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Full-Text Articles in Education
Learning Experience Design As An Orienting Guide For Practice: Insights From Designing For Expertise, Jason K. Mcdonald, Tyler J. Westerberg
Learning Experience Design As An Orienting Guide For Practice: Insights From Designing For Expertise, Jason K. Mcdonald, Tyler J. Westerberg
Faculty Publications
In this paper we consider how learning experience design (LXD) improves designers’ capacities to influence learning. We do this by exploring what LXD offers the design of learning environments that help develop learners’ expertise. We discuss how LXD (a) attunes designers to different learning affordances than are emphasized in traditional ID; (b) challenges the universal applicability of common ID techniques; and (c) expands designers’ views of the outcomes for which they can design. These insights suggest that LXD is useful because it refocuses and reframes designers' work around flexible design approaches that are often deemphasized in traditional ID.
The Everydayness Of Instructional Design And The Pursuit Of Quality In Online Courses, Jason K. Mcdonald
The Everydayness Of Instructional Design And The Pursuit Of Quality In Online Courses, Jason K. Mcdonald
Faculty Publications
This article reports research into the everydayness of instructional design (meaning designers’ daily routines, run-of-the-mill interactions with colleagues, and other, prosaic forms of social contact), and how everydayness relates to their pursuit of quality in online course design. These issues were investigated through an ethnographic case study, centered on a team of instructional designers at a university in the United States. Designers were observed spending significant amounts of time engaged in practices of course refinement, meaning mundane, workaday tasks like revising, updating, fine-tuning, or fixing the courses to which they were assigned. Refining practices were interrelated with, but also experienced …
“Are These People Real?”: Designing And Playtesting An Alternative Reality, Educational Simulation, Jason K. Mcdonald, Jonathan Balzotti, Melissa Franklin, Jessica Haws, Jamin Rowan
“Are These People Real?”: Designing And Playtesting An Alternative Reality, Educational Simulation, Jason K. Mcdonald, Jonathan Balzotti, Melissa Franklin, Jessica Haws, Jamin Rowan
Faculty Publications
In this design case, we report our design and playtest of a form of alternative reality, educational simulation that we call a playable case study (PCS). One of the features that make our simulations unique is how they are designed to implement a principle called This Is Not a Game, or TINAG, meaning that the affordances we design into the simulation suggest to students that the experience they are having is real, in contrast to the way the artificial nature of the experience is highlighted in many computer games. In this case, we describe some challenges we encountered in designing …
Agile Development In Instructional Design: A Case Study At Byu Independent Study, Alyssa Jean Erickson
Agile Development In Instructional Design: A Case Study At Byu Independent Study, Alyssa Jean Erickson
Theses and Dissertations
Agile development is a software development methodology that originated in 2001 (Beck, et al.). It has since gained wide recognition and use in the software industry, and is characterized by iterative development cycles. Organizations outside of the software industry are also finding ways to adapt Agile development to their contexts. BYU Independent Study (BYUIS) is an online education program at Brigham Young University that provides online courses at the high school and university levels. In April 2016, BYUIS implemented the Agile development process to the design and development of online courses. This thesis is a case study that looks specifically …
Reconsidering Design And Evaluation, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii, David D. Williams
Reconsidering Design And Evaluation, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii, David D. Williams
Faculty Publications
In this paper we have put design and evaluation as it were under a microscope with multiple lenses. We use four different snapshots of design, each at a different level of resolution, to reveal new perspectives on the design-evaluation relationship. We believe that the disparate views of designers and evaluators can be resolved by resorting to the middle ground described by Klir. We believe also that the disparate views of educational technologists and learning scientists can be similarly resolved by appealing to the similar principle of Edelson.
Learner Agency And Responsibility In Educational Technology, Michael Thomas Matthews
Learner Agency And Responsibility In Educational Technology, Michael Thomas Matthews
Theses and Dissertations
Though the topic of learner agency has received relatively little discussion in the literature of educational technology, it is nevertheless a significant and actually omnipresent concern of both scholars and practitioners. Through the journal-ready articles contained herein, I show how theories of learning and certain practices of instructional designers reflect implicit positions on the agency of learners. I also discuss agency in more concrete terms as the responsibility for learning that is shared with learners in instructional design contexts. In addition, I provide practical suggestions to help designers keep the learner at the forefront of their design thinking. Through this …
The Application Of Layer Theory To Design: The Control Layer, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii, Matt Langton
The Application Of Layer Theory To Design: The Control Layer, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii, Matt Langton
Faculty Publications
Validation of an architectural theory of instructional design layering is accomplished for one of the proposed layers by verifying the theory’s claim that for every layer there exists a body of design theory from outside the field of instructional design that is capable of informing design within that layer.
