Education Commons^™

An Alternate To Accumulated Oxygen Deficit (Aod) For Measuring Anaerobic Contribution: ‘Aodalt’ Is Valid In Normoxia And Hypoxia, Austin Shaw, John Michael Mihalek, David W. Hill

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) is the gold standard measure of anaerobic contribution; however, its calculation requires several contentious assumptions and it is time-consuming, requiring participants to perform a number of submaximal exercise bouts to establish exercise efficiency. A new method, AODalt, requires performance of only a single bout of exercise, and is based on the presumption that the fast phase of the post-exercise oxygen uptake (VO₂) profile reflects the alactic or phosphocreatine (PCr) contribution and that the exercise-induced increase in blood lactate concentration is quantitatively related to the lactic or glycolytic contribution representing a measure of total anaerobic …

Bicycle Handlebar Width Does Not Affect Spirometry, Ventilation, Or Gas Exchange, Matthew J. Fahey, Daniel T. Cannon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bicycle fit may affect comfort, aerodynamics, efficiency, ventilation, and power generation. Handlebars determine how the rider interacts with the bicycle. A wide range of handlebar widths are commercially available, but it is unclear if the resultant position affects lung function, ventilation, gas exchange, or efficiency. PURPOSE We aimed to measure the effects of handlebar widths on ventilation, gas exchange, spirometry, and comfort during moderate constant power exercise. METHODS Twenty-four recreationally active adults completed the study (32 ± 5 yrs., 175 ± 9 cm, 74 ± 12 kg, 8 women, 16 men). Participants completed three moderate constant power bouts of exercise …

Cycling Versus Treadmill Potentiation Effects Following High-Intensity Interval Training, Mark Martinez, Juliet Moore, Kathryn Havens, George Salem

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a popular form of exercise, with intermittent bouts of higher and lower intensity cycles. Not well understood to date is the influence of HIIT exercise modality (e.g., cycling vs treadmill running) on measures of jump performance. A generally accepted metric for assessing performance and overall athleticism involves performing a countermovement jump (CMJ). Furthermore, heavy exercise has been shown to improve muscle performance using post-activation potentiation. Purpose: This study compared the effects of HIIT bouts of cycling vs treadmill running on CMJ concentric impulse, peak takeoff force, and jump height. Methods: Eleven young, …

Fluid Intake And Hydration Responses To Mass Participation Gravel Cycling, Brandon Raik, Francis Salmon, Grace Handler, Matthew M. Schubert

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Gravel cycling is a relatively new cycling discipline, with the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) hosting their first UCI Gravel World Championships in 2022. Gravel races combine features of road racing, cyclocross, and mountain biking, including various terrain of varying technical difficulty (paved roads, dirt roads, fire roads, single- and double-track trails), long distances, substantial vertical elevation gain, obstacles, and limited opportunities to stop for in-race nutrition. PURPOSE: To date, gravel racing has not been scientifically examined to determine the demands of the sport. Data from cycling road races indicate substantial fluid loss, which may impair exercise performance. This study assessed …

Continuous Leg Cycling Ergometry Prescribed At Identical Relative Power Output Elicits Different Physiological Responses Versus Arm Cycle Ergometry, Tanner M. Robson, David W. Mcmillan, Todd A. Astorino Facsm

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare physiological and perceptual responses to progressive moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) between leg (LCE) and arm cycle ergometry (ACE). METHODS: Seventeen active men and women (age and percent body fat = 26 ± 7 yr and 18 ± 3 %) initially performed graded exercise on each modality to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and peak power output (PPO). Using a randomized crossover design, they subsequently performed 45 min of MICE consisting of three 15 min bouts at 20, 40, and 60 % PPO on each modality. Gas exchange data (VO2, VCO2, …

Performance Gap Between Men And Women In Ironman Triathlons, Sara D. Glaser, Caio V. Sousa Dr.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The increased participation and performance improvement of women in Ironman triathlons (IM) have been showing that the performance gap with men is shorter than ever. Thus, this study aimed to explore this performance gap by discipline (swimming, cycling, and running) and age-groups. METHODS: Publicly available data from all IM events from 2002 to 2022 were used for this analysis. Each performance variable (swimming, cycling, running, and overall) were included as dependent variables in general linear model with gender and category (elite, age-groups) as independent factors. The effect size (Cohen’s d and delta percentage) was calculated for every “male vs. …

