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Full-Text Articles in Education

"Integrative" Vs "Integration": Stem Skills And Concept Development In 6th Grade Students, Kathryn Chain May 2025

"Integrative" Vs "Integration": Stem Skills And Concept Development In 6th Grade Students, Kathryn Chain

Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects

As a whole, interest in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education in schools is on the rise at a national level, and it is widely recognized that the development of skills and concepts in science, technology, engineering, and math are not only beneficial to students, but are in fact necessities for future citizens of an increasingly global world (Kelley & Knowles, 2016.) Despite this increasing acceptance and awareness of the need for STEM literacy, there is a critical lack of guidelines on what STEM education actually entails and how to effectively integrate these concepts and skills into the educational …


Evaluation And Improvement Of The Design 4 Every Drop Course, Kenzy Fogle Aug 2024

Evaluation And Improvement Of The Design 4 Every Drop Course, Kenzy Fogle

All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present

Utah and the greater Intermountain West are experiencing a water crisis. Many factors are contributing to this situation, including an arid climate exacerbated by climate change, rapid population growth, and a high-water-demanding landscape typology. Landscapes currently consume an estimated 60-80% of Utah’s potable water, representing a significant opportunity for water savings. However, changing the traditional water-dependent landscape typology requires educating the public regarding water-wise landscape design processes, best practices, and implementation approaches. Utah State University is the land grant university for Utah and home to one of the oldest Landscape Architecture departments in the Intermountain West. Utah State University’s community …


Compassionate Practice: A Review And Framework For Integrating Medical Humanities Into Pre-Medical And Medical Curricula, Megan E. Mccoy Jun 2024

Compassionate Practice: A Review And Framework For Integrating Medical Humanities Into Pre-Medical And Medical Curricula, Megan E. Mccoy

University Honors Theses

The article presents the findings of a comprehensive narrative literature review aimed at addressing the question: What are the current frameworks of the medical humanities discipline in terms of purpose, methodology, curriculum, and student learning outcomes? Thematic analysis and qualitative coding highlighted key themes and areas of concern, including the purpose of medical humanities, methodology, current curriculum, and student outcomes. Recommendations are provided to address disagreements within the discipline, proposing a conceptual framework and definition for medical humanities, alongside advocating for a mixed-method approach as the primary methodology. Curriculum guidelines emphasize the importance of a quality integrated curriculum focusing on …


Exploring School Leadership Styles Used To Improve Instruction And Learning In Schools, Nana Yaw Agyeman Mr, Venessa Aphane Ms Jun 2024

Exploring School Leadership Styles Used To Improve Instruction And Learning In Schools, Nana Yaw Agyeman Mr, Venessa Aphane Ms

Journal of Research Initiatives

Schools are under intense pressure to improve quality and achieve long-term educational outcomes. To improve education, schools' teaching and learning environments must be improved. This research evaluated the various leadership philosophies used in South African schools to improve teaching and learning. The study's qualitative methodology included in-depth interviews with open-ended questions. A purposeful technique was used to select 16 participants from four different schools. The participants included four principals, four school management team members, four department heads, and four teachers. Themes guided the data analysis, focusing on patterns and resemblances while maintaining data quality. The study's findings revealed that school …


Exploring The Perspectives Of Private High School Students With Adverse Childhood Experiences On Trauma-Based Approaches, Jay Aldrin A. Locquiao Jun 2024

Exploring The Perspectives Of Private High School Students With Adverse Childhood Experiences On Trauma-Based Approaches, Jay Aldrin A. Locquiao

Doctor of Education Program Dissertations

Nearly 75% of high school students reported having at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE) (Anderson et al., 2022). The effects of trauma include hindrances to skill acquisition and task completion because of how one’s executive functioning is inhibited (Cohen & Barron, 2021; Hubel et al., 2020; McClain, 2021). Students with trauma may experience “emotional, relational, behavioral and cognitive levels that will significantly impair their psychosocial functioning” (Milot et al., 2010, p. 232). This study used a qualitative phenomenological approach to capture the essence of the lived experiences of the participants (Creswell & Poth, 2017). The purpose of this study …


