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Articles 31 - 60 of 144
Full-Text Articles in International Business
Strategic Intent Of Obor: Enhancing Energy Supply Resilience, Loon Ching Tang, Joyce M. W. Low
Strategic Intent Of Obor: Enhancing Energy Supply Resilience, Loon Ching Tang, Joyce M. W. Low
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Since the launch of the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative in 2015, China has announced its intention to invest in major infrastructure projects to promote trade and co-operation with its trading partners along OBOR. This paper examines the current level of trading and key projects underway along OBOR so as to provide insights to understand its strategic intent. In particular, a network model is constructed to analyze the impact to China current and future demand for energy under various conditions especially during prolonged periods of supply uncertainties. Since these key projects are closely connected to the current and proven …
The Role Of Endogenous And Exogenous Risk In Fdi Entry Choices, Peter J. Buckley, Liang Chen, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss
The Role Of Endogenous And Exogenous Risk In Fdi Entry Choices, Peter J. Buckley, Liang Chen, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
FDI research has presented consistent evidence that firm experience moderates the effect of risk on entry in a new foreign market. This conclusion is contested by recent research. By revisiting the conceptualisation of risk by economists and behaviourists, we show that the proposed learning mechanism only applies to endogenous risk, not exogenous risk. As assessing endogenous risk involves self-evaluation of risk-reducing capability, it is posited that firms have differential tendencies to take such risks even when experience and ownership are accounted for. We find both observed and unobserved variations in firms' responses to endogenous risk, as opposed to exogenous risk.
Ecosystem-Specific Advantages In International Digital Commerce, Jiatao Li, Liang Chen, Jingtao Yi, Jiye Mao, Jianwen Liao
Ecosystem-Specific Advantages In International Digital Commerce, Jiatao Li, Liang Chen, Jingtao Yi, Jiye Mao, Jianwen Liao
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We consider the applicability to digital platforms of extant international business scholarship. The organization of digital platforms has been seen to such an extent as predicated upon the bundling of external resources for collective value creation that their expansion may follow the logic of externalization. We further that literature contrasting the governance of network multinationals with that of platform-centric ecosystems. Building on and extending the theory of the ecosystem, we propose the concept of ecosystem-specific advantages. We identify costs and difficulties in the transfer of such advantages to new markets, emphasizing in particular the idea of bottlenecks. We then propose …
Can Vuca Help Us Generate New Theory Within International Business?, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss, Liang Chen
Can Vuca Help Us Generate New Theory Within International Business?, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss, Liang Chen
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The acronym and neologism “VUCA” is employed by management and some scholars to denote the unpredictability of the modern world and its impact on business. The VUCA approach suggests that a rational firm’s response should be to: protect against volatility by engineering-in redundancy and slack, gather information to reduce uncertainty, develop expertise to make complexity computable, and learn heuristically to reduce ambiguity. We combine a critical perspective on the VUCA approach with the global factory model, popularly used to describe the flexibility sought by advanced economy multinational enterprises (MNEs) within the global value chain. Both VUCA and the global factory …
Introduction: Understanding The Transformational Power Of China's Belt And Road Initiative, Yue Wah Chay, Thomas Menkhoff
Introduction: Understanding The Transformational Power Of China's Belt And Road Initiative, Yue Wah Chay, Thomas Menkhoff
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This book features several introductory readings about the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI), a strategic development initiative launched by the Chinese Government under the leadership of President Xi Jinping in 2013 to jointly build an economic belt along the Silk Road. Some of the key objectives of BRI, previously known as One Belt, One Road (OBOR) or Silk Road Economic Belt, include promoting infrastructure development, trade and investments in Asia, Europe and Africa. BRI is a gigantic development initiative whose key components include the creation of several interconnected economic land corridors (=belts): China–Mongolia–Russia; China–Central Asia– West Asia, China–Pakistan, the China–Indochina …
