Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Engineering (24)
- Strategic Management Policy (17)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (14)
- Marketing (9)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (8)
-
- Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (7)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (7)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (6)
- Business Analytics (5)
- Computer Sciences (5)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (4)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (3)
- Other Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (3)
- Power and Energy (3)
- Transportation (3)
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (2)
- Business Intelligence (2)
- Communication (2)
- Communication Technology and New Media (2)
- Computer Engineering (2)
- Education (2)
- Energy Policy (2)
- Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations (2)
- Human Resources Management (2)
- Management Information Systems (2)
- Other Engineering (2)
- Science and Technology Policy (2)
- Sociology (2)
- Keyword
-
- Technology -- Management (18)
- Decision making (10)
- Strategic planning (10)
- Hierarchical decision model (6)
- Project management (6)
-
- System theory (5)
- Technological innovations -- Management (5)
- Knowledge management (4)
- Technological innovations (4)
- Technology -- Marketing (4)
- Technology management (4)
- Technology transfer (4)
- Wearable technology (4)
- Application software -- Development (3)
- Cognitive maps (Psychology) (3)
- Computer software -- Development (3)
- Decision making -- Mathematical models (3)
- Fuzzy decision making (3)
- New products -- Management (3)
- Operations research (3)
- Organizational behavior (3)
- Organizational effectiveness (3)
- Product design (3)
- Technological forecasting (3)
- Virtual work teams -- Management (3)
- Business logistics -- Technological innovations (2)
- Business planning (2)
- Communication in organizations (2)
- Consumer behavior (2)
- Data envelopment analysis (2)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects (69)
- Dissertations and Theses (28)
- Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations (9)
- Student Research Symposium (3)
- Systems Science Friday Noon Seminar Series (3)
-
- Business Faculty Publications and Presentations (2)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations (1)
- Institute of Metropolitan Studies Publications (1)
- Public Administration Faculty Publications and Presentations (1)
- Real Estate Development Workshop Projects (1)
- Special Collections: Oregon Public Speakers (1)
- University Honors Theses (1)
- Publication Type
Articles 61 - 90 of 120
Full-Text Articles in Technology and Innovation
Technology Planning For Aligning Emerging Business Models And Regulatory Structures: The Case Of Electric Vehicle Charging And The Smart Grid, Kelly R. Cowan
Technology Planning For Aligning Emerging Business Models And Regulatory Structures: The Case Of Electric Vehicle Charging And The Smart Grid, Kelly R. Cowan
Dissertations and Theses
Smart grid has been described as the Energy Internet: Where Energy Technology meets Information Technology. The incorporation of such technology into vast existing utility infrastructures offers many advantages, including possibilities for new smart appliances, energy management systems, better integration of renewable energy, value added services, and new business models, both for supply- and demand-side management. Smart grid also replaces aging utility technologies that are becoming increasingly unreliable, as the average ages for many critical components in utility systems now exceed their original design lives. However, while smart grid offers the promise of revolutionizing utility delivery systems, many questions remain about …
Maximizing Profit Of Certification Services Provided By Nrtls, Bhawinee Banchongraksa, Chatchai Kubpiyajanya, Mufeed Yacoub, Tiffany Tran
Maximizing Profit Of Certification Services Provided By Nrtls, Bhawinee Banchongraksa, Chatchai Kubpiyajanya, Mufeed Yacoub, Tiffany Tran
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTLs) are independent third-party organizations recognized by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) to provide evaluation, testing and certification of products. All NRTLs conduct testing and certification are based on safety standards developed by organizations, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL). In order to remain competitive in their respective markets, NRTLs must continually find new business lines to provide services to and maintain. NRTLs accomplish this goal by seeking out companies to which they can provide their certification services at a profit.
