Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Higher Education (15)
- Language and Literacy Education (12)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (11)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (7)
- Secondary Education (6)
-
- Curriculum and Instruction (5)
- Science and Mathematics Education (5)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (4)
- Educational Leadership (4)
- Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching (4)
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (4)
- Special Education and Teaching (4)
- Higher Education Administration (3)
- Elementary Education and Teaching (2)
- Gifted Education (2)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (1)
- Disability and Equity in Education (1)
- Elementary and Middle and Secondary Education Administration (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Health and Physical Education (1)
- Higher Education and Teaching (1)
- Industrial Engineering (1)
- Instructional Media Design (1)
- Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (1)
- Social Work (1)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1)
- Student Counseling and Personnel Services (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 63
Full-Text Articles in Education
Podcasts As Informal Learning Tools: Graduate Students' Experiences With Podcasts As Self-Directed Learning, Michael Heller
Podcasts As Informal Learning Tools: Graduate Students' Experiences With Podcasts As Self-Directed Learning, Michael Heller
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The purpose of this phenomenological inquiry was to explore how graduate students in education programs at a large, public university in the Southeastern United States perceived and interpreted their informal learning experiences from listening to podcasts. Guided by a conceptual framework comprised of Andragogy, Uses and Gratifications, and King's Reflective Action Research Model, this qualitative investigation, conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown of 2020, utilized in-depth Zoom interviews with 15 graduate students in education programs. The participants' constructed personal narratives revealed four distinguishable educative benefits of podcast listenership: Educative Engagement and Enhancement, Self-Directed Convenience, Parasocial Perspective Gathering, and Educative Growth Through …
Utilizing Institutional Data For Curriculum Enhancement To Improve Student Success In Undergraduate Computing Programs, Prateek Basavaraj
Utilizing Institutional Data For Curriculum Enhancement To Improve Student Success In Undergraduate Computing Programs, Prateek Basavaraj
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Student success is one of the widely discussed topics in post-secondary institutions and is measured in terms of the graduation and retention rates of programs. The goal of an educational institution is to achieve maximum student success and, hence, high graduation and retention rates. There are multiple studies on factors affecting student success. One of the factors that contributes to student success is the "program curriculum." Unfortunately, the traditional program curricula at many higher education institutions were developed with a belief or assumption that all students possess equal expertise, skills, and follow a similar learning path. The traditional curricular development …
How Young Adult Literature Better Informs Canonical Literature In The 9th Grade English Language Arts Classroom, Amber Bernozzi
How Young Adult Literature Better Informs Canonical Literature In The 9th Grade English Language Arts Classroom, Amber Bernozzi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The purpose of this qualitative critical discourse analysis study was to determine if there was a benefit to using a young adult adaptation of a canonical piece to increase student comprehension in the 9th grade English-Language Arts classroom. The use of young adult literature in the secondary classroom is a prevalent topic that continues to circulate amongst educators and researchers. This research study addresses how canonical literature is far removed from the current set of twenty-first century students and its disconnect in the classroom. This study sought to discover student thoughts and perceptions on a specific set of text pairings …
Behavior Specialist Experiences Of Roles And Responsibilites In Inclusive Trauma Informed Schools, Stephanie Jackson
Behavior Specialist Experiences Of Roles And Responsibilites In Inclusive Trauma Informed Schools, Stephanie Jackson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
With the implementation of the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Act (SB-7026) and the introduction of the Trauma Informed Schools Act of 2019 (H.R. 4146), the need for well-prepared behavior specialists is critical as well as, difficult in inclusive public school settings. Improving structures within the trauma-informed schools model that address challenges that individuals in these roles face will require a better understanding of the ideal day-to-day roles and responsibilities that behavior specialist have. Specifically, their roles need to be understood by school-based administrators who will support them. The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to explore how five female behavior specialists, …