Evaluation And Validity Of A Predictive Equation For Measuring Core Temperature During Exercise In Heat Stress, Robert J. Castro, Alexander J. Gonsalves, Edgar B. Doolan, Jochen Kressler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercising in the heat is very common yet can pose significant health risks such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke when core temperature exceeds 38°C and 40°C, respectively. However, current methods of core temperature measurement are invasive and impractical. Recent research indicates that core temperature can be predicted with two non-invasive inputs, heart rate (HR) and skin temperature. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of this predictive equation against the direct measurement of core temperature. METHODS: Participants (n = 11) cycled in an environmental chamber (40°C, 40% humidity) at 75% …

Learning To Cycle: A Cross-Cultural And Cross-Generational Comparison, Rita Cordovil, Cristiana Mercê, Marco Branco, Frederico Lopes, David Catela, Elina Hasanen, Arto Laukkanen, Patrizia Tortella, Guido Fumagalli, Cristina Sá, Boris Jidovtseff, Linus Zeuwts, An V. De Meester, Farid Bardid, Ricardo Fujikawa, Sanne Veldman, Silvija Zlatar, Isaac Estevan

Faculty Publications

Background: Learning to cycle is an important milestone for children, but the popularity of cycling and the environmental factors that promote the development and practice of this foundational movement skill vary among cultures and across time. This present study aimed to investigate if country of residence and the generation in which a person was born influence the age at which people learn to cycle.

Methods: Data were collected through an online survey between November 2019 and December 2020. For this study, a total of 9,589 responses were obtained for adults (self-report) and children (parental report) living in 10 countries (Portugal, …

Body Balance In A Free-Standing Position In Road And Off-Road Cyclists, Paulina Hebisz, Rafal Hebisz, Marek Zaton

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare body balance in road and off-road cyclists,immediately before and after the racing season. Material/Methods: Twenty individuals participated in the study and they were divided into two groups: specialists in road-cycling (n = 10) and in off-road cycling (n = 10). Immediately before and after the five-month racing season stabilographic trials were carried out (at rest and after progressive exercise). In assessing body balance the distance and velocity of the centre shifts (in the anterior-posterior and left-right direction) were analysed. The tests were performed with the cyclists’ eyes open, eyes closed, and …

Sportsman’S Authority In The Perspective Of Man’S Weakness, Marcin Pasek

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: History of glory and fall of the cyclist Lance Armstrong refers to the issues from the borderline of sociology, psychology, pharmacology and qualified sport. It stirs many emotions and extreme opinions in which human attitudes are focused on phenomena impossible to be interpreted unequivocally. The purpose of this research was to learn opinions on the life path of Lance Armstrong, regarding his struggle both with cancer and his rivals in the peloton, but at the same time marked with forbidden doping. Material and methods: The research was carried out using the survey method, which asked one question about the …

Exergame Versus Traditional Cycling: A Comparison Of Psychological Factors, Mckay Bloxham, Casi Helbig

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Previous research has noted that increased enjoyment levels endorsed the involvement in long-term exercise persistence. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare enjoyment levels and perceived time of the Spinner NXT, a stationary bike commonly found in cycling classes, and the TACX trainer, a stationary bike which allows users to immerse themselves in any location in the world and participate in competitions if desired. METHODS: Sample size consisted of 30 Texas Lutheran University students. Each participant was assigned a number to protect their identity and was randomly assigned which bicycle they would start with. Participant was …

Electromyographic Analysis Of The Vastus Lateralis And Vastus Medialis Muscles Among Different Crank Lengths In Cycling, Jackson C. Crovella, Karoline M. Wucherer, Joy He, Christiane R. O'Hara

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Crank length (CL) on a bicycle may influence the total activation and period of activation of the leg muscles. Differences in total muscular activation suggest that CL may alter muscular fatigue. Differences in muscular onset and offset suggest that CL may shift muscle activation periods across a 360 degree crank cycle. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of four different CL (155, 165, 175, and 185 mm) on muscular activation of vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM). METHODS: Nine non-cyclists (6M, 3F, aged 18-55) participated in a single blind randomized cross-over experiment with four CL. Delsys EMG sensors …

Assessing The Validity Of Several Heart Rate Monitors In Wearable Technology While Mountain Biking, Bryson Carrier, R. W. Salatto, Dustin W. Davis, Jacquelyn V.L. Sertic, Brenna Barrios, Peyton Cater, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The development of fitness trackers and other wearable technology designed for health and fitness purposes is growing in popularity and sophistication every day. These devices have the ability to measure or estimate a variety of physiological and physical variables, such as step count, energy expenditure, VO2max, lactate threshold, heart rate, stride length, vertical oscillation, ground contact time, blood oxygen saturation (via pulse oximetry), and many others. PURPOSE: In order to properly use these devices, independent validation needs to take place to determine the device’s accuracy and ability to properly measure or estimate each variable. Therefore, the purpose of this …

Technology Of System-Targeted Management Of Pre-Competitive Training Of Highly Qualified Track Cyclists, Ismoiljon Ibrahimjonovich Karimov

Eurasian Journal of Sport Science

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and experimentally test the technology of system-targeted management of pre-competitive training of highly qualified track cyclists.