The International Penetration Of Ibusiness Firms: Network Effects, Liabilities Of Outsidership And Country Clout, Liang Chen, Noman Shaheer, Jingtao Yi, Sali Li
The International Penetration Of Ibusiness Firms: Network Effects, Liabilities Of Outsidership And Country Clout, Liang Chen, Noman Shaheer, Jingtao Yi, Sali Li
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The burgeoning of ibusiness firms in the modern digital economy challenges the received internationalization theory. Given that ibusinesses such as social networking sites create value by providing a digital platform for users to interact with one another, we employ a user-network perspective and externalization logic, suggesting that ibusinesses' internationalization process depends critically on users' collective interactions, instead of being solely driven by firms' market commitments, as noted by the Uppsala model. However, ibusinesses may suffer from liabilities of outsidership due to the boundedness of international network effects. Drawing on social network theory, we demonstrate that such liabilities can be mitigated …
The Double-Edged Sword Of High Expectations: Presumptive Trust, Reflective Trust, And Satisfaction In International Joint Ventures, Gokhan Ertug, Ilya Cuypers, Niels G. Noorderhaven, Ben Bensaou
The Double-Edged Sword Of High Expectations: Presumptive Trust, Reflective Trust, And Satisfaction In International Joint Ventures, Gokhan Ertug, Ilya Cuypers, Niels G. Noorderhaven, Ben Bensaou
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Joint ventures (JVs) are commonly used by firms to enter into foreign markets. Firms often have high expectations when forming international joint ventures (IJVs). However, IJVs pose serious challenges and many fail to deliver the expected benefits found that the executives he interviewed were not satisfied with more than half of their IJVs, which is consistent with a recent McKinsey report in which senior managers indicated that more than 40 percent of their JVs underperform compared to initial expectations. Similarly, Madhok and Tallman (1998: 326) observed that despite their popularity, collaborations between firms are “characterized by a high level of …
China’S Belt And Road Initiative And Asean’S Maritime Cluster, Hans-Dieter Evers, Thomas Menkhoff
China’S Belt And Road Initiative And Asean’S Maritime Cluster, Hans-Dieter Evers, Thomas Menkhoff
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper centres around China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and makes a case for further examining the possible effects of the complementary ‘Maritime Silk Road’ on Southeast Asia’s maritime clusters with reference to Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Port development with “Chinese engagement” from Port Klang in Malaysia to Sri Lanka to Gwadar in Pakistan to some Gulf state ports to Piraeus in Greece provides a string of valuable pearls in the form of harbours from which adjoining areas can be serviced through feeder vessels or railway lines by Chinese government-linked companies. Whether China’s heavy investments in land and maritime …
How Do Emerging Multinationals Configure Political Connections Across Institutional Contexts?, Liang Chen, Yi Li, Di Fan
How Do Emerging Multinationals Configure Political Connections Across Institutional Contexts?, Liang Chen, Yi Li, Di Fan
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Research Summary: Forming informal ties with political agents is viewed as a viable strategy for multinational enterprises seeking to enter emerging countries. Less is known about the conditions under which political connection is most helpful for firms dealing with cross-border institutional distance. We discuss the distinctive mechanisms through which emerging multinationals may benefit from both home and host political connections. Based on the strategy tripod perspective, we postulate that the importance of different types of connections depends on the overall configurations of a firm's resources and industry characteristics, and these may change with institutional distance. Our analysis of a sample …
Place, Space, And Foreign Direct Investment Into Peripheral Cities, Conor Mcdonald, Peter J. Buckley, Hinrich Voss, Adam R. Cross, Liang Chen
Place, Space, And Foreign Direct Investment Into Peripheral Cities, Conor Mcdonald, Peter J. Buckley, Hinrich Voss, Adam R. Cross, Liang Chen
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Perspectives drawn from the economic geography literature are increasingly used to generate insights into locational issues in international business. In this paper, we seek to integrate these literatures further by investigating the locational determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) into peripheral cities within an emerging economy. Peripheral cities in emerging economies are attracting a growing proportion of global FDI flows, but the international business literature lacks a framework for understanding subnational determinants of FDI, particularly into non-core locations. We draw on the core-periphery model to build and test theory on how spatial interdependencies between subnational locations impact on the distribution …