Student Affairs Fundraising: A Comparative Case Study Of Two Programs At Public Research Universities, Neal Robinson
Student Affairs Fundraising: A Comparative Case Study Of Two Programs At Public Research Universities, Neal Robinson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This comparative case study examined the development, design, and evolution of two student affairs fundraising programs, each led by a full-time development officer, at public research universities in the Southeastern region of the United States. The purpose of the study was to identify practices and strategies for higher education administrators exploring, creating, or reframing student affairs fundraising programs that traverse advancement and student affairs divisions. The research is timely given the increased role of philanthropy in funding public higher education institutions (Giving USA, 2018) and the growing number of student affairs fundraising programs (Crowe, 2011). Bolman and Deal's (2017) four …
Examining Graduate Student Perspectives And Use Of Web Resources And Tools For Academic Support, Kelly Grieneisen Tillotson
Examining Graduate Student Perspectives And Use Of Web Resources And Tools For Academic Support, Kelly Grieneisen Tillotson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This mixed methods study was conducted to examine University of Central Florida (UCF) graduate student use and perceptions of usefulness of Web resources and tools that may support academic work, research, and academic goals. The frameworks of Connectivism and Personal Learning Networks (PLN) were used as a foundation to support the importance of Web resources and tools in relation to student learning, academic support, and progression. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected from active UCF graduate students using an electronic survey, with 998 participants completing the survey. Data analysis was conducted using an ANOVA one-way test to compare program mode …
Using Project-Based Learning As A Tool For Teaching Mathematics In Urban Elementary Schools, Bernadette Jaster
Using Project-Based Learning As A Tool For Teaching Mathematics In Urban Elementary Schools, Bernadette Jaster
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the lived experiences and views of fourth- and fifth-grade math teachers who implemented project-based learning (PBL) addressed the needs of their at-risk students in urban schools. The researcher examined the use of PBL in mathematics-impacted instruction, seeking to understand teacher beliefs related to the influence of exposure to PBL experiences on students' academic outcomes. When deliberately planned and embedded into teaching, the implementation of PBL helps students retain content, improve attitudes about learning, and improve their ability to collaborate with others (Cervantes et al., 2015). A literature review was conducted to …
Narrowing English Leaner (El) Achievement Gaps: A Multilevel Analysis Of An El-Infused Teacher Preparation Model, Nirmal Ghimire
Narrowing English Leaner (El) Achievement Gaps: A Multilevel Analysis Of An El-Infused Teacher Preparation Model, Nirmal Ghimire
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This non-experimental correlational study assessed the effectiveness of a model of teacher preparation that infuses a focus on teaching English learners, the One-Plus model, by examining pre-service teachers' (PST) effectiveness in narrowing English learner achievement gaps during their final student teaching experience. The study spanned five semesters of internship data, exploring how each semester's PST effectiveness changed over time. This study utilized teacher work sample data that interns collected and submitted to the institutional effectiveness division of the college, with an n of 20,809 K-12 students who attended the 768 One-Plus PSTs' classes during their semester-long internship. The results showed …
The Transition Through Higher Education: An Exploration Of Challenges, Barriers, And Support Services For Student-Athletes, Lucas Noboa
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
During the recent decades, the importance of intercollegiate athletics has proliferated amongst institutions of higher education. As such, the transition through higher education for student-athletes has increasingly included experiences with challenges and barriers, which influence their success. To address difficulties, institutions and athletics departments have implemented support services and resources to assist student-athletes throughout their transition. Additionally, the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) has conducted several studies, which examined the experiences and well-being of current student-athletes. Through the Growth, Opportunities, Aspirations and Learning of Students in college (GOALS) survey, detailed information has been provided to member institutions, which has influenced …
The Impact Of Faculty Socialization On Teaching Practices Of Postsecondary Physics Instructors, Claudine Mclaren Turner
