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2024

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Full-Text Articles in Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods

Drivertech Vehicle Monitoring System, Sarah Aldhafeeri, Fillip Cannard, Kaitlyn Ledon, Shea Spellman Apr 2024

Drivertech Vehicle Monitoring System, Sarah Aldhafeeri, Fillip Cannard, Kaitlyn Ledon, Shea Spellman

Posters - 2024

DriverTech provides critical data to shipping companies about their fleets of vehicles and drivers. This is done through their vehicle monitoring system. Unfortunately, Windows 10 is reaching end of life, and DriverTech is looking for a new software solution.


Covid-19 And Management Scholarship: Lessons For Conducting Impactful Research, Gerard George, Gokhan Ertug, Jonathan P. Doh, Johanna Mair, Ajnesh Prasad Apr 2024

Covid-19 And Management Scholarship: Lessons For Conducting Impactful Research, Gerard George, Gokhan Ertug, Jonathan P. Doh, Johanna Mair, Ajnesh Prasad

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity for management scholars to address large-scale and complex societal problems and strive for greater practical and policy impact. A brief overview of the most-cited work on COVID-19 reveals that, compared with their counterparts in other disciplines, leading management journals and professional associations lagged in providing a platform for high-impact research on COVID-19. To help management research play a more active role in responding to similar global challenges in the future, we propose an integrative framework that emphasizes a phenomenon’s impact, the conditions that the phenomenon creates at multiple levels, and the responses of actors …


The Important Role Of System Dynamics Investigation On Business Model, Industry And Performance Management, Lina Gozali, Teuku Yuri M. Zagloel, Togar Mangihut Simatupang, Wahyudi Sutopo, Aldy Gunawan, Yun-Chia Liang, Bernardo Nugroho Yahya, Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes, Agustinus Purna Irawan, Yuliani Suseno Apr 2024

The Important Role Of System Dynamics Investigation On Business Model, Industry And Performance Management, Lina Gozali, Teuku Yuri M. Zagloel, Togar Mangihut Simatupang, Wahyudi Sutopo, Aldy Gunawan, Yun-Chia Liang, Bernardo Nugroho Yahya, Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes, Agustinus Purna Irawan, Yuliani Suseno

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Purpose: This research studies the development of the evolving dynamic system model and explores the important elements or factors and what detailed attributes are the main influences model in achieving the success of a business, industry and management. It also identifies the real and major differences between static and dynamic business management models and the detailed factors that influence them. Later, this research investigates the benefits/advantages and limitations/disadvantages of some research studies. The studies conducted in this research put more emphasis on the capabilities of system dynamics (SD) in modeling and the ability to measure, analyse and capture problems in …


From The Editors: Mobilizing New Sources Of Data: Opportunities And Recommendations, Denis A. Gregoire, Anne L. J. Ter Wal, Laura M. Little, Sekou Bermiss, Reddi Kotha, Marc Gruber Apr 2024

From The Editors: Mobilizing New Sources Of Data: Opportunities And Recommendations, Denis A. Gregoire, Anne L. J. Ter Wal, Laura M. Little, Sekou Bermiss, Reddi Kotha, Marc Gruber

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

In June 2008, the U.S.-based website Glassdoor.com began posting anonymous company reviews and salary data from current and former employees of various organizations. Doing so not only brought to the world information that had hitherto been restricted to private circles, it spontaneously prompted some organizations to alter their workplace practices (Dineen & Allen, 2016; Dube & Zhu, 2021). At the same time, Glassdoor’s very activities gave rise to a completely new source of data for exploring a wealth of management and organizational phenomena (e.g., Bermiss & McDonald, 2018; Rhee, 2024). As this example illustrates, new data sources can not only …


Reproducibility In Management Science, MiloˇS Fišar, Ben Greiner, Christoph Huber, Elena Katok, Ali I. Ozkes, Hannah H. Chang Mar 2024

Reproducibility In Management Science, MiloˇS Fišar, Ben Greiner, Christoph Huber, Elena Katok, Ali I. Ozkes, Hannah H. Chang