Indigenous Nurse And White Settler Nurse Teaching Teams: Learning To Disrupt With Indigenist Nursing Education, Leanne Kelly, Kim Daly Jun 2024

Indigenous Nurse And White Settler Nurse Teaching Teams: Learning To Disrupt With Indigenist Nursing Education, Leanne Kelly, Kim Daly

Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière

Purpose: Nurse educators are called on to confront the reality of systemic racism embedded in their own institutions as they educate students to promote equity through strength-based Indigenous-specific anti-racist practice. However, schools of nursing and nursing pedagogies centre whiteness. White settler nurse educators often lack the competence and confidence to teach an anti-racist and Indigenist curriculum. Indigenous nurse educators often bear a disproportionate responsibility for anti-racist and Indigenist curriculum while also being in the minority and lacking institutional support. Innovative and effective teaching strategies are required to address these issues.

Method: Through a teaching and scholarship grant, Indigenous nurses working …


Nursing Students’ Views On An E-Learning Activity On Clinical Leadership And Ageism: A Cross-Sectional Study, Kelly Baskerville, Sherry Dahlke, Kathleen F. Hunter, Mary T. Fox, Sandra J. Davidson, Alison L. Chasteen, Jeffrey I. Butler, Elaine Moody, Lori Schindel Martin Jun 2024

Nursing Students’ Views On An E-Learning Activity On Clinical Leadership And Ageism: A Cross-Sectional Study, Kelly Baskerville, Sherry Dahlke, Kathleen F. Hunter, Mary T. Fox, Sandra J. Davidson, Alison L. Chasteen, Jeffrey I. Butler, Elaine Moody, Lori Schindel Martin

Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière

Background: Students require knowledge and skills in clinical leadership in order to address the issue of ageism. An e-learning module was developed that used ageism as an exemplar to practise using the skills and knowledge needed for clinical leadership. Ageism was chosen because it is prevalent in nursing culture and nursing education and influences nursing practice with older people.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand nursing students’ perspectives about how a clinical leadership and ageism e-learning module enhanced their knowledge, confidence, and ability to use clinical leadership to address ageism, and whether the module was an enjoyable …


Contrastive Analysis Of English And Pashto Adjectives, Abdul Raziq Safi Jun 2024

Contrastive Analysis Of English And Pashto Adjectives, Abdul Raziq Safi

Journal of Research Initiatives

Language is a systematic means of communication that employs sound or conventional symbols. Using a foreign language can be problematic when attempting to communicate or translate written or spoken language from one's native language due to structural differences between languages. Among the most widely spoken languages in the world, English is understood by approximately half of the global population. However, it is neither an official nor a second language in our country. Nonetheless, due to its significance, it is often taught as a foreign language at schools, institutes, and universities. As previously mentioned, Pashto, our language, shares structural similarities and …


An Exploration Of The Mentoring Experiences Of Ethnically Diverse Women Faculty At An Hbcu: A Qualitative Case Study, Tonya M. Brown, Ruth Boyd Jun 2024

An Exploration Of The Mentoring Experiences Of Ethnically Diverse Women Faculty At An Hbcu: A Qualitative Case Study, Tonya M. Brown, Ruth Boyd

Journal of Research Initiatives

This qualitative case study explored the professional and personal growth benefits for women faculty who engage in mentoring relationships at a historically black college or university (HBCU). Data were collected using one-on-one interviews with full- and part-time women faculty members who served as research participants. The participants provided data about their experiences with mentoring, including details such as the frequency of their meetings with mentoring partners, the preferred method of communication, and the areas of support resulting from the mentoring relationship. Findings indicated that mentoring relationships positively enhanced the experience for women faculty teaching in full-time or adjunct positions in …


Closing The Knowledge Gap With Literacy-Infused And Rich Social Studies Content, Jeffrey Leffler, Ksenia Zhbanova Jun 2024

Closing The Knowledge Gap With Literacy-Infused And Rich Social Studies Content, Jeffrey Leffler, Ksenia Zhbanova

Journal of Research Initiatives

Social studies have been marginalized in early childhood education amid the prevalence of standardized testing and political issues. However, a comprehensive approach to early education, including social studies, is gaining attention. This article emphasizes the significance of incorporating social studies into early childhood curriculum, illuminating its potential to enhance children's cognitive and social-emotional development. The second important aspect of this article focuses on the role of social studies in literacy skill development through building background knowledge, critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills of young children.