The Impact Of Faculty Socialization On Teaching Practices Of Postsecondary Physics Instructors, Claudine Mclaren Turner
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This research investigates faculty socialization of college physics instructors and its effect on teaching practice. Results of two studies—a statistical analysis about professional characteristics and teaching practice and an ethnography about culture, professional roles, and teaching practice—are integrated to inform our understanding of the impact of socialization on teaching practice. These findings have the potential to improve institutional and organizational faculty development, as well as improve individual teaching practice and, by extension, student persistence and success. Exploratory factor analysis, latent class analysis, and multiple analysis of variance were used to examine cross-sectional survey data collected from 1,176 postsecondary physics instructors …
Social Science Teachers' Comfort Teaching A Variety Of Controversial Issues, Bonnie Bittman
Social Science Teachers' Comfort Teaching A Variety Of Controversial Issues, Bonnie Bittman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Inclusion of discussion concerning controversial issues has been a part of education in the United States since the advent of public education. Using an online, social media platform, the researcher investigated demographic, environmental, and personal characteristics of social science teachers to determine their willingness and comfort levels in discussing controversial issues in a social science classroom. This study of 91 participants included teachers' age, gender, race, educational history, religious and political beliefs, and the developed environment of each school to determine how teacher and school demographics influenced teachers' willingness and comfort levels discussing controversial issues in classrooms. The independent variables …
Keeping Girls' Voices At The Center Of Our Work: A Phenomenological Study On The Discipline Experiences Of Black Girls With Disabilities, Whitney Hanley
Keeping Girls' Voices At The Center Of Our Work: A Phenomenological Study On The Discipline Experiences Of Black Girls With Disabilities, Whitney Hanley
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Disciplinary exclusion is disproportionately enforced with Black students with disabilities. Researchers in this area typically examine the overuse of disciplinary exclusion using homogeneous samples narrowed by race, gender, or disability category; however, implications of the overuse and misuse of discipline have rarely been explored at the intersection of race, gender, and disability. Furthermore, Black girls with disabilities and their experiences with discipline are often muted, or overlooked. Due to perceived defiance, which current researchers support, the actions and choices of Black girls are under heightened surveillance. Responses to their behavior often results in inequitable use of discipline. A master narrative …
Teacher Shortages: An Analysis Of The Relationship Among First-Year Teacher Retention, Type Of Licensure, Teaching Assignment, And Professional Learning In One Urban Central Florida School District, Stephanie Stan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Over 95% of states in the nation experience teacher shortages in at least one subject or certification area (Espinoza et al., 2018). Specifically, special education is acknowledged as an area with a critical shortage of teachers (Florida Department of Education, 2018; U.S. Department of Education, 2018). The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher shortages through the analysis of the relationship among first-year teachers, teacher licensure, teaching assignment, professional learning, and teacher retention. This study examined the relationship between first-year teacher retention and whether a cohort of first-year teachers remained within the same school, moved to another school within …
Tenth Graders' Response To Dystopian Literature: An Exploratory Ethnography, Tevin Williams
Tenth Graders' Response To Dystopian Literature: An Exploratory Ethnography, Tevin Williams
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Dystopian literature allows for there to be an avenue, or safety net as I would call it, for people to be able to discuss topics of a harsh nature. Students or young adults today are becoming increasingly more apolitical upon completion of high school. This is due in part to the lack of information or knowledge given to them prior to entering, "the real world." The gravity of situations occurring in today's world during the time of this paper such as the how similar living with COVID-19 is to a dystopian society, or the Black Lives Matter movement, it is …
Exploring Preservice Teachers' Affective Response To Disruptive Student Behavior In An Immersive Simulation Classroom, Eileen Glavey