Evolving Into Studio, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii
Evolving Into Studio, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii
Faculty Publications
Instructional design is practiced in a real-world setting; it should be learned in a setting like the one where it is practiced. As the practices themselves change, it becomes more natural for this to happen. This study of one design instructor’s experience over nearly 50 years demonstrates a path of evolution out of teaching design in a standard classroom, in which practice is secondary to didactics, into a studio setting, where didactics tend to occur after the student has experienced a need.
Embracing The Danger: Accepting The Implications Of Innovation, Jason K. Mcdonald
Embracing The Danger: Accepting The Implications Of Innovation, Jason K. Mcdonald
Faculty Publications
Instructional designers are increasingly looking beyond the field’s mainstream approaches to achieve desired outcomes. They seek more creative forms of design to help them invent more imaginative experiences that better reflect their vision and ideals. This essay is addressed to designers who are attracted to these expanded visions of their profession. Innovative approaches to design can be considered dangerous, at least to the status quo. The author first discusses why this is so, and then explains how embracing the danger—accepting the risks that accompany originality and innovation—might also be what allows designers to develop experiences consistent with the high-levels of …
Ships Passing In The Night? E-Learning Designers' Experiences With User Experience, Christijan D. Draper
Ships Passing In The Night? E-Learning Designers' Experiences With User Experience, Christijan D. Draper
Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative study investigated the extent to which a diverse sub-set of e-learning designers were aware of UX principles and practices, where their e-learning design practices overlapped with established UX practices, and where UX principles might benefit e-learning designers. E-learning has grown dramatically as an area of focus in instructional design within the last decade and a half. This growth suggests a need for a better understanding of design tools, concepts and principles that can guide an e-learning designer to design better and more effective instruction. One field of design that has potentially had an impact on e-learning design recently …
Design-Driven Innovation As Seen In A Worldwide, Values-Based Curriculum, Camey Andersen Hadlock, Jason K. Mcdonald
Design-Driven Innovation As Seen In A Worldwide, Values-Based Curriculum, Camey Andersen Hadlock, Jason K. Mcdonald
Faculty Publications
While instructional design’s technological roots have given it many approaches for process and product improvement, in most cases designers still rely on instructional forms that do not allow them to develop instruction of a quality consistent with that expressed by the field’s visionary leaders. As a result, often the teachers and students using instructional products remain confined by equally limiting views of instruction and learning that cannot help them achieve the outcomes the designer originally envisioned. In this paper we discuss how a relatively new design approach, design-driven innovation, can give instructional designers additional tools to shape the meaning …
White Paper Model-Centered Analysis Process (Mcap): A Pre-Design Analysis Methodology, Andrew S. Gibbons, Jon S. Nelson, Robert E. Richards
White Paper Model-Centered Analysis Process (Mcap): A Pre-Design Analysis Methodology, Andrew S. Gibbons, Jon S. Nelson, Robert E. Richards
Faculty Publications
This paper defines a Model-Centered Analysis Process (MCAP) for pre-design analysis (PDA) to be used in the development of instruction that is problem-based, model-centered, and situated. The methodology we describe is based on theoretical principles for analysis described in a separate paper titled "Theoretical and Practical Requirements for a System of Pre-Design Analysis", which is also in this archive.