Global Best Practices In Education: A Conceptual Definition And Criticisms, Vincent Chidindu Asogwa Jun 2024

Global Best Practices In Education: A Conceptual Definition And Criticisms, Vincent Chidindu Asogwa

Journal of Research Initiatives

The "Global Best Practices" concept is subjective and varies from many perspectives based on the indicators used. As such, there needs to be a standardized and universally accepted definition of global best practices in education, which hinders the effective identification, adoption, and benchmarking of these practices across countries and educational institutions. This ambiguity challenges teachers, students, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to understand and apply global educational best practices. Hence, this explorative study investigated the conceptual definition and criticisms surrounding the concept of global best practices in education. A narrative literature review methodology was employed to systematically search, select, and …


Unveiling Strategies: Empowering Autistic Adult Learners In Higher Education Through Inclusive Research Practices, Kevin J. Mallary, Adam L. Mcclain Jun 2024

Unveiling Strategies: Empowering Autistic Adult Learners In Higher Education Through Inclusive Research Practices, Kevin J. Mallary, Adam L. Mcclain

Adult Education Research Conference

This qualitative research investigates strategies of autistic adult learners in higher education through participatory methods. Findings reveal nuanced experiences, emphasizing the need for inclusive research to support diverse learners effectively.


مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية وأثره على دافعية التعلم من وجهة نظر المعلمين, Duaa Sufian Abd Alfatah Jun 2024

مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية وأثره على دافعية التعلم من وجهة نظر المعلمين, Duaa Sufian Abd Alfatah

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education (مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية (للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدف المقال التعرف على مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية وأثره على دافعية التعلم من وجهة نظر المعلمين، تكونت عينة الدراسة من (218) معلما ومعلمة في مدارس المرحلة الأساسية التابعة لمديرية التربية والتعليم في لواء قصبة عمان، وتم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية، تم اتباع المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، واستخدمت الاستبانة كأداة لجمع البيانات، توصلت الدراسة إلى أن مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية من وجهة نظر المعلمين جاء بدرجة متوسطة، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في استجابات أفراد عينة الدراسة ل مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية تعزى لأثر متغير الجنس لصالح الإناث، وعدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية …


Bridging The Gap Between Neuroscience And Education: What Are Teachers’ Perceptions Of Applying “Neuropedagogy” To High School Classrooms?, Hanan Rashwan Jun 2024

Bridging The Gap Between Neuroscience And Education: What Are Teachers’ Perceptions Of Applying “Neuropedagogy” To High School Classrooms?, Hanan Rashwan

Theses and Dissertations

Teachers can use neurobiological explanations to evaluate students' behavior and performance and create more supportive learning settings in their school environment. There is a growing interest among educators regarding the potential benefits of incorporating neuroscience into teaching practices. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of how to effectively integrate cognitive neuroscience into teacher education programs to maximize its impact on student learning and teacher development. This study focuses on understanding teachers' views on the integration of neuroscience principles in educational settings by utilizing a questionnaire and interviews to gather data from participating teachers. The findings reveal that the …


Digital Intelligence In Egypt’S K-12 Public Schools: Educator’ Perspectives, Mohammed Al Mousa Jun 2024

Digital Intelligence In Egypt’S K-12 Public Schools: Educator’ Perspectives, Mohammed Al Mousa

Theses and Dissertations

Technological integration has been a dominant feature of Egypt’s education recently, especially after the announcement of the Education 2.0 initiative, which aims to transform Egypt's education to digital-based and skill-based learning (UNICEF, n.d.), Ever since, public schools in Egypt started adopting technology into teaching practices through online classes, digital textbooks, e-learning platforms, and digital examinations. This educational transformation requires teachers and students to possess the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to become effective and responsible users of the transforming digital education system and the digital world in general, which are collectively known as Digital Intelligence (DQ). Despite the substantial role …