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

With the help of more than 700 reviewers, we assess the reproducibility of nearly 500 articles published in the journal Management Science before and after the introduction of a new Data and Code Disclosure policy in 2019. When considering only articles for which data accessibility and hardware and software requirements were not an obstacle for reviewers, the results of more than 95% of articles under the new disclosure policy could be fully or largely computationally reproduced. However, for 29% of articles, at least part of the data set was not accessible to the reviewer. Considering all articles in our sample …


Developing An Instrument To Measure Group Dynamics Awareness: A Mixed Methods Study, John Weng Jan 2024

Developing An Instrument To Measure Group Dynamics Awareness: A Mixed Methods Study, John Weng

Dissertations

In a world that is increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous, adaptive leaders are needed more than ever. Based on group relations programs developed by the Tavistock Institute, a pedagogy known as case-in-point has recently been brought to prominence and incorporated into leadership development programs. These methods claim to develop systems thinking and individuals’ leadership capacity with little prior empirical research.

This mixed methods exploratory study explored individual awareness of group dynamics, a key outcome in case-in-point programs, and adaptive leadership theory. The goal was to create an instrument to measure awareness of group dynamics: the Group Dynamics Awareness Questionnaire …


How Technology Affordances Of Sharing Economy Platforms Influence Cultural Distance And The Affective Commitment Of Immigrants At The Base Of The Pyramid, Jie Yan, Saman Bina, Yasamin Hadavi, Robin Wakefield Jan 2024

How Technology Affordances Of Sharing Economy Platforms Influence Cultural Distance And The Affective Commitment Of Immigrants At The Base Of The Pyramid, Jie Yan, Saman Bina, Yasamin Hadavi, Robin Wakefield

Hunt Institute Working Paper Series

Within the immigrant population, there is a sub-group at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP). Compared to others, BoP immigrants receive lower incomes, have weaker informal networks, and face greater resource constraints. As more and more BoP immigrants participate in the sharing economy, we suggest that the use of sharing economy platforms by BoP immigrants would have a significant impact on their integration into a new country because it would influence cultural distance and affective commitment in multiple ways. Hence, in the present study, we seek to explore the relationships among the technology affordance of sharing economy platforms, the cultural …


Entrepreneurial Orientation And Organizational Performance: Exploring Moderated Curvilinear Relationships, Gang Fan, Mengge Li, Derrick E. D’Souza Jan 2024

Entrepreneurial Orientation And Organizational Performance: Exploring Moderated Curvilinear Relationships, Gang Fan, Mengge Li, Derrick E. D’Souza

Hunt Institute Working Paper Series

Empirical investigations of the EO–firm performance relationship have typically focused on small and medium-sized ventures and have relied on survey data. Will the shape of the relationship curve hold for firms that moved past the ‘ventures’ phase? Our study investigates a sample of 11,843 small, medium, and large publicly listed firms drawn from the COMPUSTAT database. We confirm the existence of a U-shaped EO-performance relationship, and our analysis offers new evidence on the role of EO in SMEs versus large firms. Contrary to conventional wisdom, our sample of SMEs displayed lower levels of EO than large firms, and large firms …


Idiosyncratic Deals For Single-Parent Employees And The Role Of Socio-Economic Diversity In Converting Them Into Formalized Policies, Tanushree Chatterjee Jan 2024

Idiosyncratic Deals For Single-Parent Employees And The Role Of Socio-Economic Diversity In Converting Them Into Formalized Policies, Tanushree Chatterjee

Hunt Institute Working Paper Series

Single-parents are an increasing demographic of employees within many industries who warrant special attention. This study aims to analyze customized work arrangements negotiated by single-parent employees with their supervisors, known as idiosyncratic deals (i-deals), which improves the quality of life in their work/family domains. The results can be extended to an organizational level of analysis, where the cumulative work-family enrichment is used to predict the usage of formal family policies among single-parent employees. This will help bridge the gap between individual experiences of single-parent employees and the overall perspective of the organization on promoting a better work environment for single-parents.