One of the biggest challenges NRTLs face in their annual operations, is finding a …
Wine Tasting Room, Touraj Goudarznia, Kyle Kniffin, Ali Alkhafaji
Wine Tasting Room, Touraj Goudarznia, Kyle Kniffin, Ali Alkhafaji
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
The Purpose of this project is to renovate an abandon building already located on the CPI winery property and turn it into a wine tasting room. The CPI winery, located right here in the Willamette valley has been bottling and selling wine to the general public for the past five years. They have built a loyal customer base all around the country but look to expand their footprint by opening a brand new tasting room. 52 days after the approval from the owner of the winery to move forward with the project CPI wines will be celebrating a news year’s …
Portland General Electric’S Adoption Of Distributed Energy Resources, Lennae Misiewicz, Jason Carver, Abdalilah Owaishiz, Stephen Macdonald
Portland General Electric’S Adoption Of Distributed Energy Resources, Lennae Misiewicz, Jason Carver, Abdalilah Owaishiz, Stephen Macdonald
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
For over 100 years, people have been searching for ways to make the electric grid more efficient, resilient, and cost effective. Although there have been many improvements over the years, in the past two decades from; increased concern on climate change, innovation in advance technologies, and political will mounting to become energy independent, there has been a shift in how our grid stakeholders talk future grid improvements for the next 100 years. One of the causes behind this shift is due to greater saturation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on the grid. This disruptive technology creates many challenges to legacy …
Solarworld Amidst Uncertainty, Palak Goel, Roland Richards, Asawari Kulkarni, Nagarjun Hassan Ranganath, Majed Alshamlani
Solarworld Amidst Uncertainty, Palak Goel, Roland Richards, Asawari Kulkarni, Nagarjun Hassan Ranganath, Majed Alshamlani
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Solar energy is turning out to be a widely accepted renewable energy alternative. It is considered as the cleanest and abundantly available source of energy. Adoption of this source for energy generation has been made possible by technological advancements. The United States has realized the potential of the solar energy but hasn’t been able to exploit the technology until recently. Since 2009, the US has seen a significant growth in consumption of solar energy. Efficiency of solar cells, tax credits, state policies, increasing public awareness on environmental pollution have resulted in increasing use of solar energy. Although a key reason …
Dilemmas In Not Invented Here Syndrome, Surekha Chanamolu, Shihab Hanayneh, Lennae Misiewicz, Marthed Mohammed, Jacqueline Nayame
Dilemmas In Not Invented Here Syndrome, Surekha Chanamolu, Shihab Hanayneh, Lennae Misiewicz, Marthed Mohammed, Jacqueline Nayame
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Not Invented Here syndrome has many negative effects on the performance of companies. However, there are several ways companies can work to overcome NIH syndrome. Some of the most important aspects when it comes to identifying and overcoming NIH syndrome include performance and communication, optimal performance and tenure, the absorptive capacity paradox, intra-organizational communication, experience with external knowledge, and poorly balanced incentive systems. NIH syndrome typically begins when a company feels that their identity is threatened and therefore they reject information from other companies or organizations. The focus of this paper is to address the manifestations, causes, and consequences of …
Reb Strategic Plan, Mohamed Sheikh, Catalina Reyes, Oneshin Aiken, Marthed Mohammed, Bhawinee Banchongraksa
Reb Strategic Plan, Mohamed Sheikh, Catalina Reyes, Oneshin Aiken, Marthed Mohammed, Bhawinee Banchongraksa
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Slides from a presentation outlining the strategic plan for a new skin care enterprise, including strategic planning, customer analysis,marketing plan and forecasting.
Data Envelopment Analysis Using Glpkapi In R, Konrad Miziolek, Jordan Beary, Shreyas Vasanth, Surekha Chanamolu, Rudraxi Mitra
Data Envelopment Analysis Using Glpkapi In R, Konrad Miziolek, Jordan Beary, Shreyas Vasanth, Surekha Chanamolu, Rudraxi Mitra
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
The work done here is primarily a wrapper function written to separate some of the more difficult-to-use glpkAPI functionality from the end-user. The user, when prompted, selects the appropriate configuration of the .mod file to the task (for example, output-oriented CRS), and the data file, as a .dat. The function then loads the required glpkAPI library, and carries forward the model. It allocates the problem and workspace, reads the model file and data file the user selects, builds the problem, and solves it. The function returns primal values, and, if dual = TRUE is selected, also returns dual weights.