Ungrading As A Tool To Combat Students’ Fear Of Failure, Sarah M. Scott Jun 2024

Ungrading As A Tool To Combat Students’ Fear Of Failure, Sarah M. Scott

Feminist Pedagogy

Atychiphobia, the fear of failure, has been correlated with academic procrastination, imposter syndrome, cheating behaviors, and negative self-efficacy. This critical commentary argues that ungrading, as a feminist pedagogical practice, is a useful way to encourage students to embrace, rather than fear, failure. By reframing failure as a process of discovery, failure becomes a necessary, expected, and embraced part of learning that helps to combat the traditional and often adversarial relationship between educators and students.


Physical Therapy Graduate Perceptions Of The Didactic Use Of Goreact Video Assessment Software And Work Readiness, Jacqueline Moore Jun 2024

Physical Therapy Graduate Perceptions Of The Didactic Use Of Goreact Video Assessment Software And Work Readiness, Jacqueline Moore

Journal of Innovation in Health Sciences Education

Introduction: Physical therapy education programs adopting online teaching and learning must ensure students acquire the necessary skills for optimal professional work readiness, including appropriate assessment and feedback in the online environment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) graduates' professional work readiness after using GoReact video assessment software at an accredited DPT education program in the United States.

Methods: Semi structured interviews were conducted with 15 DPT graduates via virtual teleconferencing software. Interview data were analyzed using descriptive and emotion coding.

Results: Results indicated that most participants held an …


Identifying Graduate Students’ Instructional Strategies And Approaches Towards Teaching Employable Skills, Elizabeth S. Che Jun 2024

Identifying Graduate Students’ Instructional Strategies And Approaches Towards Teaching Employable Skills, Elizabeth S. Che

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

College instruction tends to focus on imparting disciplinary knowledge rather than employable broad-based skills emphasized by undergraduate guidelines. The lack of emphasis on broad-skill development may leave many undergraduate students unprepared for the workforce. Graduate students who are future professoriate, are teaching undergraduate courses with various attitudes and strategies. This dissertation comprises three published studies that used data from two surveys identifying graduate students’ instructional strategies and approaches to teaching employable skills in their courses.

The first study asked whether graduate students teaching undergraduate courses (N = 114; 70.2% women, M age = 30 years) aim to teach employable …


An Examination Of The Relationship Between Instructional Modality And Pedagogy Licensure Exam Scores In Post-Baccalaureate Educator Preparation Programs In Indiana, Kelly Eckel Jun 2024

An Examination Of The Relationship Between Instructional Modality And Pedagogy Licensure Exam Scores In Post-Baccalaureate Educator Preparation Programs In Indiana, Kelly Eckel

Dissertations

The efficacy of the modality of instruction employed in higher education institutions has been a point of contention among students, faculty, administration, and other stakeholders in the educational realm. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, online and hybrid instruction has become a valued and desirable option for Educator Preparation Programs (EPPs) to offer for recruitment and retention purposes. The effectiveness of varying modalities in relation to teacher licensure exams has been limited in research and can serve as a critical quantitative measure for EPPs to assess. This longitudinal study examined the relationship between instructional modality and pedagogy teacher licensure exam scores in …


Atelier Interloper, Isabel Jane Marvel Jun 2024

Atelier Interloper, Isabel Jane Marvel

Masters Theses

Architects frequently specify toxic materials, like fiberglass insulation, for construction projects, materials they would never touch with bare hands, let alone wear as garments. So why incorporate such harmful substances into our buildings? Atelier Interloper, a nimble fabrication studio, intervenes in job sites and manufacturer waste streams, reclaiming industrial materials that are no longer usable at building scale but are suitable for clothing. The premier collection of garments draws inspiration from workwear and is crafted from industrial materials such as Tyvek and 100% recycled denim insulation. In outfitting the body with these materials, this thesis work brings visibility to substances …