International New Ventures: Revisiting The Influences Behind The ‘Born-Global’ Firm, Terence P. C. Fan, Phillip Phan
International New Ventures: Revisiting The Influences Behind The ‘Born-Global’ Firm, Terence P. C. Fan, Phillip Phan
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
There is a small but theoretically important literature on 'born-globals' or international new venture firms that positions itself in contrast to the more established sequential international entry literature. In this paper we examine the pattern of entry into international markets for a set of international new ventures and show that they need not be a distinct breed of firms, as previous research has portrayed. Absent a specific technological advantage, the decision for a new venture to internationalize at inception is influenced by the size of its home market and by its production capacity, as well as by cultural and economic …
Risk Propensity In The Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision Of Emerging Multinationals, Peter J. Buckley, Liang Chen, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss
Risk Propensity In The Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision Of Emerging Multinationals, Peter J. Buckley, Liang Chen, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
A distinguishing feature of emerging economy multinationals is their apparent tolerance for host country institutional risk. Employing behavioral decision theory and quasi-experimental data, we find that managers' domestic experience satisfaction increases their relative risk propensity regarding controllable risk (legally protectable loss), but decreases their tendency to accept noncontrollable risk (e.g., political instability). In contrast, firms' potential slack reduces relative risk propensity regarding controllable risk, yet amplifies the tendency to take noncontrollable risk. We suggest that these counterbalancing effects might help explain prior ambiguous findings on the relationship between experience, slack, and FDI decisions. The study provides a new understanding of …
Board Representation In International Joint Ventures, Ilya R. P. Cuypers, Gokhan Ertug, Jeffrey J. Reuer, Ben Bensaou
Board Representation In International Joint Ventures, Ilya R. P. Cuypers, Gokhan Ertug, Jeffrey J. Reuer, Ben Bensaou
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Relatively little attention has been paid to boards in international joint ventures (IJVs), and the composition of these boards in particular. We examine the determinants of foreign partners' representation on IJV boards in order to advance our knowledge of this facet of IJV governance. We argue that a foreign partner's representation on the IJV board is related to its equity contribution. However, we hypothesize that this relationship is moderated by IJV and host country characteristics that affect the importance of the internal and external roles IJV boards serve. These results provide insights into the conditions under which a partner might …
Institutional Regime Shift In Intellectual Property Rights And Innovation Strategies Of Firms In China, Kenneth Guang-Lih Huang, Xuesong Geng, Heli Wang
Institutional Regime Shift In Intellectual Property Rights And Innovation Strategies Of Firms In China, Kenneth Guang-Lih Huang, Xuesong Geng, Heli Wang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This study develops a novel conceptual framework to understand the differential impact of formal institutional regime shift in intellectual property rights on the innovation and patenting strategies of Chinese and Western firms operating in China. We argue that to the extent that Chinese firms have been deeply embedded in China’s informal institutions, they are less responsive to formal institutional changes than Western firms operating in China. Using the major China patent law reform of 2001 as an exogenous event, we find results consistent with our key arguments: With the strengthening of the previously weak (utility model) patent protection, Chinese firms …
Multinational Firms And Cash Holdings: Evidence From China, Weijun Wu, Yang Yang, Sili Zhou
Multinational Firms And Cash Holdings: Evidence From China, Weijun Wu, Yang Yang, Sili Zhou
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
To adapt to globalization, Chinese multinational firms have more exploitation of cash. This paper shows that Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) do not hold significantly more cash relative to domestic firms unless these multinationals heavily relay on the foreign sales. In addition, the multinationals of non-State-Owned Enterprises (Non-SOEs) exhibit the insignificant difference in cash holdings for non-multinationals. We also find that Chinese MNCs invest more but are less profitable, especially in non-SOE subsample. Overall, we conclude that the need of cash liquidity of multinational corporations in China is different from those in U.S.