Lead User Discovery Through Netnography: Transhumanist Subcultures Of Grinders And Biohackers, Brian Lux, Page Bailey, Catalina Reyes
Lead User Discovery Through Netnography: Transhumanist Subcultures Of Grinders And Biohackers, Brian Lux, Page Bailey, Catalina Reyes
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Industry has already been set as a precedent that lead users are indicators for future products and areas of forming trends. By following where these lead users come from, understanding their motivations and intent of use can help discover new products. In this paper there are two groups under the ideological umbrella of Transhumanism, “Grinders” and “Biohackers” which are fringe groups where we felt there were possible lead users. To study them, we employed the use of the Unified Theory of Adoption and Use of Technology as a framework to gain an understanding of their characteristics and motivations. By doing …
Online Managment - Pro Courses: Provide Online Training Services For Working Professionals To Achieve Their Career Goals, Alex Tacco Melendez, Lipishree Vrushabhendra, Shahram Khorasanizadeh, Tanzila Akhter
Online Managment - Pro Courses: Provide Online Training Services For Working Professionals To Achieve Their Career Goals, Alex Tacco Melendez, Lipishree Vrushabhendra, Shahram Khorasanizadeh, Tanzila Akhter
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
The organization works on software projects that develops application software, website portals for private and government institutions, including its own projects related to website development. The latest project of this organization is called the Online Management-Pro Courses to provide online training services for working professionals to achieve their career goals. The purpose of this project is to develop an online training portal with courses for students and professionals aspiring to excel in management. This web portal will create a knowledge network that is expected to catalyze solutions for management challenges. This will be achieved by disseminating courses in order to …
Spacex Satellite Constellations, Anju Babu, Kevin Camp, Wray Price
Spacex Satellite Constellations, Anju Babu, Kevin Camp, Wray Price
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
As of June 2017, only 51% of people worldwide have access to the internet. The goal of this project is to deploy the world's first global satellite internet service capable of servicing both internet backbone infrastructure and end consumers across the globe.
Founded in 2002 SpaceX has revolutionized the space launch industry, with the end goal of making Humans a multi planetary species. This effort requires significant funding resources, which has led to the pursuit of business opportunities beyond the launch market where SpaceX currently does the majority of its business. By providing global internet coverage, SpaceX stands to make …
Exclusive Summary: Diabetes Happy Meal, Bhawinee Banchongraksa
Exclusive Summary: Diabetes Happy Meal, Bhawinee Banchongraksa
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Brief summary of application software designed to assist diabetics to make healthy dietary choices, and to offer means to buy ingredients online.
Flipscreen.Ai, Christopher Davis
Flipscreen.Ai, Christopher Davis
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Slides from a presentation outlining a new software product that pushes real time, personalized fantasy data directly to viewers' televisions, allowing them to better play skill based fantasy sports games.
