethical Analysis Of Applications, Challenges, Issues And Solutions, Naresh Kshetri, Keith Miller, Gaurango Banerjee, Bikesh Raj Upreti
International Journal of Emerging and Disruptive Innovation in Education : VISIONARIUM
Blockchain Technology is a distributed database technology that has emerged as a ground-breaking technology with several possible solutions to critical applications, say from supply chain management, agribusiness, marketing to healthcare industry including internet of medical things. Although it started as a digital coin (popularly known as bitcoin), it is slowly influencing business, marketing policy and society. We have presented an in-depth study and ethical analysis of how blockchain is applied over the economic and financial sector including banks, credit unions and other retail giants. During our research, we have also investigated how blockchain technology can affect financial institutions around the …
Face Readers: The Frontier Of Computer Vision And Math Learning, Beverly Woolf, Margrit Betke, Hao Yu, Sarah Adel Bargal, Ivan Arroyo, John J. Magee Iv, Danielle Allessio, William Rebelsky
Face Readers: The Frontier Of Computer Vision And Math Learning, Beverly Woolf, Margrit Betke, Hao Yu, Sarah Adel Bargal, Ivan Arroyo, John J. Magee Iv, Danielle Allessio, William Rebelsky
Computer Science
The future of AI-assisted individualized learning includes computer vision to inform intelligent tutors and teachers about student affect, motivation and performance. Facial expression recognition is essential in recognizing subtle differences when students ask for hints or fail to solve problems. Facial features and classification labels enable intelligent tutors to predict students’ performance and recommend activities. Videos can capture students’ faces and model their effort and progress; machine learning classifiers can support intelligent tutors to provide interventions. One goal of this research is to support deep dives by teachers to identify students’ individual needs through facial expression and to provide immediate …
Replaced By Ai: Developing A Kuyperian Philosophy Of Work In The Face Of Advancing Artificial Intelligence, Erin Holmberg
Replaced By Ai: Developing A Kuyperian Philosophy Of Work In The Face Of Advancing Artificial Intelligence, Erin Holmberg
Pro Rege
Erin Holmberg, a Dordt University junior and Kuyper Honor Student majoring in Computer Science, submitted this essay to the Lambertus Verberg Prize for Excellence in Kuyperian Scholarship competition, 2023.
Enhancing Employability For Autistic Graduates: Using Triz Theory To Design Virtual Reality Solutions For Fostering Inclusive Communications In Workplace Environments, Jonathan Proulx Guimond, Jocelyn Kiss, Reyes Consuelo, Miguel Alejandro, Dominique Michaud, Rency Inson Michel, Alexandre Ménard, Isabelle Feillou, Geoffreyjen Edwards, James Hutson, Claude Vincent, Julie Ruel, Sylvain Letscher, Valéry Psyché, Cathia Papi, Martin Caouette
Enhancing Employability For Autistic Graduates: Using Triz Theory To Design Virtual Reality Solutions For Fostering Inclusive Communications In Workplace Environments, Jonathan Proulx Guimond, Jocelyn Kiss, Reyes Consuelo, Miguel Alejandro, Dominique Michaud, Rency Inson Michel, Alexandre Ménard, Isabelle Feillou, Geoffreyjen Edwards, James Hutson, Claude Vincent, Julie Ruel, Sylvain Letscher, Valéry Psyché, Cathia Papi, Martin Caouette
Faculty Scholarship
The underemployment of post-secondary graduates with autism (AP-PSD) is a critical concern. This issue often stems from difficulties in workplace integration and communication. This research explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) systems to alleviate these challenges by simulating work environments. The methodology, rooted in the TRIZ Theory, a problem-solving algorithm, refines the use of VR systems for enhanced adaptability and efficiency. The primary objectives include enhancing employers' understanding of AP-PSD-related issues and identifying significant workplace challenges faced by AP-PSDs. Through literature reviews, surveys, and focus groups, the study investigates the factors impacting AP-PSDs and identifies key components to develop …
Nvidia Corporation: Pc Gaming Industry Strategic Audit, Charlie Peng
Nvidia Corporation: Pc Gaming Industry Strategic Audit, Charlie Peng
Honors Theses
Nvidia is a semiconductor company focusing on high-performance computer graphics technology. The company designs graphics processing units (GPUs), which are used in a variety of fields such as data centers, artificial intelligence (AI), and gaming. This paper seeks to examine Nvidia’s position within the PC gaming industry. First, PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces analyses are used to detail the overall PC gaming industry. The next section examines how Nvidia competes through its strategy, resources, and competitive advantages. Finally, future challenges and recommendations to position the company are explored.