Nationalism And International Disputes In China: Implications For Transnational Corporations As Corporate Diplomats, Lisa Tam, Soojin Kim
Nationalism And International Disputes In China: Implications For Transnational Corporations As Corporate Diplomats, Lisa Tam, Soojin Kim
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
For decades, the territorial dispute between China and Japan over the sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands has caused diplomatic deteriorations in Sino-Japanese relations. When there is extensive media coverage on news about the dispute, nationalist sentiments in both two countries would be triggered and could be expressed through detrimental behaviors towards transnational corporations (hereinafter TNCs). While TNCs play a significant political function as corporate diplomats for their home countries, they are subject to the risk of crises when their home countries are involved in political and economic conflicts with the foreign countries in which they have operations. Against this backdrop, …
China Business At A Crossroads: Institutions, Innovation, And International Competitiveness, Joseph L. C. Cheng, Daphne W. Yiu
China Business At A Crossroads: Institutions, Innovation, And International Competitiveness, Joseph L. C. Cheng, Daphne W. Yiu
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
As the world's fastest growing economy with over a billion population, China is a country that the world needs to know more about in order to understand and anticipate her global and regional impact. Toward this end, the current special issue seeks to advance knowledge about the changing institutions in China and their impact on China business from both the perspectives of foreign firms investing in China and Chinese firms expanding internationally. Four articles selected from a pool of over 50 submissions are presented here, each covering one or more of the country's changing economic, political, and technological institutions. Collectively, …
Experience And Fdi Risk-Taking: A Microfoundational Reconceptualization, Peter J. Buckley, Liang Chen, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss
Experience And Fdi Risk-Taking: A Microfoundational Reconceptualization, Peter J. Buckley, Liang Chen, L. Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Studies of how firms respond to host country risk have assigned explanatory primacy to organizational capability and managerial risk preference. The organization-level account is built on the premise that capability is a prerequisite for risk-taking while the individual-level account focuses on the managers' intrinsic behavioral attitude. Without integrating one with the other, the former is open to many alternative explanations while the latter remains only a source of heterogeneity. We propose that employing the microfoundations approach can address the limitations of each account and yield a fuller understanding of FDI risk-taking. Drawing upon behavioral decision theory and the concept of …
Tapping The Power Of Local Knowledge: A Local-Global Interactive Perspective, Shenxue Li, Mark Easterby-Smith, Majorie A. Lyles, Timothy Adrian Robert Clark
Tapping The Power Of Local Knowledge: A Local-Global Interactive Perspective, Shenxue Li, Mark Easterby-Smith, Majorie A. Lyles, Timothy Adrian Robert Clark
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Existing theories of international business and strategy do not fully explain how local knowledge disadvantage faced by foreign investors can be mitigated. We conducted an in-depth qualitative study into four MNCs to investigate the micro-processes of how they generated value from their dispersed sources of local knowledge in China. The results suggest an interactive model: that MNCs employed management processes encompassing three strategically interconnected efforts—global knowledge penetration, local-global knowledge blending, and local-global knowledge integration. The model highlights the interplay between global and local knowledge and challenges extant research that solely focuses on the transfer of either home-based or local knowledge.