Teaching-Learning Patchwork Technique: Proposed Active Methodology Applied To Doctoral Education, Jonimar Silva Souza, Aloir Pedruzzi Junior, Queila Regina Sousa Matitz, Natália Rese Jan 2024

Teaching-Learning Patchwork Technique: Proposed Active Methodology Applied To Doctoral Education, Jonimar Silva Souza, Aloir Pedruzzi Junior, Queila Regina Sousa Matitz, Natália Rese

The Qualitative Report

The didactic-pedagogical innovation at the stricto sensu level can be the differential for a program to train qualified professionals for today's demands. Within this perspective, the study seeks to reflect on the application process and impacts of a teaching strategy based on the Teaching-Learning Patchwork Technique (TLPT) active methodology in a doctoral business administration course. Using duoethnography, the research was carried out with a teacher and two students, generating reflections of different visions about the same object, which provided a greater understanding of the phenomena experienced. The results support that TLPT promotes educational innovation from the promotion of teaching worked …


Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, And Practices, Gettysburg College Edition, Alice M. Brawley Newlin, Anol Bhattacherjee Jan 2024

Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, And Practices, Gettysburg College Edition, Alice M. Brawley Newlin, Anol Bhattacherjee

Open Educational Resources

This book is an introductory, 300-level undergraduate text for Research Methods. It covers introductory topics such as developing theory and models; basics of empirical research (e.g., measurement, sampling); data collection (e.g., surveys, experiments, interpretive research); data analysis; and research ethics. This text was designed to accompany our MGT 301 course at Gettysburg College, and it is a revised version of the second edition of Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices by Prof. Anol Bhattacherjee.


Evaluating Conflict Resolution Training For Effectiveness: Developing Knowledge And Skills For Multiple Perspectives, Jessica Arriola Jan 2024

Evaluating Conflict Resolution Training For Effectiveness: Developing Knowledge And Skills For Multiple Perspectives, Jessica Arriola

Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations

Managers and leadership teams invest time in resolving workplace conflicts, but the key question is whether professional learning effectively delivers lasting outcomes for individuals and organizations. This study created an eight-hour conflict resolution training on Bolman and Deal’s Four Leadership Frames to educate Central Florida professionals on using multiple perspectives in conflict resolution, evaluating effectiveness through the Kirkpatrick Model. Directed qualitative content analysis (DQCA) was used to gauge the effectiveness of the training, therefore answering the overarching research question: Is conflict resolution training of the Four Frames of Leadership by Bolman and Deal perceived as effective training by human resource …


Risk Management Practices In The Aviation Industry: Lessons Learned And Effective Tools… A Mixed Method Approach, Jim W. Marion Jr. Phd, Tracey M. Richardson, Valerie Denney, Carlos Chaves Jan 2024

Risk Management Practices In The Aviation Industry: Lessons Learned And Effective Tools… A Mixed Method Approach, Jim W. Marion Jr. Phd, Tracey M. Richardson, Valerie Denney, Carlos Chaves

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

This paper provides a data-driven approach to apply lessons learned from Project Risk Management in the aviation industry. This is accomplished by performing a qualitative analysis to inform a second-pass quantitative analysis using tools like surveys, word clods and analysis through NVivo and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The results of this analysis show that the most important lessons are elements of early identification, rigorous risk identification and analysis and a focus on reducing risks inherent within the aviation history. Furthermore, the analysis yielded the following top tools for risks management within their phases of the project life-cycle: document review, checklists …


Asem 4.0/5.0 - Evolving The Engineering Management Profession Through Industry 4.0/5.0 Collaborative Networks, T. Steven Cotter, Faisal Mahmud, Ziniya Zahedi Jan 2024

Asem 4.0/5.0 - Evolving The Engineering Management Profession Through Industry 4.0/5.0 Collaborative Networks, T. Steven Cotter, Faisal Mahmud, Ziniya Zahedi

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

The American Society for Engineering Management was created and matured under Industry 3.0 automation. The emergence of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 are forcing all organizational sectors to rethink their long-term strategy with respect to emerging horizontal/vertical cyber-physical systems integration. This leaves open the question of the directions in which ASEM should evolve into the 21st century. This paper reports an initial mapping of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 technologies and initiatives as goal-oriented, long-term strategic collaborative networks. The research method began with the Boston Consulting Group nine technologies of Industry 4.0 (2015) and the Industry 5.0 technologies within its human-centric, sustainability, …


Nike's Product Recommendation System And Incorporation Of Ai, Quinton Truman Lamers Jan 2024

Nike's Product Recommendation System And Incorporation Of Ai, Quinton Truman Lamers

Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts

No abstract provided.