Enhancing Stem Education For East Tennessee In A Post-Covid World, Jennifer L. Lauer
Enhancing Stem Education For East Tennessee In A Post-Covid World, Jennifer L. Lauer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
I have identified a need for an analysis of the middle and high school STEM education curricula in the East Tennessee Region which does not effectively integrate technology into their current instruction, which results in low student engagement, motivation, and achievement in the instruction and learning of algebra and geometry. I propose a program to identify specific applications and methods to be integrated into these programs which will improve the abilities of teachers to positively impact their students' understanding and mastery of algebra and geometry. Using emerging and novel STEM subject instruction, teaching, and engagement methods, and focusing on the …
A Delphi Study Of Possible, Probable, And Desirable Futures At 4-Year U.S. Higher Education Institutions By 2035, Mary Cutia-Pluff
A Delphi Study Of Possible, Probable, And Desirable Futures At 4-Year U.S. Higher Education Institutions By 2035, Mary Cutia-Pluff
Dissertations
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and describe educational changes at 4-year higher education institutions that are possible and probable by 2035 as perceived by a panel of experts. Additionally, the purpose was to determine the level of desirability of educational changes identified as probable by a panel of experts. Finally, the purpose was to describe actions necessary to promote the desirable educational changes by 2035 as perceived by the panel of experts.
Methodology: The Delphi method was used to survey 17 higher education experts from diverse disciplines. Four survey rounds gathered qualitative and quantitative data regarding …
Artificial Intelligence In Higher Education: The State Of The Field, Helen Crompton, Diane Burke
Artificial Intelligence In Higher Education: The State Of The Field, Helen Crompton, Diane Burke
Teaching & Learning Faculty Publications
This systematic review provides unique findings with an up-to-date examination of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education (HE) from 2016 to 2022. Using PRISMA principles and protocol, 138 articles were identified for a full examination. Using a priori, and grounded coding, the data from the 138 articles were extracted, analyzed, and coded. The findings of this study show that in 2021 and 2022, publications rose nearly two to three times the number of previous years. With this rapid rise in the number of AIEd HE publications, new trends have emerged. The findings show that research was conducted in six of …
Using Deep Learning To Generate Front And Backyards In Landscape Architecture, Mehmet O. Senem, Mustafa Koç, Hayriye E. Tunçay, İmdat As
Using Deep Learning To Generate Front And Backyards In Landscape Architecture, Mehmet O. Senem, Mustafa Koç, Hayriye E. Tunçay, İmdat As
Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) engines in the design disciplines is a nascent field of research, which became very popular over the last decade. In particular, deep learning (DL) and related generative adversarial networks (GANs) proved to be very promising. While there are many research projects exploring AI in architecture and urban planning, e.g., in order to generate optimal floor layouts, massing models, evaluate image quality, etc., there are not many research projects in the area of landscape architecture - in particular the design of two-dimensional garden layouts. In this paper, we present our work using GANs to generate …
Evaluation Of A Prototype Deep Learning-Based Autosegmentation Algorithm On A High Quality Database Of Head And Neck Cancer Radiotherapy Patients, Jihye Koo
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation is devoted to the study of deep learning-based autosegmentation in head and neck radiotherapy. Much of the work presented here is motivated by the need to introduce a clinically useful autosegmentation model for head and neck organs at risk, with the aim of reducing inter-observer variation in structure segmentation and enhancing time efficiency of the treatment planning process. This dissertation describes autosegmentation approaches, introduces a prototype deep learning-based autosegmentation algorithm trained with carefully curated local gold data, and presents a series of comprehensive evaluations to verify the feasibility of implementing the prototype model in clinical settings.