Cultural Competence Lessons For Engineering Students Working On Global Virtual Teams, Jennifer Alyce Alexander
Cultural Competence Lessons For Engineering Students Working On Global Virtual Teams, Jennifer Alyce Alexander
Theses and Dissertations
With funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology at BYU has been furthering their research on Global Virtual Teams. After Cultural Competence lessons were implemented into the classroom setting in 2010, it was decided that teaching the lessons online asynchronously could have advantages in decreasing the time professors needed to cover the content in class. In 2011, Jennifer Alexander teamed with faculty involved with the NSF grant to design and develop online Cultural Competence lessons. Beginning in August 2011 students at BYU and other cooperating campuses participated in the online Cultural …
The Efficacy Of Small Multiples In The Visual Language Of Instructional Designs, Douglas B. Stringham
The Efficacy Of Small Multiples In The Visual Language Of Instructional Designs, Douglas B. Stringham
Theses and Dissertations
The visualization strategy of small multiples (Tufte, 1983, 1990, 1997) is not merely the clever or ordered arrangement of similar and personable images; small multiples—purposeful compositions of similarly sized, repeated illustrations—contain a great deal more than the sum of their respective parts. The purpose of this study is to define a set of objectives and guiding tactics for using small multiples in the visual language of instructional designs. This study aims to (1) compile a targeted literature review cataloging the historical treatment of small multiples and their pedagogical and cognitive virtues and (2) analyze examples of small multiples usage in …
Resisting Technological Gravity: Using Guiding Principles For Instructional Design, Jason K. Mcdonald
Resisting Technological Gravity: Using Guiding Principles For Instructional Design, Jason K. Mcdonald
Faculty Publications
Instructional designers face tremendous pressure to abandon the essential characteristics of educational approaches, and settle instead for routine practices that do not preserve the level of quality those approaches originally expressed. Because this pressure can be strong enough to affect designers almost as gravity affects objects in the physical world, the metaphor of technological gravity has been proposed to describe why designers choose one type of practice over another. In this essay, I discuss how designers can develop guiding principles to help them resist technological gravity. I describe three types of principles, in the areas of what instruction is, …
Imaginative Instruction: What Master Storytellers Can Teach Instructional Designers, Jason K. Mcdonald
Imaginative Instruction: What Master Storytellers Can Teach Instructional Designers, Jason K. Mcdonald
Faculty Publications
Good instructional storytelling engages students’ attention and cognitive abilities to the end of more effective learning, and instructional researchers have discussed whether the principles of storytelling could lead to the same or similar results if applied to educational situations beyond only telling traditional stories. But despite this potential, the principles of storytelling are seemingly underutilized by today’s instructional designers. This study investigates what instructional designers might learn from another design field that is more experienced in the art of storytelling, specifically that of film production. Eight filmmakers who have successfully produced films that motivate, inspire, and educate were interviewed to …
Deriving Operational Principles For The Design Of Engaging Learning Experiences, Richard Heywood Swan
Deriving Operational Principles For The Design Of Engaging Learning Experiences, Richard Heywood Swan
Theses and Dissertations
The issue of learner engagement is an important question for education and for instructional design. It is acknowledged that computer games in general are engaging. Thus, one possible solution to learner engagement is to integrate computer games into education; however, the literature indicates that pedagogical, logistical and political barriers remain. Another possible solution is to derive principles for the design of engaging experiences from a critical examination of computer game design. One possible application of the derived design principles is that instruction may be designed to be inherently more engaging. The purpose of this dissertation was to look for operational …
Using Interactive Diagrams To Teach Graduate Students About Statistical Power, Eric D. Hunter
Using Interactive Diagrams To Teach Graduate Students About Statistical Power, Eric D. Hunter
Theses and Dissertations
This report describes the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of a web-based tutorial designed to teach graduate students about the statistical concept of power. It contains a literature review of techniques used to teach statistics, similar computer-based programs for representing the concept of power, and instructional theories that pertain to web-based tutorials. It describes the process of designing and developing this tutorial in detail. The results section contains a description of the product implementation with three different groups and discusses the qualitative and quantitative findings from each of these implementations. Finally, there is a discussion of the tutorial's strengths and …
Model-Centered Instruction, The Design, And The Designer, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii
Model-Centered Instruction, The Design, And The Designer, Andrew S. Gibbons Iii
Faculty Publications
A model of instruction described by Wenger (1987) identifies three elements that are active during instruction: the mental model the instructor wishes to share with the learner, the external experience used to communicate the mental model, and the evolving mental model of the learner. Gibbons (2003a), writing in response to Seel (2003), noted this three-part description as a bridge concept relating learning and instruction. This view has important practical implications for designers of instruction. For example, Gibbons and Rogers (in press) propose that there exists a natural layered architecture within instructional designs that corresponds with instructional functions. Among these layers …
Faculty Perceptions Of Technology Projects, Whitney Ransom Mcgowan, Charles R. Graham, Jon Mott
Faculty Perceptions Of Technology Projects, Whitney Ransom Mcgowan, Charles R. Graham, Jon Mott
Faculty Publications