Big Data Analytics For A Sustained Competitive Advantage, Nayem Rahman
Big Data Analytics For A Sustained Competitive Advantage, Nayem Rahman
Student Research Symposium
Achieving a sustained competitive advantage in the industry is vital for a firm’s long-term survival. Big data has been mentioned as a powerful competitive tool in the literature. This study examines the influence of big data analytics in achieving competitive advantage by a firm in its business operations. From a competitive advantage standpoint, big data analytics capability has implications for three key resources such as big data technology, big data technical skills, and data scientist skills. In this presentation we provide an overview of big data analytics in terms of resource-based view of the firm. Based on resource-based theory, we …
Drivers Of Consumers’ Emotional Engagement With Everyday Products: An Intensive Review Of The Literature And An Attempt To Conceptualize The Consumer-Product Interactions Within The Emotional Design Process, Ahmed Alibage, Antonie Jetter
Drivers Of Consumers’ Emotional Engagement With Everyday Products: An Intensive Review Of The Literature And An Attempt To Conceptualize The Consumer-Product Interactions Within The Emotional Design Process, Ahmed Alibage, Antonie Jetter
Student Research Symposium
This research intensively reviews the literature on designing emotional-driven products and aims to identify the drivers of the consumers’ emotional engagement with everyday products. The research also aims to develop a conceptual framework based on the basic model of product emotions and the classical process control, by which the identified emotional drivers in consumer products, the basic concerns of consumers, the context of the consumer-product interactions, and the design approach(s) would be interrelated and modeled. Furthermore, this research will study the psychological and theoretical perspectives on the human phenomenon of emotion to understand what does an emotion means, and why …
Antecedents And Determinants Of High-Tech Smes’ Commercialisation Enablers: Opening The Black Box Of Open Innovation Practices, Aleš Pustovrh, Marko Jaklič, Sheila A. Martin, Matevž Raškovića
Antecedents And Determinants Of High-Tech Smes’ Commercialisation Enablers: Opening The Black Box Of Open Innovation Practices, Aleš Pustovrh, Marko Jaklič, Sheila A. Martin, Matevž Raškovića
Institute of Metropolitan Studies Publications
Innovation activities have become globalised and open in ways that were unimaginable 20 years ago. These changes have brought new insight into research on innovation activities and specific innovation practices in organisations, including that previous research largely ignored small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper tests a variance-based structural equation model (SEM) for selected antecedents and determinants of commercialisation enablers on a sample of 105 SMEs from Slovenia – a small, open, post-transition economy with a dominant SME sector. The main contribution of the paper lies in testing how two specific open innovation practices (open innovation information exchange and open …
Development Of A Technology Transfer Score For Evaluating Research Proposals: Case Study Of Demand Response Technologies In The Pacific Northwest, Judith Estep
Dissertations and Theses
Investment in Research and Development (R&D) is necessary for innovation, allowing an organization to maintain a competitive edge. The U.S. Federal Government invests billions of dollars, primarily in basic research technologies to help fill the pipeline for other organizations to take the technology into commercialization. However, it is not about just investing in innovation, it is about converting that research into application. A cursory review of the research proposal evaluation criteria suggests that there is little to no emphasis placed on the transfer of research results. This effort is motivated by a need to move research into application.
One segment …
Managing Technology In Financial Innovation, Frederick Betz
Managing Technology In Financial Innovation, Frederick Betz
Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
The topic of managing technology had traditionally focused upon the manufacturing industries; but the service industries grew to become a major sector of industry and commerce. We examine how to manage technology in the financial commercial sector. What is innovation in the financial sector? How does innovation occur in the financial sector? What are the criteria of technology safety in financial innovations? Why did financial innovation contribute to financial instabilities, such as the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-08? Why had governmental agencies failed to properly regulate the financial sector for safety? How did U.S. government financial agencies handle that financial …
Developing Strategic Decision Making Process For Product And Service Planning, Yonghee Cho
Developing Strategic Decision Making Process For Product And Service Planning, Yonghee Cho
Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
It is imperative to forecast advanced or emerging technologies to aid in decision making on firm's R&D investments and business plan for commercialization efforts. Even though a company must align R&D planning with overall business planning such as manufacturing, sales and marketing, personnel, and finance, systematic management approaches are limited in it based upon the prediction of technological change and speed. This paper aims to provide a decision support tool to aid in strategic service planning and technology development in a firm. The study is to enhance strategic development of service and product with the consideration of emerging technologies. This …
Coping With Information Technology: Mixed Emotions, Vacillation, And Nonconforming Use Patterns, Mari-Klara Stein, Sue Newell, Erica L. Wagner, Robert D. Galliers
Coping With Information Technology: Mixed Emotions, Vacillation, And Nonconforming Use Patterns, Mari-Klara Stein, Sue Newell, Erica L. Wagner, Robert D. Galliers
Business Faculty Publications and Presentations
Achieving the promised business benefits of an IT system is intimately tied to the continued incorporation of the system into the work practices it is intended to support. While much is known about different social, cognitive, and technical factors that influence initial adoption and use, less is known about the role of emotional factors in users' behaviors. Through an in-depth field study conducted in two North American universities, we examine the role of emotions in how specific IT use patterns emerge. We find that there are five different characteristics of an IT stimulus event (cues) that, when interacting in a …
The Intangible Factors Of Design And New Product Development, David L. Driskill
The Intangible Factors Of Design And New Product Development, David L. Driskill
Student Research Symposium
When thinking about product value it is important to realize that there are two main value classifications to take into account, tangible and intangible value. Although it may not seem obvious at first, all values that the consumer receives through using a product, whether tangible or intangible, do not happen by accident. All aspects of a product are built in by design. This is possible because of the intangible factors of the design process and implementation itself that a design team can utilize. The intangible design process is defined by three major layers: the knowledge layer, the emotion layer, and …
Technological Forecasting Based On Segmented Rate Of Change, Dong-Joon Lim
Technological Forecasting Based On Segmented Rate Of Change, Dong-Joon Lim
Dissertations and Theses
Consider the following questions in the early stage of new product development. What should be the target market for proposed design concepts? Who will be the competitors and how fast are they moving forward in terms of performance improvements? Ultimately, is the current design concept and targeted launch date feasible and competitive?