Sustainability, Board Composition, And Culture In It Industry Companies: The Employees’ Viewpoint, Mohammad Karimi Sani Jan 2024

Sustainability, Board Composition, And Culture In It Industry Companies: The Employees’ Viewpoint, Mohammad Karimi Sani

Information Systems & Operations Management Dissertations - Archive

The first essay explores the relationship between IT investments and corporate sustainability, emphasizing the cultural milieu within which these investments transpire. While IT investments can drive efficiency, they can adversely affect sustainability. The research suggests that diversity and integrity are vital for sustainability, advocating for integration into strategic decision-making. However, it also reveals agility’s potential downside, indicating a need for businesses to balance rapid change with sustainability objectives. The findings call for a strategic reassessment of IT investments in harmony with an organization’s cultural and sustainability framework, guiding companies toward sustainable technological advancement. The second essay expands the narrative by …


The Best Of Both Worlds: Affiliation And Agency In Traditional And Gig Work Choices, Nathan S. Hartman, Joy H. Karriker Jan 2024

The Best Of Both Worlds: Affiliation And Agency In Traditional And Gig Work Choices, Nathan S. Hartman, Joy H. Karriker

Faculty Publications – Management

The opportunity to construct a career and the prevalence of virtual work are hallmarks of the extant environment that makes career decisions and workforce recruitment increasingly complex. We seek to understand jobseekers’ choices in this context, which allows for great personal control and independence. We draw on the career self-management stream of social-cognitive career theory to inform our examination of the influences of certain applicant work preferences and individual characteristics on preferences for gig or traditional work and related job-seeking behaviors. Findings from this study indicate that a sense of agency and need for affiliation are significantly related to new …


The Impacts Of Hype And Competition On The Valuations Of Privately-Held U.S. Software Startups, Karan Sudhir Goel Jan 2024

The Impacts Of Hype And Competition On The Valuations Of Privately-Held U.S. Software Startups, Karan Sudhir Goel

CMC Senior Theses

The impacts of internal conditions on startup valuations have been well studied, but external factors such as market hype and competition have been more restricted to public company valuation research. With soaring valuations in the Generative AI market, an analysis of the relation of hype and competition to startup valuations is timely. I test three hypotheses: (1) More hype about certain business or tech-focused topics is associated with higher valuations for startups operating in those areas (2) More competition is associated with lower valuations for startups (3) The positive effect of hype on valuations is offset by the negative effect …


Optimizing Organizational Growth: Exploring The Integration Of Business Development, Leadership And Project Management, Nathalia Romao Jan 2024

Optimizing Organizational Growth: Exploring The Integration Of Business Development, Leadership And Project Management, Nathalia Romao

Harrisburg University Dissertations and Theses

This quantitative study investigates the integration of business development, leadership, and project management practices to optimize organizational growth. Despite the extensive literature on business management, organizations continue to face challenges such as communication gaps, monitoring inefficiencies and discrepancies in the division of tasks, which undermine performance and stakeholder satisfaction. This research aims to identify effective strategies for aligning these critical areas, focusing on agile, waterfall methodologies and a hybrid project management suggestion. Opinion research and correlational analysis will be carried out to collect and analyze data from professionals from various sectors. Cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys provide information on current integration …


The Phenomenology Of Success: Women Who Made It To The C-Suite Despite Barriers, Bettye H. Smith Jan 2024

The Phenomenology Of Success: Women Who Made It To The C-Suite Despite Barriers, Bettye H. Smith

Dissertations

Multiple researchers have explored avenues to achieve gender diversity in leadership, primarily by studying the barriers to success for aspiring women leaders. Despite barriers, a small group of women have risen to the top positions of US corporations, demonstrating that there is a path to success and highlighting an opportunity to address leadership diversity differently. Whereas most research on gender diversity in leadership focuses on the barriers women encounter, this qualitative phenomenological study focused on how women can succeed. By leveraging Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory to explore systems that enabled a phenomenal group of women to advance to the C-suite, …