The Effects Of Within-Country Linguistic And Religious Diversity On Foreign Acquisitions, Douglas Dow, Ilya Cuypers, Gokhan Ertug
The Effects Of Within-Country Linguistic And Religious Diversity On Foreign Acquisitions, Douglas Dow, Ilya Cuypers, Gokhan Ertug
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This article explores how within-country diversity of both language and religion influences the ownership structure of foreign acquisitions. Commentators have acknowledged the potential importance of “within-country diversity,” but to date this issue has received minimal empirical attention. We propose that diversity plays two distinct roles. Namely, diversity within the host country may be an additional source of behavioral uncertainty and information asymmetry, over and above the effects arising from cross-national differences. Moreover, diversity within the home country may increase the cognitive complexity of the decision makers, moderating the firm’s response to the distance and diversity of the host country. Results …
How Do We Adopt Multiple Cultural Identities? A Multidimensional Operationalization Of The Sources Of Culture, Badri Zolfaghari, Guido Mollering, Timothy Adrian Robert Clark, Graham Dietz
How Do We Adopt Multiple Cultural Identities? A Multidimensional Operationalization Of The Sources Of Culture, Badri Zolfaghari, Guido Mollering, Timothy Adrian Robert Clark, Graham Dietz
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Given the shortcomings of unidimensional accounts of culture that are based on nationality, this paper builds on and steps beyond current multidimensional conceptualizations of culture in order to provide first empirical evidence for a multidimensional operationalization of culture. It shows the multiple and simultaneous sources of cultural values (i.e., Family, Nationality, Urban/Rural Background, etc.) that individuals draw from in order to behave in accordance with their social setting. This contributes to our understanding of how and when individuals adopt multiple cultural identities. As the first attempt to operationalize the 'mosaic' framework of culture proposed by Chao and Moon (2005), this …
Organizational Image, Identity, And International Divestment: A Theoretical Examination, William P. Wan, H. Shawna Chen, Daphne W. Yiu
Organizational Image, Identity, And International Divestment: A Theoretical Examination, William P. Wan, H. Shawna Chen, Daphne W. Yiu
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
International divestment is a prevalent phenomenon and should be viewed as an integral part of the internationalization process. Nevertheless, the field of international business and strategy has paid scant attention to this topic. We develop a conceptual framework to examine a firm's propensity to divest internationally and the type of foreign operations it will divest. We posit that a firm's international divestment decisions are influenced by its organizational image and identity. Premised on this behavioral perspective, this article develops a theoretical model and generates a set of propositions to shed light on the topic of international divestment.
How Product Attributes Influence Internationalization: A Framework Of Domain- And Culture-Specificity, Terence P. C. Fan, Alex Tai Loong Tan
How Product Attributes Influence Internationalization: A Framework Of Domain- And Culture-Specificity, Terence P. C. Fan, Alex Tai Loong Tan
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper introduces two important dimensions of product attributes in the context of internationalization: domain- and culture-specificity. Products can be high or low in domain- or culture-specificity, thereby being one of four broad categories in a two-by-two matrix. This framework of product attributes helps explain a series of gradations on how cultural difference influences the difficulty of selling a product internationally. By examining four cases, one from each of these categories, this paper shows that different product attributes affect the difficulty or ease with which the products of these firms were internationalized. While all four cases were able to derive …
Rethinking Cross-Border Talent Management: The Emerging Markets Perspective, Tejpavan Gandhok, Richard Raymond Smith
Rethinking Cross-Border Talent Management: The Emerging Markets Perspective, Tejpavan Gandhok, Richard Raymond Smith
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
A closer look at the relatively little understood issue of how and why emerging market MNCs manage their senior talent for international growth leads us to question the conventional wisdom on talent management practices.