To answer these questions, there is a need to integrate the product benchmarking with the assessment of performance improvement so that analysts can have a risk measure for their R&D target setting practices. Consequently, this study presents how time series benchmarking analysis can be used to assist scheduling …
Multidisciplinary Teams As An Enhanced Learing Tool: A Case Study Of An Extra-Curricular Student Endeavor Resulting In Exceptional Learning Outcomes, Yassir Alamari, Hamed Alyaqout, Qin Guo, Jerrod Thomas
Multidisciplinary Teams As An Enhanced Learing Tool: A Case Study Of An Extra-Curricular Student Endeavor Resulting In Exceptional Learning Outcomes, Yassir Alamari, Hamed Alyaqout, Qin Guo, Jerrod Thomas
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Cross-functional teams are all the rage in business where teams working on new product development can benefit from greater innovativeness and creativity when more diverse work units are put together to develop consumer products [1]. Within the realm of academia, particularly within engineering disciplines, the objectives and interactions of students remains narrow and targeted to the discipline of study. In this paper we look at the potential of enhanced learning outcomes driven by working in a cross-‐functional or multidisciplinary teams with an appropriate project being available. We examine the role an organically-‐formed student club played in providing just such a …
Marketing Plan: Remzen, Jerrod Thomas, Kranthi Kumary Reddy Rapolu, Liyan Xiao, Purva Chhatre, Shiva Ram Reddy Singireddy, Wendy Lally
Marketing Plan: Remzen, Jerrod Thomas, Kranthi Kumary Reddy Rapolu, Liyan Xiao, Purva Chhatre, Shiva Ram Reddy Singireddy, Wendy Lally
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
More than 70 million Americans suffer from some form of sleep disorder. REMzen is a new startup company looking to take on the burgeoning wearable market-space with an advanced sleep mask capable of precision sleep cycle monitoring, deep analytics that provide meaningful real-life coaching for better sleep, and the only sleep-cycle driven light therapy wake up on the market. REMzen benefits begin day one by monitoring your sleep and waking you up utilizing natural light therapy at the optimal moment in your sleep cycle. Wake up feeling refreshed and ready; gone are the groggy, abrupt awakenings of alarm clocks, ripping …
Tillamook County Waste Disposal Technology Assessment, Arvind Kumar, Ryan Menze, Joe Smith, Jerrod Thomas
Tillamook County Waste Disposal Technology Assessment, Arvind Kumar, Ryan Menze, Joe Smith, Jerrod Thomas
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Tillamook County is a rural county straddling the Northern Oregon Coast Range with the majority of the local economy based around agriculture, timber, tourism, and fishing. As part of Tillamook County’s mission statement, they strive“to enhance the quality of life for its citizens by promoting and preserving public health and safety, maintaining a stable economy, encouraging wise use of resources, and providing services in the most efficient and cost-effective manner possible.” To that end, Tillamook County, Tillamook County Economic Development Council (TCEDC), Portland State University, Oregon State University, and Tetra Tech have undergone an evaluation and technology assessment process to …
Multi-Perspective Technology Assessment To Improve Decision Making: A Novel Approach Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping For A Large-Scale Transmission Line Upgrade, Richard Chad Sperry
Multi-Perspective Technology Assessment To Improve Decision Making: A Novel Approach Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping For A Large-Scale Transmission Line Upgrade, Richard Chad Sperry
Dissertations and Theses
The objective of the technology assessment (TA) process is to understand problematic and undesirable consequences from the development and application of technology. TA advocates for the engagement of technology experts and stakeholders to understand the effects of technology. However, TA is often criticized that the decision-making process is not transparent - leaving stakeholders wondering if their contributions were heard. Furthermore, the methods have limited capability for conducting tradeoff analysis between the organizational objectives and conflicting stakeholder perspectives that can result in unintended consequences. Finally, these methods are static making it difficult to update and reassess decision alternatives when new information …