The Estimation Of Production Functions With Monetary Values, Jesus Felipe, John Mccombie, Aashish Mehta Jan 2024

The Estimation Of Production Functions With Monetary Values, Jesus Felipe, John Mccombie, Aashish Mehta

Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies (AKI)

For decades, the literature on the estimation of production functions has focused on the elimination of endogeneity biases through different estimation procedures to obtain the correct factor elasticities and other relevant parameters. Theoretical discussions of the problem correctly assume that production functions are relationships among physical inputs and output. However, in practice, they are most often estimated using deflated monetary values for output (value added or gross output) and capital. This introduces two additional problems—an errors-invariables problem, and a tendency to recover the factor shares in value added instead of their elasticities. The latter problem derives from the fact that …


The Impact Of Social Media On Charitable Giving For Nonprofit Organization, Namchul Shin Jan 2024

The Impact Of Social Media On Charitable Giving For Nonprofit Organization, Namchul Shin

Journal of International Technology and Information Management

Research has extensively studied nonprofit organizations’ use of social media for communications and interactions with supporters. However, there has been limited research examining the impact of social media on charitable giving. This research attempts to address the gap by empirically examining the relationship between the use of social media and charitable giving for nonprofit organizations. We employ a data set of the Nonprofit Times’ top 100 nonprofits ranked by total revenue for the empirical analysis. As measures for social media traction, i.e., how extensively nonprofits draw supporters on their social media sites, we use Facebook Likes, Twitter Followers, and Instagram …


Key Issues Of Predictive Analytics Implementation: A Sociotechnical Perspective, Leida Chen, Ravi Nath, Nevina Rocco Jan 2024

Key Issues Of Predictive Analytics Implementation: A Sociotechnical Perspective, Leida Chen, Ravi Nath, Nevina Rocco

Journal of International Technology and Information Management

Developing an effective business analytics function within a company has become a crucial component to an organization’s competitive advantage today. Predictive analytics enables an organization to make proactive, data-driven decisions. While companies are increasing their investments in data and analytics technologies, little research effort has been devoted to understanding how to best convert analytics assets into positive business performance. This issue can be best studied from the socio-technical perspective to gain a holistic understanding of the key factors relevant to implementing predictive analytics. Based upon information from structured interviews with information technology and analytics executives of 11 organizations across the …


Activities Tailoring Within Agile Scrum Roles: A Case Of Nigerian Healthcare Information Systems Development, Yazidu Salihu, Julian Bass, Gloria Iyawa Jan 2024

Activities Tailoring Within Agile Scrum Roles: A Case Of Nigerian Healthcare Information Systems Development, Yazidu Salihu, Julian Bass, Gloria Iyawa

Journal of International Technology and Information Management

Developing quality agile healthcare information systems requires understanding regulatory compliance and evolving healthcare needs through activities tailored within agile scrum roles. Agile scrum, a widely adopted philosophy, offers significant advantages in managing software development processes. This research explores how activities within the agile scrum roles are tailored to agile healthcare information systems development within the Nigerian context. This study adopted a qualitative case study methodology and interviewed 12 agile practitioners developing healthcare information systems within Nigeria using semi-structured open-ended interview guide questions. The practitioners were selected based on a snowballing process, a sunset of purposive sampling techniques from our network …


Market Information, Human Behaviour, And Policy: Dissecting The Trucking Freight Spot Markets In Three Essays, Shervin Espahbod Jan 2024

Market Information, Human Behaviour, And Policy: Dissecting The Trucking Freight Spot Markets In Three Essays, Shervin Espahbod

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

This multidisciplinary dissertation seeks to provide a theoretically and practically informed, contemporary understanding of the mechanisms of trucking freight spot markets in North America. This thesis builds upon background from technology and policy innovations in markets and adopts an increasingly broader interdisciplinary lens in operational sciences. To this end, I consulted a broad range of literature, designed and conducted three experiments, and completed a theoretical review. The work, presented in the form of three essays, showcases the workings of trucking freight spot markets and operational sciences at large from a comprehensive perspective, emphasizing the role of information, human cognitive biases, …