One of …
Exams In The Time Of Chatgpt, Margaret Ryznar
Exams In The Time Of Chatgpt, Margaret Ryznar
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
Invaluable guidance has emerged regarding online teaching in recent years, but less so concerning online and take-home final exams. This article offers various methods to administer such exams while maintaining their integrity—after asking artificial intelligence writing tool ChatGPT for its views on the matter. The sophisticated response of the chatbot, which students can use in their written work, only raises the stakes of figuring out how to administer exams fairly.
Museums And The Metaverse: Emerging Technologies To Promote Inclusivity And Engagement, James Hutson, Piper Hutson
Museums And The Metaverse: Emerging Technologies To Promote Inclusivity And Engagement, James Hutson, Piper Hutson
Faculty Scholarship
Over the past two decades, museums have increasingly sought to build connections with the community and increase inclusivity of visitors. At the same time, emerging technologies, such as extended reality (XR) and virtual museums (VM) are increasingly adopted to engage with different generational expectations but also for the purposes of supporting inclusivity and neurodiverse populations. First such technologies were adopted to augment exhibitions in the physical museum space for edutainment. Since then, XR has expanded from room-size environments (CAVEs) and augmented exhibitions to the creation of entire virtual museums, such as The Museum of Pure Form and The Virtual Museum …
Artificial Intelligence, Basic Skills, And Quantitative Literacy, Gizem Karaali
Artificial Intelligence, Basic Skills, And Quantitative Literacy, Gizem Karaali
Numeracy
The introduction in November 2022 of ChatGPT, a freely available language-based artificial intelligence, has led to concerns among some educators about the feasibility and benefits of teaching basic writing and critical thinking skills to students in the context of easily accessed, AI-based cheating mechanisms. As of now, ChatGPT can write pretty convincing student-level prose, but it is still not very good at answering quantitatively rich questions. Therefore, for the time being, the preceding concerns may not be shared by a large portion of the numeracy education community. However, as Google and WolframAlpha are definitely capable of answering standard and some …
Ai Supporting Student Academic Writing In Higher Education, Ita Kennelly, Roisin Donnelly
Ai Supporting Student Academic Writing In Higher Education, Ita Kennelly, Roisin Donnelly
Books/Book Chapters
In light of AI, we are developing a 5-stage writing and inquiry model that will help lecturers to support student academic writing and critical inquiry across multiple disciplines in higher education.
Just Trust Me (2023-2024), Gabrielle Wall
Just Trust Me (2023-2024), Gabrielle Wall
Argument
The argument essay, “Just Trust Me,” covers a range of sources, motives, and technologies involved in the spread of disinformation. From Google search results to AI generated content and deep fakes, Wall ultimately argues for regulation of AI and intervention from government organizations rather than banning information. Her argument focuses on the consequences, such as voting or health decisions that can stem from unregulated practices of disinformation.
The Great Unknown: Unlimited Artificial Intelligence (2023-2024), Kathryn O'Brien
The Great Unknown: Unlimited Artificial Intelligence (2023-2024), Kathryn O'Brien
Argument
O’Brien begins this argument essay with the following reminder that “We use A.I. every day without even realizing. There are so many different algorithms built into every single app we use, as well as search engines like Google.” She goes on to consider the use of Artificial Intelligence in algorithms, online information availability, healthcare, and the arts. Throughout the use of examples within these various contexts, O’Brien interrogates the need for limits to AI in order to counter bias, limit the prevalence of hate speech, and ultimately preserve our humanity.
“My Purpose Is To Assist”: How Chatgpt Can Push Liberal Arts Institutions To Think Critically About Themselves, Clare B. Martin
“My Purpose Is To Assist”: How Chatgpt Can Push Liberal Arts Institutions To Think Critically About Themselves, Clare B. Martin
Scripps Senior Theses
Since its release, ChatGPT, a chatbot specialized in writing content and answering questions in response to user prompts, has posed an unclear threat to liberal arts institutions. Can it serve as an effective tool for cheating? Can its responses replace work done in the liberal arts? This thesis argues that ChatGPT’s limitations—particularly its inability to think critically—prevent it from replacing real liberal arts work, which involves questioning, critique, and re-examination. If anything, this thesis suggests, ChatGPT can push liberal arts institutions to better promote critical thinking by serving as a litmus test for liberal arts-level work.