Methods: Analysis and generalization of literature data, analysis of competitive activity using timekeeping and heart rate monitoring methods, forecasting and modeling based on expert evaluation, instrumental research methods (Garmin and Watt Byte), model experiment simulating competitive activity in natural conditions, pedagogical experiment and methods of mathematical statistics.

Results: Based on the results of the study, it was established, in the 15 km Scratch race, it is recommended to run at an average speed over all …

A Comparison Of The Effects Of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Cycling And High-Intensity Interval Cycling On Postprandial Lipemia And Glycemia, Autumn Oliver, David J. Buckley, James R. Rowe Jr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Both moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been reported to reduce the magnitude of postprandial lipemia and glycemia. It is unclear if performing MICE or HIIE of similar duration and work would have a comparable effect on postprandial lipemia or glycemia. PURPOSE: Examine the postprandial lipemic and glycemic response following the completion of high-intensity interval cycling (HIIC) and moderate-intensity continuous cycling (MICC) that is of equal duration and comparable work output. METHODS: Participants were mildly active males (n = 12; age = 21.9 ± 1.8 yrs; body mass = 90.1 ± 16.8 kg; BF% = …

No Changes In Appetite Stimulating Hormones Following Swimming And Cycling Exercise Interventions, Brandon G. Fico, Mohammed Alkatan, Yuzi Zhang, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Swimming is a favorable and ideal modality of exercise for individuals with obesity and arthritis as it encompasses a minimal weight-bearing stress and a reduced heat load. However, the available evidence indicates that regular swimming may not be effective in reducing body weight and body fatness. A current hypothesis is that exercise in cold water somehow stimulates appetite. PURPOSE: We determined the effect of swimming exercise training on fasting concentrations of ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and peptide YY in obese individuals with osteoarthritis. Cycling training was included as a non-weight bearing land-based comparison group. METHODS: Thirty-nine obese participants with …

Can A Dynamic Warm-Up Reduce The Magnitude Of Immune Perturbation Following Vigorous Aerobic Exercise, Mahmoud T. Elzayat, Emily C. Lavoy

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise transiently increases several leukocyte populations in peripheral blood in an intensity-dependent manner, with numbers returning to baseline or lower during recovery. This mobilization of immune cells is explained in part by sympathetic activity and the release of stress hormones (catecholamines and cortisol). The literature examining immune responses to exercise has by and large failed to control for the presence of a warm-up prior to the experimental bout. Gradually increasing exercise intensity over a period of minutes may reduce the stress of the exercise bout and thus may influence the immune response to a given exercise protocol. PURPOSE: To …

Accuracy Of Fitbit Surge And Smartphone Apps At Measuring Cycling Distance And Speed, Jose L. Gamez Jr., Ivan A. Figueroa, Merrill D. Funk

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

There are many smartphone apps that measure distance and speed of cycling, however, there is no research on the accuracy of this cycling apps. PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of Fitbit Surge and two smartphone applications at measuring distance and speed while cycling outside. METHODS: Thirteen college-aged students (Mean±SD; BMI: 25.2±3.0kg/m²; 10 males, 3 females) consented to participate in one measurement session. A 0.75 mile route along a sidewalk around the university campus was used for 3 separate trials using a mountain bike. A Fitbit (FB) along with an Android smartphone running Google-Fit (G-Fit) and S-Health (SH) were …

The Impact Of An Exercise Intervention On Stereotypical Behaviors In A Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder., Kirsten Nouzovsky

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of an exercise intervention in reducing stereotypical behaviors in a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A single subject A-B-A-B design with a repeating baseline was used for this investigation. The research design will be implemented to determine if an exercise program (i.e., cycling) impact the frequency of stereotypical behaviors demonstrated by a child with ASD. Results indicate that an exercise intervention has the potential to decrease stereotypical behaviors in a child with ASD. While stereotypical behaviors have always been shown to decrease immediately after physical exercise-based interventions (Kern et …