Exploring Preservice Teachers' Affective Response To Disruptive Student Behavior In An Immersive Simulation Classroom, Eileen Glavey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This mixed methods study investigated changes in preservice teachers' affective response to disruptive student behavior within the TeachLivE, immersive simulation classroom. Preservice teachers completed two simulation teaching sessions, during which they were exposed to five different disruptive student behavior events in each. All teaching sessions were recorded and post-processed using iMotions Affectiva Affdex software to collect data on preservice teachers' emotion expression and valence during their teaching experiences. At the end of each teaching session, participants completed a self-report survey on their level of stress. Simulated teaching sessions were followed-up with video stimulated recall sessions where participants reflected on their …
A Case Study Of The Impact Of The Dplc Model Of Professional Learning On Collective Teacher Efficacy And Organizational Trust In A Middle School, Maria Gaspar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The purpose of this case study was to investigate the relationship between the implementation of the District Professional Learning Community (DPLC) model of professional development and collective teacher efficacy and organizational trust at one middle school in a large urban school district. Data were collected from the following sources: Goddard & Hoy's (2003) CE Scale Form L, Hoy & Tschannen-Moran's (2003) Omnibus-T scale, six additional survey items used to explore teachers' perceptions of the DPLC model's influence on improving student literacy, and semi-structured focus group interviews. A series of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests were performed to analyze …
Culturally Responsive Leadership: Beliefs, Espoused Practices And Supports In High Performing Urban Schools, Jessica Schofield
Culturally Responsive Leadership: Beliefs, Espoused Practices And Supports In High Performing Urban Schools, Jessica Schofield
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The racial academic achievement gap, identified as the underachievement of racially, culturally, ethnically, and linguistically diverse (RCELD) students and documented by research, is visible in all education organizations (Griner & Stewart, 2013; National Center for Education Statistics, 2019; O'Connor, Hill, & Robinson, 2009). Since the United States Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, repudiating the concept of separate but equal, laws concerning the need for equal education access have been enacted and educational policies have been created and implemented, but this achievement gap continues to exist (Williams, 2011). Culturally responsive leadership and culturally relevant …
Proud Deaf! An Ethnographic Study Of Deaf Culture In A High School, Carrie Woods
Proud Deaf! An Ethnographic Study Of Deaf Culture In A High School, Carrie Woods
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The purpose of this ethnographic study was to examine the culture of students who are deaf and hard of hearing within the broader context of an inclusive high school, specifically as demonstrated though their learning experiences, socialization, and identity. The researcher gathered qualitative data in the form of observations, in-depth interviews, and participant video diary entries to gain insight into the shared cultural model of students who are deaf and hard of hearing. The data provided a holistic picture of cultural phenomena through the points of view of the subjects of the study. The description of the culture of this …
The Relationship Between Student Self-Efficacy And Close Reading In A Ninth Grade Ela Classroom, Karishma Assudani
The Relationship Between Student Self-Efficacy And Close Reading In A Ninth Grade Ela Classroom, Karishma Assudani
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This qualitative exploratory study aims to investigate the relationship between student self-efficacy and close reading strategies implemented in the researcher's classroom. The purpose of this qualitative study is to determine whether close reading strategies are informing 9th self-grader's efficacy in a 9th grade ELA (English Language Arts) classroom, and to determine the relationship between close reading and student self-efficacy in a classroom with CRM's (curriculum resource materials). Students' self-efficacy levels were determined on Robert Stavin's exploratory research; an altered exploratory survey was provided to determine results. This thesis explores the following research questions (RQ): (RQ1) How do students' responses of …
Using The Enneagram As A Lens For Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy In The Ninth Grade English Language Arts Classroom, Catherine Caudle
Using The Enneagram As A Lens For Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy In The Ninth Grade English Language Arts Classroom, Catherine Caudle
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This study explores the relationship between student personality, student choice in novel selection in the high school language arts classroom, and student reading self-efficacy and enjoyment. Throughout a student's educational journey, from elementary school to high school, it is typical to see a decrease in student choice regarding the literature they read. In elementary grades, students learn about the parts of a book, are frequently read to with animated voices, and look forward to shelves of choice on library trips. Yet as students move into their middle and high school years, the excitement often dwindles. Choice is removed, for a …