What Can We Learn From A Co-Creation Journey For A Quick Scan Digital Transformation Maturity Assessment Tool For Development Ngos?, Anand Sheombar Jan 2024

What Can We Learn From A Co-Creation Journey For A Quick Scan Digital Transformation Maturity Assessment Tool For Development Ngos?, Anand Sheombar

Journal of International Technology and Information Management

This paper describes the approach and lessons learned from a co-creation process with Dutch development NGOs to create a practical and easy-to-use assessment tool for practitioners to assess the organisation's maturity level of digital transformation. For this study, we applied a design science research methodology, specifically a six-step co-creation approach suitable for developing maturity models. The digital maturity assessment tool (quick scan) created is a domain- specific digital transformation maturity tool for development NGOs rather than a generally applicable tool. This artefact was evaluated using an eight-point Requirements framework for the development of digital maturity assessment tools. By developing a …


The Anatomy Of Physician Fulfillment: Strategies Beyond Burnout, Brook Hale Jan 2024

The Anatomy Of Physician Fulfillment: Strategies Beyond Burnout, Brook Hale

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The persistent tension and power struggle between healthcare executives and physicians is a prevalent issue in healthcare organizations, often leading to a culture of organizational mistrust. This dynamic stems from perceived conflicting goals: executives are frequently seen as primarily focused on financial outcomes, while physicians are viewed as resistant to change. This study explored how physician fulfillment is experienced at work, with the ultimate goal of identifying potential interventions to bridge the gap between these groups. There is vast research and literature available regarding burnout in healthcare; this research focused on understanding what physicians find fulfilling in their work and …


Staff Matters: Are There Risks To Using Ai In Our Practice?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp Jan 2024

Staff Matters: Are There Risks To Using Ai In Our Practice?, Jodi Schafer Sphr, Shrm-Scp

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

As your practice adopts AI for hiring processes, it brings efficiency but also potential pitfalls. The increasing use of AI, such as ChatGPT, streamlines tasks like resume screening, but caution is essential. Recent executive orders emphasize safety assessments and civil rights in AI. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission focuses on transparency and consent in recruitment AI use. Legal compliance is vital to prevent discrimination; criteria like education and experience must be applied consistently. Additionally, employee monitoring AI requires careful implementation, ensuring transparency and human oversight. While AI offers benefits, its workplace integration demands careful consideration, testing, and ongoing evaluation.


Indigenous Culture And The Path To Democracy: An In-Depth Case Study Of Ghana's Democratization Process, 1992 – Present, Nana Quame Owusu-Nti Jan 2024

Indigenous Culture And The Path To Democracy: An In-Depth Case Study Of Ghana's Democratization Process, 1992 – Present, Nana Quame Owusu-Nti

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The study sought to ascertain whether introducing democracy has adversely impacted Indigenous cultural practices in Ghana or whether the path to democracy has enhanced, shaped, or strengthened aspects of the country’s Indigenous culture. The study sheds some light on the realistic, symbolic, and pervasive threat(s) that transitional or Indigenous societies like Ghana undergoing the process of democratization face and must deal with. More specifically, the study provides some insights into how traditional societies, where Indigenous values and practices are held with some reverence and esteem, can be integrated into liberal democratic institutions to potentially ameliorate cultural tension and political discord …


Exploring Staff Perceptions Of Meaningful Interactions With Leaders In Local Government, Brigette R. Collins Jan 2024

Exploring Staff Perceptions Of Meaningful Interactions With Leaders In Local Government, Brigette R. Collins

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The study aimed to reduce the literature gap and provide a helpful tool for understanding the follower-centered perspective of leadership in local government. Leaders are undoubtedly essential to organizational success; followers are essential, and follower perspectives of leadership are equally worthy of study (Blanchard et al., 2009). This study utilizes the critical incident technique (Flanagan, 1954) to delve into followers’ meaningful interactions and lived experiences in local government throughout the United States. Utilizing the critical incident technique (Flanagan, 1954), the study sought meaningful interactions and lived experiences of followers in local government throughout the United States. CIT lends itself to …