Poetry In Teaching & Learning Qualitative Research, Amber Mullens, Audra Skukauskaite, Megan K. Mitchell Jun 2024

Poetry In Teaching & Learning Qualitative Research, Amber Mullens, Audra Skukauskaite, Megan K. Mitchell

The Qualitative Report

This article stems from a workshop presented at the 15th TQR conference on poetry in teaching and learning qualitative research. Over the last few decades, scholars have argued for the use of poetry and other arts-based techniques in qualitative research. Most of the research, however, focuses on using poetry for data analysis and representation. In this article, we shift the conversation to the use of poetry for teaching and learning qualitative research. Starting with a poem in three voices of educator, student, and researcher, we provide an overview of poetry use in qualitative inquiry. We then offer brief overviews of …


In My Softest & Most Liberatory Dreams: Reflections On Holding Complexity & Decentering Whiteness, Richard C. Clark Jun 2024

In My Softest & Most Liberatory Dreams: Reflections On Holding Complexity & Decentering Whiteness, Richard C. Clark

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

As the world contends with a global pandemic, climate catastrophes, white supremacy, coloniality, and concurrent genocides my attention splinters. In an act of futurity, or future making, I ask myself: What is needed to move from this place toward softer, more liberatory futures? This body of work finds its answer in exploring two interrelated concepts: Decentering Whiteness and Holding Complexity. Decentering Whiteness is the process of working toward a future where all the personal, spiritual, educational, epistemological, social, structural, psychological, financial, and systemic ties to white supremacy are unraveled. Holding Complexity weaves together knowledges of care, accountability, intersectionality, and …


Using A Historical Approach To Teach Social Justice: A Classroom Model, Mary L. Troy, Timothy Powers, Emily Lee Chong May 2024

Using A Historical Approach To Teach Social Justice: A Classroom Model, Mary L. Troy, Timothy Powers, Emily Lee Chong

Jesuit Higher Education: A Journal

Social Justice epitomizes the Ignatian ideal of “men and women for others”. Utilizing Ignatian pedagogy, faculty at Jesuit colleges and universities can help students explore and understand the link between historical events and current social justice issues. This article demonstrates and applies a six-step model of utilizing history as a tool for social justice. The model can be adapted for any field of study at the undergraduate and graduate levels.


Pltl Develops Scholars For Majors In The Built-Environment​, Shpat Halili, Calvin O. Walters Jr. May 2024

Pltl Develops Scholars For Majors In The Built-Environment​, Shpat Halili, Calvin O. Walters Jr.

Publications and Research

The National Science Foundation S-STEM program at NYC College of Technology (City Tech), Developing an Ecosystem of STEM success for Built Environment Scholars (Award Number 2150432), focuses on supporting and developing scholars in the majors relating to the Built Environment. The proposed project includes the expansion of Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) at City Tech. The PLTL model creates a supportive learning environment and supplements the faculty-centered classroom with student-led and student-oriented workshops. At City Tech, existing workshops provide curricular support in statics and mathematics. The PLTL program benefits promising first-year STEM students, and the S-STEM program utilizes the PLTL model …


Ready, Set, Train!: Strategies To Incorporate Self-Directed And Embodied Learning Into Training And Development Programs, Jennifer Warrner May 2024

Ready, Set, Train!: Strategies To Incorporate Self-Directed And Embodied Learning Into Training And Development Programs, Jennifer Warrner

Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development

Offering training and development programs to employees is one strategy to help companies maintain a competitive advantage in industry. In order to be beneficial for employees and companies, training and development programs must be effective. Learning activities are one strategy to incorporate into training and development programs to keep participants engaged. This article highlights how the adult learning theories of self-directed learning and embodied learning can be incorporated into training and development programs. An overview of self-directed learning and embodied learning theories and examples of related learning activities are highlighted that could be incorporated into other training programs and curriculums.