Predicting The Persistence Of Traditional And Nontraditional University Undergraduates Using The Psychosociocultural Model, Lauren Maroon
Predicting The Persistence Of Traditional And Nontraditional University Undergraduates Using The Psychosociocultural Model, Lauren Maroon
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Nontraditional students are increasingly more common in higher education but have lower persistence rates than their traditional peers. While educational researchers have developed several models to predict college persistence using both cognitive (e.g. entrance exam scores) and noncognitive (e.g. academic motivation) factors, most of these models were created for traditional students. The psychosociocultural (PSC) model was created to better predict academic outcomes specifically for underrepresented students using psychological, social, and cultural factors. However, the PSC model has never been used to study nontraditional students. To address these limitations, this study used the PSC model to predict the persistence of traditional …
Ethnographic Case Study Of International Baccalaureate (Ib) Seniors' Self-Esteem And Perception Of Labels In A Title I School, Denis Serrano Cruz
Ethnographic Case Study Of International Baccalaureate (Ib) Seniors' Self-Esteem And Perception Of Labels In A Title I School, Denis Serrano Cruz
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This ethnographic case study explored the effects labels had on senior students who were enrolled in the International Baccalaureate program at a Title I school. This qualitative study explored the culture, assumed identities, and self-perceptions of the students. More specifically, the researcher aimed to find the impact the two formal labels "IB student" and "Title I student," as well as any informal labels associated with the two. The study had each participant complete one interview that asked them forty-two questions. Each interview lasted approximately forty-five minutes. Data was gathered from the interview responses, field observations made during the research, and …
The Implementation Of An Interdisciplinary Literacy Approach To Examine Effects On Writing Self-Efficacy In A Fourth Grade Classroom, Chelsea Wharin
The Implementation Of An Interdisciplinary Literacy Approach To Examine Effects On Writing Self-Efficacy In A Fourth Grade Classroom, Chelsea Wharin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This qualitative action research examines the effects, if any at all, the implementation of an interdisciplinary literacy unit in a fourth-grade classroom had on students' perceived writing self-efficacy. This study aims to inform the teacher-researcher to make actionable changes to current teaching. Additionally, this study continues the research and discussion surrounding how educators and stakeholders approach instruction. This research required participants to complete a pre-writing self-efficacy survey, participate in an interdisciplinary literacy unit and then complete a post writing self-efficacy survey. The interdisciplinary literacy unit took place during the distance learning environment that was a result of the global pandemic, …
Exploring The Cultural Identity And School Efficacy Of Students Through The Lens Of Digital Storytelling, Rachael Mack
Exploring The Cultural Identity And School Efficacy Of Students Through The Lens Of Digital Storytelling, Rachael Mack
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Digital storytelling is a modern storytelling method that uses videos, images, and audio to share knowledge, wisdom, values, and personal stories from the point of view of the creator in a 2-8-minute first person narrative. This study explored the cultural identity and school efficacy of students through the lens of digital storytelling. This mixed-methods study consisted of both qualitative and quantitative measures. A survey was conducted using the In-Group Identification Scale, the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, and the School Efficacy Scale as the quantitative measures, and qualitative data was generated from the transcription and analysis of the digital storytelling …
Resource Teachers And Multi-Tier Systems Of Supports: Black Males' Special Education Identification, Fredrick Brooks
Resource Teachers And Multi-Tier Systems Of Supports: Black Males' Special Education Identification, Fredrick Brooks
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The disproportionality of students placed in special education programs continues to plague the education community, particularly Black male students. "For too many Black male students, learning difficulties or challenging behaviors come to be equated with disability, often without consideration of the way in which the environment of schools and classrooms contribute to student difficulties" (Jordan, 2016, p. 33). This study examined the lived experiences of resource teachers who lead Multi-tier Systems of Supports (MTSS) implementation in their schools. The study reviewed the extent to which their perceptions, perspectives, understandings, and feelings drive their problem solving and decision-making regarding referrals to …