Significant investments in time, money, and effort go into developing and applying technology to improve teaching and learning. As universities pursue such projects, they must determine the impact and value of technology for student learning. During the past decade, funds spent on technology for educational purposes have tripled throughout the United States. Determining a hard return on investment (ROI) for the time and money spent to improve education is difficult, however. Institutions should also measure the value on investment (VOI) that their funds and efforts yield. In the study of faculty and their technology projects at Brigham Young University (BYU) …
Technology I, Ii, And Iii: Criteria For Understanding And Improving The Practice Of Instructional Technology, Jason K. Mcdonald
Technology I, Ii, And Iii: Criteria For Understanding And Improving The Practice Of Instructional Technology, Jason K. Mcdonald
Theses and Dissertations
In an earlier era of instructional technology, researchers proposed a set of criteria to help practitioners understand what assumptions about their work could help them develop well-designed instruction, as well as what assumptions could lead them to develop rigid instruction that did not characterize the goals they had for their practice. They named these criteria Technology I, II, and III. Technology I presupposed that using physical hardware improved instruction. Technology II presupposed that using formulas or strategies improved instruction. Technology III was the belief that good instruction could consist of many different product or process technologies, but that technology use …
Calligraphy As A Developmental Tool For Chinese Painting, Jo Lan Shu
Calligraphy As A Developmental Tool For Chinese Painting, Jo Lan Shu
Theses and Dissertations
This report discusses the design, development, and evaluation of a Chinese painting instructional project. The project discussed in this report introduces the novel idea of developing specific calligraphy skills in order to improve Chinese painting skills within a restricted time period (1-3 hours). The results show differences that are statistically significant between the pre and post test paintings created by 23 subjects from both the high school and the university level. The results of the evaluations can be found in the results section of this report. This report consists of a literature review, a project description, a description of the …
Participatory Prototyping: Improving Faculty Participation In Technology-Mediated Instruction, Jason K. Mcdonald
Participatory Prototyping: Improving Faculty Participation In Technology-Mediated Instruction, Jason K. Mcdonald
Faculty Publications
This paper reports the results of a trial to help university faculty members better participate in the devel- opment of technology-mediated instruction, as well as to develop methods for faculty to create their own media that maintains an acceptable level of instructional quality. Using low-cost technology development tools and software templates, faculty members produced a technology-mediated lesson for a university statistics course. While the quality of their attempt was not acceptable to help facilitate student learning, this trial ultimately acted as a prototype of different instructional strategies for the course, which later were produced using higher-quality media. We called this …
A Team-Based Approach To The Design And Development Of A Customer Service Training Program For Deseret Mutual Benefit Administrators, Donna M. Ure
Theses and Dissertations
This report describes the design and development processes used in creating a customer service training program for Deseret Mutual Benefit Administrators (DMBA) by three Instructional Psychology and Technology graduate students from Brigham Young University (the BYU design team). This paper reviews both the product and the process of developing the product. It also contains a formative evaluation of the product and provides a summative evaluation plan to be utilized by DMBA trainers once the product is fully implemented. The strengths and weaknesses of the training program are critiqued and recommendations for improvement are made. Finally, BYU design team members describe …
Reducing Learning Object Inspection/Evaluation Costs In Instructional Design, Larry Lynn Seawright
Reducing Learning Object Inspection/Evaluation Costs In Instructional Design, Larry Lynn Seawright
Theses and Dissertations
A widely employed instructional design approach, the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model, has been one of the most popular and well documented instructional design models (Wilson, Jonassen, and Cole, 1993) for decades. Despite its widespread use, Thiagarajan, a leading instructional technologist, asserts that ADDIE, as an instructional design approach, is comparable to an outdated 1950's manufacturing model (Zemke, 2002). Since the 1950's, manufacturing has evolved, focusing initially on reducing inspection or evaluation costs and later on shifting these cost improvements throughout the organization. Just as manufacturing models and their application have evolved, service operations models such as instructional …
Using Low-Threshold Applications And Software Templates To Improve Efficiency In An Introductory Statistics Course, Jason K. Mcdonald
Using Low-Threshold Applications And Software Templates To Improve Efficiency In An Introductory Statistics Course, Jason K. Mcdonald
Faculty Publications
This study was an exploratory study in improving efficiency in university courses by using low-cost methods of design and development that can be easily managed by university faculty. To explore this issue, we developed a lesson for the Statistics department at Brigham Young University using low-threshold applications (uses of technology that are low-cost and easy to learn) and software templates. We evaluated the lesson as a possible method to decrease the number of hours instructors were required to spend teaching in class. We discovered that students responded positively to the lesson, and that the methods of lesson design and development …
A Non-Authoritative Educational Metadata Ontology For Filtering And Recommending Learning Objects, David Wiley, Mimi M. Recker
A Non-Authoritative Educational Metadata Ontology For Filtering And Recommending Learning Objects, David Wiley, Mimi M. Recker
Faculty Publications
Digital libraries populated with learning objects are becoming popular tools in the creation of instructional technologies. Many current efforts to create standard metadata structures that facilitate the discovery and instructional use of learning objects recommend a single, authoritative metadata record per version of the learning object. However, as we argue in this paper, a single metadata record -- particularly one with fields that emphasize knowledge management and technology, while evading instructional issues -- provides information insufficient to support instructional utilization decisions. To put learning objects to instructional use, users must examine the individual objects, forfeiting the supposed benefits of the …