Adapting To Change: The State Of Singapore Private Enterprise In China, Wilfred How, Caroline Yeoh
Adapting To Change: The State Of Singapore Private Enterprise In China, Wilfred How, Caroline Yeoh
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
One of the most affluent and developed nations in its region, the city-state of Singapore relies largely on tapping global resources for economic growth, to ameliorate its tiny land area and accompanying lack of natural resources. Its current prominence is to a great degree owing to an early recognition of the need for such, and a well-documented stratagem of expanding its foreign direct investments (FDIs) as a means to stimulate economic development (Huff, 1995; Murray and Pereira, 1995) and strengthen the city-state’s ‘external economy’ - one which saw the island progress through a number of distinct phases of overseas investment …
Refocusing The Lens: Singapore's Private Enterprises In China, Caroline Yeoh, Wilfred Pow Ngee How, Ye Zhang
Refocusing The Lens: Singapore's Private Enterprises In China, Caroline Yeoh, Wilfred Pow Ngee How, Ye Zhang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
In recent years, financial and political instabilities have cooled economic growth in many regions. Even in this context, however, areas of strong growth remain; none, arguably, more prominent than ever-developing and increasingly affluent China, which is today a vastly different environment than even several years ago. More than ever, a wealth of opportunity subsists in this ancient land – and businesses must be able to adapt and seize these opportunities. Thus we turn towards Singapore private enterprise in China, to study once more the efficacy of the city-state's internationalization strategies in the context of the private enterprises which must eventually …
Market Orientation, Embeddedness And The Autonomy And Performance Of Multinational Subsidiaries In An Emerging Economy, Xiaoying Li, Xiaming Liu, Howard Thomas
Market Orientation, Embeddedness And The Autonomy And Performance Of Multinational Subsidiaries In An Emerging Economy, Xiaoying Li, Xiaming Liu, Howard Thomas
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper develops a conceptual framework for market orientation, embeddedness, autonomy and performance of multinational subsidiaries in an emerging economy. We argue that internal and external embeddedness has different performance implications for export- and local market-oriented multinational subsidiaries. Our results, based on a sample of 233 multinational subsidiaries from China, indicate that while external embeddedness has a positive impact on specialized resources of both types of subsidiary, such resources only positively affect the performance of local market-oriented subsidiaries. By contrast, internal embeddedness has a negative impact on specialized resources of both types of subsidiary. Managerial and policy implications are discussed.
The Singapore Experience In The Gcc: Notes From Singapore Inc, Caroline Yeoh, Wilfred Pow Ngee How
The Singapore Experience In The Gcc: Notes From Singapore Inc, Caroline Yeoh, Wilfred Pow Ngee How
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The city-state of Singapore's roadmap for internationalization of local companies into the GCC region has, arguably, made its mark; recently crossing the milestone of 100 local companies that have, to date, found business opportunities in this foreign and exotic land. Actually taking these opportunities, however, has proven more complicated, with cultural differences and highly dynamic local business environments posing unforeseen challenges to Singapore companies – producing a test of adaptability that has returned rather mixed results. Of particular interest are government-linked companies (GLCs), among the largest and the first of Singapore's entrants into the region; perceived as more structurally rigid, …
The State-Enterprise Experience In The Gcc: Whither Singapore Inc.?, Wilfred How, Caroline Yeoh
The State-Enterprise Experience In The Gcc: Whither Singapore Inc.?, Wilfred How, Caroline Yeoh
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The city-state of Singapore's roadmap for internationalization of local companies into the GCC region has, arguably, made its mark; recently crossing the milestone of 100 local companies that have, to date, found business opportunities in this foreign and exotic land. Actually taking these opportunities, however, has proven more complicated, with cultural differences and highly dynamic local business environments posing unforeseen challenges to Singapore companies – producing a test of adaptability that has returned rather mixed results. Of particular interest are government-linked companies (GLCs), among the largest and the first of Singapore's entrants into the region; perceived as more structurally rigid, …
Trust Between International Joint Venture Partners: Effects Of Home Countries, Gokhan Ertug, Ilya Cuypers, Niels G. Noorderhaven, Ben M. Bensaou
Trust Between International Joint Venture Partners: Effects Of Home Countries, Gokhan Ertug, Ilya Cuypers, Niels G. Noorderhaven, Ben M. Bensaou
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Trust is an important factor in interorganizational relations. Interorganizational trust in cross-border relationships is likely to be influenced by the home countries of both partners. Using data on 165 international joint ventures (IJVs), we show that the perceived trustworthiness of an IJV partner is influenced by the general propensity to trust in the trustor's home country. Moreover, the trustworthiness perceived by a focal parent firm is also affected by the home country of the other IJV partner. This second effect is mitigated by experience between the partners.