The Impact Of An Interprofessional Education Curriculum On The Clinical Practice Of Physical Therapy Doctoral Students, Patrick Pabian
The Impact Of An Interprofessional Education Curriculum On The Clinical Practice Of Physical Therapy Doctoral Students, Patrick Pabian
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
As the healthcare system has continued to change in the 21st century, the creation of a more collaborative practice-ready workforce is necessary. Interprofessional education (IPE) is an accepted mechanism to cultivate interprofessional collaborative practice in health care providers to improve quality of care and address workforce needs. Development of interprofessional collaborative practice requires synergies of the health care and education systems to develop and deliver an effective IPE curriculum. This study examined the impact of an IPE curriculum on the clinical practice of physical therapy doctoral students through a mixed-methods approach. The IPE curriculum was rooted in the established Interprofessional …
Using High Impact Practice Characteristics And Career Readiness Competencies To Examine A College Work Experience Program, Veena Garib
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
Utilizing a quantitative approach, the researcher examined the extent to which undergraduate students participating in a college work experience program agreed with statements relating their experience in the program to the characteristics of high impact practices and the career readiness competencies. Additionally, the researcher determined which characteristics of high impact practices were statistically related to each career readiness competency. The characteristics of high impact practices are: high performance expectations, investment of time and effort, interactions with faculty and peers, experiences with diversity, receipt of constructive feedback, opportunities for reflection and integration of learning, real-world applications, and demonstration of competencies. The …
A Descriptive Study Of The Relationship Between Stress, Person-Environment Fit, And Turnover Intention Of Wait Staff In Central Florida Independent And Regional Chain Restaurants, Sejal Madhubhai
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
This descriptive study examined turnover intention for wait staff working at independent and regional chain restaurants in central Florida. The purpose of this dissertation in practice was to understand the role that stress, Person-Environment Fit, and demographics play in turnover intention. A self-report questionnaire was distributed to wait staff in central Florida via social media websites. The self-report questionnaire consisted of the Perceived Person-Environment Fit Scale (PPEFS), the General Workplace Stress Scale (GWSS), and the Turnover Intention Scale (TIS-6). A total of 265 responses were collected from participants and the responses were analyzed using a stepwise regression and two multilinear …
Exploring The Intersection Of Spiritual And Sexual Orientation Identity Development In Lgbt Undergraduate Graduates Of Faith-Based Institutions, Lavina Seawright
Exploring The Intersection Of Spiritual And Sexual Orientation Identity Development In Lgbt Undergraduate Graduates Of Faith-Based Institutions, Lavina Seawright
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the intersection and experiences of spiritual and sexual orientation identity development in LGBT graduates of faith-based institutions. Guided by Crenshaw's (1984), framework on intersectionality, this qualitative study was conducted through six in-depth interviews with LGBT graduates of faith-based institutions from Protestant faiths. Collected data was transcribed and analyzed using Colaizzi's (1978) process for phenomenological data. Four themes emerged from the data analysis: commitment to religious affiliation; positive campus environment; negative campus environment; and identity congruence and dissonance. Additionally, participants were asked to identify their institutions as liberal, conservative, or neither liberal …
Aspirational Ethos: An Exploration Of Self-Efficacy And Motivation Of First-Generation Students Who Pursue The Master's Degree, Andrea Withington
Aspirational Ethos: An Exploration Of Self-Efficacy And Motivation Of First-Generation Students Who Pursue The Master's Degree, Andrea Withington
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-
First-generation students are estimated to comprise nearly 25 percent of the current national undergraduate college population. First-generation student status is defined as students for whom neither parent attended college (Choy, 2001; Chen & Carroll, 2005; Engle, 2007; Nunez & Cuccaro-Alamin, 1998; Pryor et al., 2006; Ross et al., 2012) or neither parent graduated from college (Mehta, Newbold, & O'Rourke, 2011; Pike & Kuh, 2005). It may take these students longer to earn the bachelor's degree, they may be less prepared for the academic and social environment of college, many could drop out before graduation, and the majority will enroll only …