Using Case-Based Instruction To Support Teaching Self-Efficacy For Cultural Responsiveness In Pre-Service Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study, Marisa Nodine, Carolyn Hushman, Ashley K. Vaughan, Kira J. Carbonneau May 2024

Using Case-Based Instruction To Support Teaching Self-Efficacy For Cultural Responsiveness In Pre-Service Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study, Marisa Nodine, Carolyn Hushman, Ashley K. Vaughan, Kira J. Carbonneau

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

Using a mixed methods design we quantitively examined how case-based instruction (CBI) influenced preservice teachers’ (PSTs) cultural responsiveness teacher efficacy development across three classroom case studies. Qualitatively, we examined how PSTs were able to engage in self-insertion when writing about their reactions to the classroom cases. Specifically, PSTs were randomly assigned to one of two conditions; one group received a content-based text excerpt prior to reading and responding to two classroom cases (Text–Case). Another group was given a series of three classroom cases (Case–Case) that contained similar information to the Text–Case group. The Text–Case group maintained their cultural responsiveness teacher …


Participatory Photography As A Creative And Collaborative Tool In Teaching Peace Education, Rodgen M. Jabor May 2024

Participatory Photography As A Creative And Collaborative Tool In Teaching Peace Education, Rodgen M. Jabor

Peace and Conflict Studies

Peace and education are inseparable. Grounding on the aforementioned premise, peace education has become part of the curriculum in a number of countries including the Philippines. Along with the inclusion of peace education was the challenge of how to provide responsive and meaningful learning experiences in peace education. This article discusses the attempt of the use of participatory photography as a teaching methodology. Ten pre-service teachers participated in a peace education class that trialed the use of participatory photography as a teaching approach guided by a manual that was developed by the researcher. Through conducting a focus group discussion, and …


Educator Motivation For Acquiring Expertise To Support Students With Dyslexia: A Phenomenological Study, Maria T. Casale May 2024

Educator Motivation For Acquiring Expertise To Support Students With Dyslexia: A Phenomenological Study, Maria T. Casale

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the invested motivation for acquiring expertise to support students with dyslexia for elementary school teachers at a charter school in a northeastern state. Teachers employed at Oakdale-Mission Charter School are uniquely positioned to receive in-service teacher training support regarding teaching those with dyslexia. The lack of Orton Gillingham-certified teachers to provide for those with dyslexia prevents these students from adequately receiving access and equity in a school district in a large metropolitan city in a northeastern state. Therefore, Oakdale-Mission Charter School was explored as a unique and innovative solution for those …


Patients’ Attitudes Towards Medical Students’ Participation In Procedures And Clinical Examinations In Lebanon, Rim Taleb, Racha Ftouni, Malak Abdel Khalek, Lama Uweis, Ali Yassine, Hussein Shoumar May 2024

Patients’ Attitudes Towards Medical Students’ Participation In Procedures And Clinical Examinations In Lebanon, Rim Taleb, Racha Ftouni, Malak Abdel Khalek, Lama Uweis, Ali Yassine, Hussein Shoumar

BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing

Medical practice revolves around patients’ safety and ensuring their well-being. Patients’ cooperation with medical students in their examination and management is an indispensable aspect of clinical education. They have the right to accept or refuse the participation of students in their care. However, students need to be integrated in this learning process. This presents a conflict between patients’ healthcare rights and medical students’ learning opportunities. Therefore, this study aims to explore patients’ attitudes towards the participation of medical students in procedures and examinations in Lebanon and identify the factors that affect their participation. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using …


Black Genius: An Achievement Distortion, Brenda Burgo May 2024

Black Genius: An Achievement Distortion, Brenda Burgo

Dissertations

Is the achievement gap real? Using a mixed-methods approach, this study reframed standardized testing through a Quantitative Critical and Black Critical lens. It interrogated the deficit framing of Black student achievement by asking the following questions: (1) To what extent do the aggregated standardized test scores for Black students in California correlate with other measures of achievement? Included in this analysis are: (a) To what degree does the ratio of Black students relate to the achievement variables? and (b) To what extent did COVID impact this correlation? (2) What beliefs do Black educators have regarding the standardized test scores of …