Participation In Technology Standards Development: A Decision Model For The Information And Communications Technology Industry, Ramin Neshati
Participation In Technology Standards Development: A Decision Model For The Information And Communications Technology Industry, Ramin Neshati
Dissertations and Theses
There is a dearth of decision-support models or frameworks to aid managers in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry in uniformly assessing the key factors in the decision to standardize innovative technologies. Making the proper decision is consequential and potentially fraught with risks for the firm such as competitive exposure, high expenditures with inadequate returns, restrictive inbound or outbound patent licensing obligations, and related complications.
This study presents a framework to guide managers in the ICT industry in assessing the factors that inform the decision to participate in the development of technology standards. Using multi-criteria decision analysis and judgment …
Strategic Upgrades: A Vehicle Routing Overview And Implementation For Nokia Siemens Network, Lukas Kessler, Chris Davis, Farzad Moshfegh, Jerrod Thomas
Strategic Upgrades: A Vehicle Routing Overview And Implementation For Nokia Siemens Network, Lukas Kessler, Chris Davis, Farzad Moshfegh, Jerrod Thomas
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is combinatorial optimization problem that has real-world synonyms for many organizations and problem types. In this paper we discuss various implementations of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), an extension of the traditional traveling salesman problem and explore a best-fit solution as well as a heuristically derived “good” solution. The best-fit solution utilizes a branch and bound technique but requires an exponential amount of computational resources to complete when applied to problems of marginal size. Some heuristic methodologies are elucidated to compare and contrast their benefits and drawbacks and an open source solution for capacitated vehicle …
Onboarding For Success: A Midstream Evaluation Of Strategic Onboarding At Portland State University, Jerrod Thomas
Onboarding For Success: A Midstream Evaluation Of Strategic Onboarding At Portland State University, Jerrod Thomas
Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects
Portland State University (PSU) is Oregon’s largest university and houses a large and diverse set of faculty, staff, and administrators. With such a large population and a constantly changing landscape of budgets and institutional requirements, Portland State is continually hiring, developing, and transitioning its workforce. Studies in the last decade have shown that by focusing on the onboarding process, retention and job effectiveness can be significantly enhanced. [1] In the summer of 2012, under the direction of the Vice President of Finance and Administration, a Strategic Onboarding committee was formed to evaluate existing processes and make recommendations on implementing a …
Bridging The Missing Link Between "Top-Down" And "Bottom-Up": A Strategic Policy Model For International Collaboration In Science And Technology, Pattharaporn Suntharasaj
Bridging The Missing Link Between "Top-Down" And "Bottom-Up": A Strategic Policy Model For International Collaboration In Science And Technology, Pattharaporn Suntharasaj
Dissertations and Theses
Success in International Collaboration in Science and Technology (ICST) depends on various factors, different players have different perspectives. Governments participate in collaboration in order to meet their country's policy goals. Scientists and researchers establish their contacts through their personal channels or scientific networks in order to pursue their own academic interest. There are two significant approaches in ICST Policy making which are "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. Both approaches are important. One approach can not fit all. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. A balance between these two approaches is necessary.
The objective of this research is to develop …